Q. & A. 711 to 1707 with solved Papers css 1971 to date

Refugees in Medina
As Muslim refugees from Makkah and other parts of Arabia converged at Medina, it became the nucleus of Islamic movement and activity. A batch of devout Muslims who had migrated earlier to Ethopia also came to Medina to live among their brothers-in-faith and in the company of the Holy Prophet. Due to the influx of refugees, Medina, a small city at that time, had to face the problems of settlement and rehabilitation.
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) assessed the magnitude of the problem and tackled it in a unique and historical manner. The principle of Islamic brotherhood was implemented in letter and spirit. Every refugee was publicly declared brother to one of the original citizens of Medina, the latter sharing each and every responsibility of the former. This new relationship solved the problem of rehabilitation. It also proved and manifested the practicability of the concept of Islamic brotherhood. While establishing the link of brotherhood between two persons, the Holy Prophet selected men of equal status and common nature. He also explained the rights and obligations involved in the new arrangement. Its success dramatically converted unfamiliar faces and surroundings into familiar ones. The new relationship dispelled all tension, anxiety and pressure. Refugees became family members sharing food and shelter as well as contributing in the form of work and labouij. AM sorts of discrimination disappeared and a congenial, hospitable atmosphere emerged. The refugees were no more strangers. They proved themselves as useful, productive members of an Islamic society at Medina. They mixed with the locals as water and sand.4
”Ibid
Syed Asad Oilani, Methodology of Prophet Muhamrmd’s (PBUH) Islamic Revolution. P 58

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Political and Cultural History of Islam

At the time of Migration, Medina was a small town inhabited by two local tribes and a few Jewish settlements. The local tribes of Oas and Khuzraj were agriculturists while trade and commerce was in the hands of Jews. The total population of the town did not exceed six thousand. The Oas and Khuzraj tribes were not considered as warriors by the Quraysh. With the arrival of the refugees the town started expanding the changing. Refugees of Quraysh who were mostly businessmen, and traders gave a new look to the city’s bazars and streets. They ended the dominance of Jews in trade and commerce and tilted the balance of financial power in their own favour The Jews exercised influence on account of richness and possession of a Divine Book But with the arrival of the Holy Prophet and his followers Jewish influence started shrinking and evaporating. The Jews were greatly annoyed and irritated by the new situation but were totally helpless. Medina became the capital of the emerging Islamic State. Here the Islamic army was raised, propagation of Islam intensified, new conversions and tribal delegations received, trade and diplomatic relations established, prisoners and bounty accepted, and financial and political status of the Muslims changed. Eventually, Medina became well-known as the center of Islamic learning and seat of Islamic government IMPORTANCE OF HIJRAH
Through Migration the Holy Prophet transformed the peaceful Islamic movement into a vigorous, militant revolution. It faced the forces of falsehood fairly and squarely. The order for migration was a revolutionary step as well as turning point in the Islamic movement. Sincere Muslims were psychologically prepared for it as they had enough of torture and humiliation. They had reached the stage of ”do or die”, for Islam. The Holy Prophet had spent thirteen years preaching at Makkah. His opposition had grown intense and severe over the years. It would have been sheer waste of time had his stay been prolonged at Makkah. In these circumstances, the Divine order for the Migration and its timing was most appropriate. Migration in the name of Allah has a special significance in Islam as was proved by the Holy Prophet and his followers. It turned up as a blessing in disguise.
Migration is a very important step towards Islamic revolution. It is a revolt against oppression and falsehood. It is also an open acceptance of Allah’s sovereignty on earth. Migration is a negation as well as a remedy of national, regional, racial and tribal