Q. & A. 711 to 1707 with solved Papers css 1971 to date

Formation of the Army
The army of the early Islamic state consisted of two kinds of troops, the cavalry and infantry. With the passage of time there was a great military revolution in the Caliphate. The archers, scouts of intelligence corps and service corps. Shields, lances, swords, bows, arrows were used in the war. Army Division
Arabs had fully aware of the army techniques of the neighbouring countries. They divided as follows, center and the two flanks rear and front division of the army. Military Officials
Under the Pious Caliphs the administration of the military system was very advance in the time of Hazrat Umar (Rad.A). Ameer was the head of the army who was appointed by the Caliph. The Areef
Under the Hazrat Usman (Rad.A) this officer was appointed to control and supervise all the affairs of the tribes, of which the major Arab army consisted. He had an extra charge of pay master of the army. On the March
When the Muslim army was on the march the commander took all the steps for the protection of the Muslims. First, scouts were sent for the information about the enemies. Behind it army marched. Supply
Hazrat Umar (Rad.A) established the supply department which was known as Ahra. All the things required by the army were provided by that department. The first officer appointed to organize the supply department was Amar bin Utbah. Use of Flags
Flag was used in the battles as signal for the attack. In the battle of Nihawand, Numan gave the signal for attack by waving the flag. By the end of the Pious Caliphs, Muslim had organized a very efficient army of first class well disciplined fighters with all the weapons of their age including important siege engines, they had efficiently built up a system of marching, camping, transport, supplies and other essentials of a first rate army; and they had learnt and improved the technique of defense t>f laying siege, of taking a fortress by storm and of fighting huge armies with a much lesser number. The Holy Prophet had devised for them a unique method of warfare; and in every respect, in organization, in supplies, in weapons, in technical skill, the equality of the soldiers and Cornmanders in tactics, and above all in morale, the Muslims had outstripped all thefr contemporaries.4
4 S A Q. Hussaini, P.70.

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