Quettaparma Quenyallo

haca- vb. "squat" (GL:47)

hácala ("k") participle "yawning" occurring in the Markirya poem, derived from an (otherwise unattested) verb #hac- "yawn". Compare yanga-.

hacca noun "buttocks, hams" (GL:47)

hahta noun "pile, mound" (KHAG)

haimë noun "habit" (KHIM)

haira adj. "remote, far" (KHAYA)

haiya adj. "far" (SD:247). Also háya.

hala (1) noun "(small) fish" (KHAL¹, SKAL², VT45:20)

hala (2) noun ”a cast shadow” (PE17:184)

halatir (halatirn-, as in dat.sg. halatirnen), also halatirno, noun "kingsfisher", etymologically "fish-watcher" (TIR, SKAL², KHAL¹)

halcin ("k") adj. "frozen" (LT1:254)

halda adj. "veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady" (opposed to helda "stripped bare") (SKAL¹, VT46:13)

halla (1) adj. "tall" (Appendix E, footnote)

[halla (2) adj. "naked" (VT46:14), changed by Tolkien to helda]

Hallacar masc. name, apparently "tall helmet": halla + car (cf. Eldacar for the latter element) (UT:210)

Hallatan masc. name, apparently "tall man": halla + atan (UT:210)

[halma], see helma

haloisi noun "the sea (in storm)", cf. haloitë (LT1:254)

haloitë adj. "leaping" (LT1:254)

halta- vb. "to leap" (LT1:254)

halya- vb. "veil, conceal, screen from light" (SKAL¹, VT46:13) Tolkien noted that “√SKAL applied to more opaque things that cut off light and cast shadows over other things” (PE17:184), contrasting it with √SPAN, the rejected stem of fanta-, q.v.

ham- (1) vb. "sit" (KHAM)

#ham- (2) vb. "judge", attested in the aorist form hamil "you judge". (VT42:33; notice the pronominal ending -l "you". See nemë. The verb #ham- with the meaning "judge" may seem to be an ephemeral form in Tolkien's conception.)

hamma noun "chair" (VT45:20)

hampa adj. “restrained, delayed, kept” (PE17:68)

han prep. "beyond" (compare the postposition pella of similar meaning) (VT43:14)

[hanaco ("k") noun "giant" (VT45:21)]

handa (1) adj. "understanding, intelligent" (KHAN)

[?handa] (2) noun "chair"; the reading is uncertain and the word was in any case deleted (VT45:20). In the Etymologies, Tolkien likewise abandoned the root KHAD from which this word was derived, but he may seem to have restored this root later (see har-).

handassë noun "intelligence" (KHAN)

handë noun "knowledge, understanding, intelligence" (KHAN). Note: *handë is (probably) also the past tense of the verb har- "sit".

handelë noun "intellect" (another gloss, "intelligence", Tolkien transferred to handassë) (KHAN, VT45:21)

[hando] noun "agent" (male; fem. [yendi]) (VT45:16)

háno noun "brother", colloquially also hanno (VT47:12, 14). It is unclear whether Tolkien, by introducing this form, abandoned the older (TLT) word toron (q.v.)

hanno noun "brother" (a colloquial form, cf. háno), also used in children's play for "middle finger" (VT47:12, 14, VT48:4, 6)

hanquenta vb.? noun? “answer” (PE17:176)

hantalë noun "thanksgiving", isolated from Eruhantalë (UT:166; see also VT43:14). A verbal stem #hanta- "thank, give thanks" may apparently be isolated from this word.

hantë, pa.t. of hat-, q.v. (SKAT)

hanu noun "a male (of Men or Elves), male animal, man" (3AN, VT45:16)

hanuvoitë adj.? "male" (prob. adj. rather than noun; the word as such is not clearly glossed, but connects with hanu "a male") (INI)

hanwa noun "male" (INI)

hanya- vb. "understand, know about, be skilled in dealing with" (KHAN, VT45:21)

har, harë adj.? adv.? "near" (LT1:253)

har- vb. "sit, stay", pl. present hárar in CO (i hárar "those who sit, those who are sitting"). Imperative hara in the phrase (hara) máriessë “(stay) in happiness” (PE17:162). According to VT45:20, har- "sit" is derived from a stem KHAD which Tolkien abandoned in the Etymologies, but since CO is later than Etym, he may seem to have restored KHAD. If so, the past tense of har- would be *handë.

haran (#harn-, as in pl. harni) noun "king, chieftain" (3AR, TĀ/TA3, VT45:17; for "king", the word aran is to be preferred in LotR-style Quenya). In a deleted entry in the Etymologies, haran was glossed "chief" (VT45:17)

haranyë noun, last year of a century in the Númenórean calendar (or possibly the word for "century" itself; Tolkien's wording is unclear) (Appendix D)

harda noun "realm, region" (VT45:12, 16, 17; the word also occurs, unglossed, in the entry EN in the Etymologies). Changed to arda later?

*harin adj. “marred” (PE17:150). The word is given as χarin, where the initial Greek chi presumably represents [x]; in later [MET] pronunciation and spelling, this would become *harin.

harma (1) noun "treasure, a treasured thing" (3AR), also name of tengwa #11, later (MET) called aha (Appendix E).

[harma (2) noun "wolf" (3ARAM). The gloss "hound" was inserted, but then deleted (VT45:17)]

[Harmen] noun "south" (MEN) (Changed to hyarmen.)

harna (1) adj. "wounded"

harna- (2) vb. "to wound" (SKAR)

harna (3) noun "helmet" (VT45:21)

harpa noun "helmet" (VT45:21)

harwë (1) noun "wound" (SKAR)

harwë (2) noun "treasure, treasury" (3AR) (For clarity, harma may be used for "treasure")

harya- vb. "possess" (3AR)

haryon noun "(heir), prince" (3AR). Alternative form aryon.

#hasta- vb. "mar" (verbal stem isolated from the passive participle hastaina "marred"). (MR:254)

hat- (1) vb. “fling” (cited as hatin “I fling”, first person sg. aorist), pa.t. hantë (QL:39). The apparently related noun hatal “spear” occurring in late material (VT49:14) suggests that Tolkien eventually decided to maintain hat- “fling”, though in the meantime, a distinct verb hat- “break asunder” had occurred in his writings.

hat- (2) vb. "break asunder", pa.t. hantë (SKAT). Compare ascat-, terhat-. It may be that Tolkien eventually restored the verb hat- “fling” occurring in early material (see above), leaving the conceptual status of hat- “break asunder” uncertain (for “break”, late material has rac-).

hatal noun “spear” (VT49:14, 33). Another word for “spear” is ehtë.

hatsë noun “headlong movement” (VT49:33, QL:39)

haura adj. “huge” (PE17:115)

hauta- vb. "cease, take a rest, stop" (KHAW)

háya adj. "far off, far away" (KHAYA). Also haiya.

hé “him (the other, etc.)” in the sentence melin sé apa la hé “I love him but not him” (another) (VT49:15). It may be that hé covers both genders (“her” as well as “him”), like sé (se) is known to do.

heca! ("k") vb. in imperative "be gone! stand aside!", also with pronominal suffixes hecat sg. (but see -t #3) and hecal pl. (WJ:364)

Hecel ("k") (Heceld-, e.g. pl. Heceldi, WJ:371), noun with same meaning as hecil, q.v., but reformed to match Oarel, especially applied to the Eldar left in Beleriand. Helcelmar and Heceldamar *"Land of Forsaken Elves", the name used by the loremasters of Aman for Beleriand. (WJ:365)

hecil ("k") (masc. hecilo, fem. hecilë) noun "one lost or forsaken by friends, waif, outcast, outlaw" (WJ:365)

hehta- (pa.t. hehtanë) vb. "put aside, leave out, exclude, abandon, forsake" (WJ:365)

hela conj. “or”, apparently an ephemeral form, replaced by hya (VT49:14-15). The editor theorizes that hela literally meant “other than” (VT49:15)

helca ("k") adj. "icy, ice-cold" (misprint "helk" in the Etymologies as printed in LR, entry KHELEK; both the Silmarillion Appendix and LT1:254 have helka, and VT45:21 finally confirmed that there is a final -a in Tolkien's Etymologies manuscript as well). In Helcar, the Inland Sea in the north-east of Middle-earth, and Helcaraxë, the Grinding Ice between Araman and Middle-earth (SA; spelt "Helkarakse" in the Etymologies, stem KARAK)

helcë ("k") noun "ice" (KHELEK, LT1:254)

helcelimbë ("k") noun *"ice-drop"? (LIB¹, cf. KHELEK)

helda (1) adj. "naked, stripped bare" (SKEL, SKAL¹)

[helda (2) adj. "friendly, having love (for)" (VT46:3)]

[heldo, also helmo, fem. heldë, noun "friend" (VT46:3)]

[helmë noun "friendship" (VT46:3)]

helin noun "violet" or "pansy" (LT1:262)

Helinyetillë noun "Eyes of Heartsease", a name of the pansy (LT1:262)

hellë noun "sky" (3EL; a distinct word hellë "frost" was struck out, see KHEL.)

helma noun "skin, fell" (SKEL), changed by Tolkien from halma (VT46:14)

helwa adj. "(pale) blue" (3EL)

helyanwë noun "rainbow", lit. "sky-bridge" (3EL)

hen (hend-, as in pl. hendi) noun "eye" (KHEN-D-E); possibly dual #hendu in hendumaica, q.v. Noun henfanwa “eye-screen, veil upon eyes” (PE17:176), adj. henulca "evileyed" (SD:68; cf. ulca).

hendumaica ("k") noun? adj.? "sharp-eye" (read *"sharp-eyed"?) (WJ:337)

henfanwa, see hen

henta- vb. “to eye, to examine (with the eyes), scan; to read (silently)” (for “read aloud”, et-henta is used). Forms cited: Aorist henta, present continuative hentëa, “aorist past” hentanë, perfect ehentanië. Gerund #hentië “reading”, isolated from parmahentië “book reading” (PE17:77, 156).

hententa- vb. “spot with eye” (direct the eye toward something) (VT49:24). Cf. tenta-, leptenta-.

henulca, see hen-

hequa prep. "leaving aside, not counting, excluding, except" (WJ:365)

hér noun "lord" (VT41:9), also heru, q.v.

héra adj. "chief, principal" (KHER)

hérë noun "lordship" (LT1:272)

heren (1) noun "order"; Heren Istarion "Order of Wizards" (UT:388)

heren (2) noun "fortune", etymologically "governance" ("and so what is in store for one and what one has in store") (KHER). Herendil masc. name *"Fortune-friend" = Eadwine, Edwin, Audoin (LR:52, 56, cf. the Etymologies, stems KHER-, NIL/NDIL)

herenya adj. "fortunate, wealthy, blessed, rich" (KHER)

heri noun "lady" (KHER, LT1:272)

hérincë ("k") noun *"little lady" (UT:195). Concerning the diminutive ending, cf. Atarincë, cirinci.

heru (also hér) noun "lord, master" (PM:210, KHER, LT1:272, VT44:12); Letters:283 gives hér (heru); the form Héru with a long vowel refers to God in the source where it appears (i Héru "the Lord", VT43:29). In names like Herumor *"Black Lord" and Herunúmen "Lord of the West" (SA:heru). The form heruion is evidently a gen.pl. of heru "lord": *"of the lords" (SD:290); herunúmen "Lord-of-West" (LR:47), title of Manwë. Pl. númeheruvi "Lords-of-West" (*"West-lords") in SD:246, a title of the Valar; does this form suggest that #heruvi is the regular plural of heru?

heru- vb. "to rule" (LT1:272; rather tur- in LotR-style Quenya)

Hescin ("k") noun "winter one" (???) (LT1:255)

Hesin noun "winter" (LT1:255; LotR-style Quenya has hrívë instead)

hessa adj. "dead, withered" (LT1:255)

hesta vb. "wither" (LT1:255)

hesto noun "captain" (VT45:22; the word is not explictly identified as Quenya but can hardly be any other language)

hí adv. “here” (VT49:34)

hilcin ("k") vb., glossed "it freezes" (LT1:254); if this word is to be adapted to LotR-style Quenya, it would have to mean "I freeze", but the shape of this word seems somewhat alien to Tolkien's later forms of Quenya (verbs with 1st person aorists in -in never have a consonant cluster immediately preceding this ending)

hildi, -hildi noun "followers" (used = mortal men, the Second-born of Ilúvatar) (KHIL) (also Hildor, q.v.). Dat. pl. hildin "for men", a dative pl. occurring in Fíriel's Song. Cf. hildinyar "my heirs", evidently *hildë, hildo "follower, heir" + -inya "my" + -r plural ending (EO)

Hildor pl. noun "the Followers", an Elvish name of Mortal Men as the Second-born of Ilúvatar (WJ:387); sg #Hildo. Hildórien place-name: the land where Men first awoke, like the Elves did at Cuiviénen (Silm, KHIL, PHIR)

hilya- vb. "to follow" (KHIL)

himba adj. "adhering, sticking" (KHIM)

himya- vb. "to stick to, adhere, cleave to, abide by" (KHIM, VT45:22)

hína noun "child", also hina used in the vocative to a (young) child (also hinya "my child", for hinanya) (WJ:403). Pl. híni (surprisingly not **hínar) in Híni Ilúvataro "Children of Ilúvatar" (Silmarillion Index); dative hínin in VT44:35. In compounds -hin pl. -híni (as in Eruhíni, "Children of Eru", SA:híni). According to one source, the word is hín(i) and solely plural (PE17:157), but this is obviously contradicted by some of the sources quoted above.

hir- vb. "find", future tense hiruva in Namárië (hiruvalyë "thou shalt find") (Nam, RGEO:67, VT49:39); Hirilondë "Haven-finder", name of a ship (UT:192)

hir (hird-), pl. hirdi, noun "entrails, bowels" (PE13:161)

hísë (þ) (stem #hísi- because of the primitive form ¤khīthi, cf. hísilanya, Hísilómë) (1) noun "mist, fog" (KHIS/KHITH). According to VT45:22, hísë is also the name of Tengwa #11 in the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, but Tolkien would later call #11 harma/aha instead.

hísë (2) noun "dusk" (LT1:255). A "Qenya" form possibly obsoleted by #1 above.

hísë (3) adj.? "blinking" (?) (MC:214) A "Qenya" form possibly obsoleted by #1 above.

hísen noun in pre-classical genitive? "of mist" (þ) (MC:221; this is "Qenya", but it connects with hísë #1.)

hísië (þ) noun "mist, mistiness" (Nam, SA:hîth, PE17:73), also hísë.

hísilanya (þ noun “mist thread”, warp (Sindarin hithlain). Cf. hísë. –PE17:60

Hísilómë (þ) place-name "Hithlum", “Land of Mist”, more literally *”Mist-night” (SA:hîth, LUM, [VT45:28])

Hísilumbë (þ) place-name, variant of Hísilómë (LUM)

Hísimë (þ) noun, eleventh month of the year, "November" (Appendix D, SA:hîth). The Quenya word seems to mean "Misty One".

histanë pre-classical participle? "fading" (MC:213; this is "Qenya")

histë noun "dusk" (LT1:255)

hiswa (þ) adj. "grey" (KHIS/KHITH, Narqelion)

hiswë (þ) noun "fog" (KHIS/KHITH)

hiuta- vb. "wink, hint" (VT46:6)

hlaiwa, see laiwa

hlapu- noun "blow; fly or stream in the wind", participle hlápula "blowing" in Markirya

hlar- noun "hear", future tense hlaruva "shall hear" in Markirya

hlas noun “ear”, stem hlar- as in the dual form hlaru (PE17:62). Compare lár #2.

hlínë, see línë

hlívë, see lívë

hloa ("hloä"), noun that "would have been" the product of primitive ¤sloga (Sindarin lhô), a word used of rivers that were "variable and liable to overflow their banks at seasons". However, the wording "would have been" may seem to suggest that this word did not actually occur in Quenya. (VT42:9)

hlócë ("k") noun "snake, serpent", later lócë ("k") (SA:lok-)

hloima noun ”poison”, ”a poisonous substance” (PE17:185)

hloirë noun “venom, poison, poisonousness” (PE17:185)

hloirëa adj. “venomous” (PE17:185)

hloita- vb. “to poison, envenom, fill with poison” (PE17:185)

hlón noun "sound", "a noise" (VT48:29). Also hlóna. The stem of hlón is apparently hlon- if hloni "sounds" in WJ:394 is its plural form.

hlóna (1) noun "a noise" (VT48:29, PE17:138). Also hlón.

[hlóna (2) noun "a river, especially given to those at all seasons full of water from mountains" (VT48:27; the word is marked with a query and the note containing it rejected; it was apparently replaced by lón, q.v.)]

hlonitë adj. "phonetic", apparently a close variant of hlónítë below (VT48:29, PE17:138)

#hlonítë adj. "phonetic", only attested in the pl. in the phrase hloníti tengwi "phonetic signs" (sg. #hlonítë tengwë) (WJ:395). The sg. form hlonitë with a short i occurs in VT48:29 and PE17:138. The form #hlonítë was changed by Tolkien from hlonaitë, as in hlonaitë tengwesta "a tengwesta [q.v.] employing phonetic signs" (VT39:4), hlonaiti tengwi "phonetic signs" (VT39:4).

hlussa-, hlussë; see lussa-, lustë

ho prep. "from" (3O); cf. hó-

hó- verbal prefix; "away, from, from among", the point of view being outside the thing, place, or group in thought (WJ:368)

hoa (“höa”) adj. “big, large” (PE17:115)

hóciri- vb. "cut off" (cut of a required portion, so as to have it or use it) (WJ:366, 368) (Normal aorist probably *hócirë, present/continuative tense *hócíra, past tense *hócirnë)

[holmë] noun "odour" (ÑOL; according to VT46:6, Tolkien struck out the initial h-, thus changing the word to olmë)

holya, also holta-, vb. “shut, close” (PE17:98)

holwë noun "stink" (or *"stench"), *holwëa adj. "stinking". PE13:162 gives holwë "stink", derived from 3olwē; PM13:145 however gives the Q word as olwë and the adj. "stinking" as olwëa, though primitive forms with initial 3- (the spirant gh) are presupposed also there. Tolkien later used a system where primitive words in 3- yield Quenya forms in h-, as demonstrated by relevant entries in the Etymologies, so we prefer holwë to olwë (which would also clash with the later personal name Olwë, unlikely to mean "stink"), and we similarly read *holwëa rather than olwëa as the adj. "stinking". – In Etym, the root ÑOL seems to represent a later experiment with similar words having to do with smell, and once again we observe shifting conceptions as to whether the Quenya words should show initial h- or not; in this conception the initial consonant in Primitive Elvish was ñ- rather than 3-.

hó noun “spirit, shadow” (PE17:86)

hón noun "heart" (physical) (KHŌ-N); hon-maren "heart of the house", a fire (LR:63, 73; this is "Qenya" with genitive in -en, not -o as in LotR-style Quenya – read *hon-maro?)

hondo-ninya noun "my heart", changed to indo-ninya (FS, earlier version)

hópa noun "haven, harbour, small landlocked bay" (KHOP)