References

61 (2), 382-386

Hayashi, S., Nehls, D.G., Kieck, C.F., Vielma, J., Degirolami, U. and Crowell, R.M. (1984), Beneficial-Effects of Induced Hypertension on Experimental Stroke in Awake Monkeys. Journal of Neurosurgery, 60 (1), 151-157

Roy, M.W., Dempsey, R.J., Meyer, K.L., Donaldson, D.L., Tibbs, P.A. and Young, A.B. (1985), Effects of Verapamil and Diltiazem on Acute Stroke in Cats. Journal of Neurosurgery, 63 (6), 929-936

Eller, T.W. (1986), Mri Demonstration of Clot in A Small Unruptured Aneurysm Causing Stroke - Case-Report. Journal of Neurosurgery, 65 (3), 411-412

Baskin, D.S., Hosobuchi, Y. and Grevel, J.C. (1986), Treatment of Experimental Stroke with Opiate Antagonists - Effects on Neurological Function, Infarct Size, and Survival. Journal of Neurosurgery, 64 (1), 99-103

Kissel, P., Chehrazi, B., Seibert, J.A. and Wagner, F.C. (1987), Digital Angiographic Quantification of Blood-Flow Dynamics in Embolic Stroke Treated with Tissue-Type Plasminogen-Activator. Journal of Neurosurgery, 67 (3), 399-405

Papadopoulos, S.M., Chandler, W.F., Salamat, M.S., Topol, E.J. and Sackellares, J.C. (1987), Recombinant Human Tissue-Type Plasminogen-Activator Therapy in Acute Thromboembolic Stroke. Journal of Neurosurgery, 67 (3), 394-398

Loftus, C.M., Silvidi, J.A., Bernstein, D.D., Hitchon, P.W. and Kosier, T. (1987), Effects of Preexisting Bypass Graft on Rcbf and Sseps Following Acute Stroke in Dogs. Journal of Neurosurgery, 67 (3), 421-427

Shimizu, T., Waga, S., Kojima, T. and Niwa, S. (1988), Decompression of the Vertebral Artery for Bow-Hunters Stroke - Case-Report. Journal of Neurosurgery, 69 (1), 127-131

Turner, D.A., Tracy, J. and Haines, S.J. (1990), Risk of Late Stroke and Survival Following Carotid Endarterectomy Procedures for Symptomatic Patients. Journal of Neurosurgery, 73 (2), 193-200

Purdy, P., White, C.L., Batjer, H., Brewer, K., Hodges, K. and Samson, D. (1990), Intracarotid Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate Solution Causing Stroke in Dogs. Journal of Neurosurgery, 73 (5), 756-759

Bonte, F.J. and Stokely, E.M. (1981), Single-Photon Tomographic Study of Regional Cerebral Blood-Flow After Stroke - Concise Communication. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 22 (12), 1049-1053

Burow, R.D., Wilson, M.F., Heath, P.W., Corn, C.R., Amil, A. and Thadani, U. (1982), Influence of Attenuation on Radionuclide Stroke Volume Determinations. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 23 (9), 781-785

Mountz, J.M., Modell, J.G., Foster, N.L., Dupree, E.S., Ackermann, R.J., Petry, N.A., Bluemlein, L.E. and Kuhl, D.E. (1990), Prognostication of Recovery Following Stroke Using the Comparison of Ct and Technetium-99M Hm-Pao Spect. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 31 (1), 61-66

Keywords: MEDICINE

Grunwald, F., Zierz, S., Broich, K., Schumacher, S., Bockisch, A. and Biersack, H.J. (1990), Hmpao-Spect Imaging Resembling Alzheimer-Type Dementia in Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy with Lactic-Acidosis and Stroke-Like Episodes (Melas). Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 31 (10), 1740-1742

Seitz, C.H. and Edwardson, S.R. (1987), Nursing-Care Costs for Stroke Patients in A Rehabilitation Setting. Journal of Nursing Administration, 17 (6), 17-22

Koganemaru, S. and Kuramoto, A. (1982), The Effect of Vitamin-e on Platelet Kinetics of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (Shrsp). Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 28 (1), 1-10

Ikeda, K., Mochizuki, S., Nara, Y., Horie, R. and Yamori, Y. (1987), Effect of Milk Protein and Fat Intake on Blood-Pressure and the Incidence of Cerebrovascular Diseases in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (Shrsp). Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 33 (1), 31-36

Crosson, C.E., Willis, J.A. and Potter, D.E. (1990), Effect of the Calcium-Antagonist, Nifedipine, on Ischemic Retinal Dysfunction. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology, 6 (4), 293-299.

Abstract: The therapeutic effectiveness of calcium channel antagonists (CCA) in hypertension and angina are well established. More recently, CCAs have also been demonstrated to ameliorate neurologic dysfunction that often accompanies ischemia associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage and stroke. We have hypothesized that retinal degeneration associated with ischemia may also result from the accumulation of calcium intracellularly, so-called "Ca++ overload". To test this hypothesis, a rat model of acute retinal ischemia, produced by direct occlusion of posterior ciliary and central retinal arteries, was developed. The extent of retinal dysfunction induced by ischemia was evaluated by electroretinograms (ERGs). Occlusion of the retinal arteries resulted in the disappearance ob both a- and b-waves during the occlusion period (30 minutes) in vehicle-treated rats. Total retinal ischemia did not produce any significant change in magnitude of ERG a-wave amplitude during three-hours of reperfusion. However, ERG b- waves amplitudes were significantly reduced by more than 60%. In rats, pretreatment with nifedipine (0.33 to 3.3 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 minutes prior to the occlusion of the retinal vessels produced a significant dose-dependent increase in the recovery of b-wave amplitude when compared to vehicle-treated rats. These data support the idea that "Ca++ overload", resulting from the deregulation of intracellular Ca++ homeostasis, is a primary factor involved in ischemic retinal degeneration and that CCAs can protect the retina from ischemic damage

Keywords: TEXAS

Anim, J.T. and Kofi, A.D. (1984), Hypertension, Cerebral Vascular Changes and Stroke in Ghana .1. Microaneurysm Formation and Stroke. Journal of Pathology, 143 (3), 177-182

Mannino, F.L. and Trauner, D.A. (1983), Stroke in Neonates. Journal of Pediatrics, 102 (4), 605-610

Heidenreich, R., Natowicz, M., Hainline, B.E., Berman, P., Kelley, R.I., Hillman, R.E. and Berry, G.T. (1988), Acute Extrapyramidal Syndrome in Methylmalonic Acidemia - Metabolic Stroke Involving the Globus Pallidus. Journal of Pediatrics, 113 (6), 1022-1027

Shortland, D.B., Levene, M., Archer, N., Shaw, D. and Evans, D. (1990), Cerebral Blood-Flow Velocity Recordings and the Prediction of Intracranial Hemorrhage and Ischemia. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 18 (6), 411-417.

Abstract: Doppler ultrasound was used to study prospectively cerebral and cardiovascular haemodiynamics in a cohort of 120 preterm infants to see whether it was possible to predict infants at increased risk of developing cerebral pathology. The infants were divided into four outcome groups: Group I (n = 65, median gestation = 30 weeks) did not develop periventricular haemorrhage (PVH) nor periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) Group II (n - 43, median gestation = 28 weeks) developed PVH as the first or only cerebral lesion Group III (n = 7, median gestation = 29 weeks) developed PVL as the first or only cerebral lesion Group IV (n = 5, median gestation = 28 weeks) developed PVH and PVL simultaneously. Cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and aorta blood flow velocity (ABFV) recordings made before the onset of PVH or PVL were compared between the four groups on each postnatal day but it was not possible to demonstrate a statistically significant difference between these variables in the four outcome groups. We conclude, therefore, that it is not possible to identify the infants who will go on to develop haemorrhage or ischemic lesions on the basis of Doppler cerebral haemodynamic studies

Keywords: BEAGLE PUPPY MODEL/BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS/BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY/CHILD/DOPPLER/INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE/NEWBORN/PERIVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE AND PERIVENTRICULAR LUKOMALACIA/PERIVENTRICULAR LEUCOMALACIA/PREDICTION/PRETERM INFANTS/RESPIRATORY-DISTRESS SYNDROME/STROKE VOLUME/ULTRASOUND

Yamashita, K., Ohta, H., Uchida, S., Shigematsu, K., Ohkubo, T., Niwa, M. and Ozaki, M. (1990), Systemic Effects of Carteolol, A Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Journal of Pharmacobio-Dynamics, 13 (1), 64-69

Keywords: JAPAN

Kang, Y.S., Terasaki, T. and Tsuji, A. (1990), Dysfunction of Choline Transport-System Through Blood-Brain- Barrier in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Journal of Pharmacobio-Dynamics, 13 (1), 10-19

Miyata, N., Tsuchida, K., Tanaka, M. and Otomo, S. (1990), Impairment of Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation and Changes in Levels of Cyclic-Gmp in Carotid Arteries from Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 42 (11), 763-766

Guz, A., Innes, J.A. and Murphy, K. (1987), Respiratory Modulation of Left-Ventricular Stroke Volume in Man Measured Using Pulsed Doppler Ultrasound. Journal of Physiology-London, 393 499-512

Morton, M.J., Pinson, C.W. and Thornburg, K.L. (1987), Inutero Ventilation with Oxygen Augments Left-Ventricular Stroke Volume in Lambs. Journal of Physiology-London, 383 413-424

Pang, S.F., Li, Y., Jiang, D.H., Chang, B.S. and Xie, B.L. (1990), Acute Cerebral-Hemorrhage Changes the Nocturnal Surge of Plasma Melatonin in Humans. Journal of Pineal Research, 9 (3), 193-208.

Abstract: The diurnal rhythm of plasma melatonin was studied in 46 Chinese patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage. The state of consciousness of each patient was assessed clinically. The individual sites of lesion were determined by computerized tomography scanning. One to five days after stroke, blood samples were collected by venipuncture at 1000 and 1400 h in the daytime and 0200 and 0400 h at night. Plasma melatonin was extracted by dichloromethane and determined by radioimmunoassay. It was found that patients with lesions in the brain stem or in the third and lateral ventricles had melatonin levels significantly different from the other subjects in that these values were lower and lacking a nocturnal rise. These results are consistent with the presumptive retina-pineal pathway proposed in humans. Dramatic blunting or obliteration of the nocturnal melatonin surge in the blood was also observed in some patients with lesions in the frontal lobe, fronto-parietal lobe, parieto-temporal lobe, and basal ganglia. These brain regions are not involved in the retina-pineal pathway described in rodents or humans. Thus, our results suggest that brain regions other than the presumptive retina-pineal neural pathway may play an important role in the generation and/or regulation of the diurnal production and/or secretion of pineal melatonin in humans. However, a global functional disturbance caused by cerebral hemorrhage cannot be ruled out in some cases. It should be noted that many of the lesions leading to a change in the nocturnal rise of plasma melatonin were unilateral lesions. The significance of this finding is presently unkown. In addition, patients without a nocturnal rise of plasma melatonin were mostly comatose. They had lesions in the basal ganglion, fronto-parietal lobe, brain stem, and lateral and third ventricles. The latter findings suggest that in the brain, certain regions responsible for the state of consciousness of the individual may also be important to the diurnal rhythm of pineal melatonin secretion

Keywords: 6-HYDROXYMELATONIN/BASAL GANGLIA/BRAIN STEM/CIRCADIAN-RHYTHMS/COPENHAGEN/DIURNAL RHYTHM/EXCRETION/HYPOTHALAMUS/LESIONS/LIGHT/PINEAL/PINEAL-GLAND/RADIOIMMUNOASSAY/SERUM MELATONIN/SPINAL-CORD

Sjogren, K. and Fuglmeyer, A.R. (1982), Adjustment to Life After Stroke with Special Reference to Sexual Intercourse and Leisure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 26 (4), 409-417

Grossarthmaticek, R., Bastiaans, J. and Kanazir, D.T. (1985), Psychosocial Factors As Strong Predictors of Mortality from Cancer, Ischemic Heart-Disease and Stroke - the Yugoslav Prospective-Study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29 (2), 167-176

Raderstorf, M., Hein, D.M. and Jencsen, C.S. (1984), A Young Stroke Patient with Severe Aphasia Returns to Work - A Team-Approach. Journal of Rehabilitation, 50 (1), 23-26

Casas, M.S. (1989), Experience in Coping with Stroke - A Survey of Caregivers. Journal of Rehabilitation, 55 (4), 37-43

Hurwitz, A., Milwidsky, A., Medina, A. and Yagel, S. (1985), Failure of Continuous Intravenous Heparinization to Prevent Stroke in A Pregnant Woman with A Prosthetic Valve and Atrial- Fibrillation - A Case-Report. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 30 (8), 618-620

Benson, M.D. and Rebar, R.W. (1986), Relationship of Migraine Headache and Stroke to Oral- Contraceptive Use. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 31 (12), 1082-1088

Wilson, J.J., Zahn, C.A., Ross, S.D. and Newman, H. (1986), Association of Embolic Stroke in Pregnancy with the Lupus Anticoagulant - A Case-Report. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 31 (8), 725-728

Prupas, H.M. (1984), Stroke-Like Syndrome After Gold Sodium Thiomalate Induced Vasomotor Reaction. Journal of Rheumatology, 11 (2), 235-236

Leiner, D. (1985), Helping the Young Stroke Victim. Journal of School Health, 55 (7), 281-282

Jones, A.D. and Brown, G.L. (1982), Determination of 2-Stroke Engine Exhaust Noise by the Method of Characteristics. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 82 (3), 305-327

Holland, A.L., Greenhouse, J.B., Fromm, D. and Swindell, C.S. (1989), Predictors of Language Restitution Following Stroke - A Multivariate-Analysis. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 32 (2), 232-238

Bayles, K.A., Boone, D.R., Tomoeda, C.K., Slauson, T.J. and Kaszniak, A.W. (1989), Differentiating Alzheimers Patients from the Normal Elderly and Stroke Patients with Aphasia. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 54 (1), 74-87

Bayles, K.A. and Tomoeda, C.K. (1990), Delayed Recall Deficits in Aphasic Stroke Patients - Evidence of Alzheimers Dementia. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55 (2), 310-314

Rodriguez, R.J., Rogriguez, R.P., Cook, S.D. and Sandborn, P.M. (1990), Electromyographic Analysis of Rowing Stroke Biomechanics. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 30 (1), 103-108

Cohen, A.H. and Soden, R. (1981), An Optometric Approach to the Rehabilitation of the Stroke Patient. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 52 (10), 795-800

Howell, T.H. (1981), Multiple Lesions in Stroke Patients - A Study in Morbid Anatomy. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 29 (6), 246-250

Cressman, M.D. and Gifford, R.W. (1983), Hypertension and Stroke. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 1 (2), 521-527

Posner, J.D., Gorman, K.M. and Woldow, A. (1984), Stroke in the Elderly .1. Epidemiology. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 32 (2), 95-102

Kligfield, P., Okin, P., Devereux, R.B., Goldberg, H. and Borer, J.S. (1984), Duration of Ejection in Aortic-Stenosis - Effect of Stroke Volume and Pressure-Gradient. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 3 (1), 157-161

Herman, J.M., Culpepper, L. and Franks, P. (1984), Patterns of Utilization, Disposition, and Length of Stay Among Stroke Patients in A Community-Hospital Setting. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 32 (6), 421-426

Brocklehurst, J.C., Andrews, K., Richards, B. and Laycock, P.J. (1985), Incidence and Correlates of Incontinence in Stroke Patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 33 (8), 540-542

Gardin, J.M., Tobis, J.M., Dabestani, A., Smith, C., Elkayam, U., Castleman, E., White, D., Allfie, A. and Henry, W.L. (1985), Superiority of Two-Dimensional Measurement of Aortic Vessel Diameter in Doppler Echocardiographic Estimates of Left- Ventricular Stroke Volume. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 6 (1), 66-74

Kelly, J.F. and Winograd, C.H. (1985), A Functional-Approach to Stroke Management in Elderly Patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 33 (1), 48-60

Verghese, A. and Sugar, A.M. (1986), Herpes-Zoster Ophthalmicus and Granulomatous-Angiitis - An Ill- Appreciated Cause of Stroke. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 34 (4), 309-312

Martin, W.H., Coyle, E.F., Bloomfield, S.A. and Ehsani, A.A. (1986), Effects of Physical Deconditioning After Intense Endurance Training on Left-Ventricular Dimensions and Stroke Volume. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 7 (5), 982-989

Silliman, R.A., Fletcher, R.H., Earp, J.L. and Wagner, E.H. (1986), Families of Elderly Stroke Patients - Effects of Home Care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 34 (9), 643-648

Ueda, K., Fujii, I., Kawano, H., Hasuo, Y., Yanai, T., Kiyohara, Y., Wada, J., Kato, I., Omae, T. and Fujishima, M. (1987), Severe Disability Related to Cerebral Stroke - Incidence and Risk-Factors Observed in A Japanese Community, Hisayama. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 35 (7), 616-622

Bouchard, A., Blumlein, S., Schiller, N.B., Schlitt, S., Byrd, B.F., Ports, T. and Chatterjee, K. (1987), Measurement of Left-Ventricular Stroke Volume Using Continuous Wave Doppler Echocardiography of the Ascending Aorta and M-Mode Echocardiography of the Aortic-Valve. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 9 (1), 75-83

Cyran, S.E., James, F.W., Daniels, S., Mays, W., Shukla, R. and Kaplan, S. (1988), Comparison of the Cardiac-Output and Stroke Volume Response to Upright Exercise in Children with Valvular and Subvalvular Aortic-Stenosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 11 (3), 651-658

Kelbaek, H., Aldershvile, J., Svendsen, J.H., Folke, K., Nielsen, S.L. and Munck, O. (1988), Combined 1St Pass and Equilibrium Radionuclide Cardiographic Determination of Stroke Volume for Quantitation of Valvular Regurgitation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 11 (4), 769-773

Bowman, L.K., Lee, F.A., Jaffe, C.C., Mattera, J., Wackers, F.J.T. and Zaret, B.L. (1988), Peak Filling Rate Normalized to Mitral Stroke Volume - A New Doppler Echocardiographic Filling Index Validated by Radionuclide Angiographic Techniques. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 12 (4), 937-943

Axelsson, K., Asplund, K., Norberg, A. and Eriksson, S. (1989), Eating Problems and Nutritional-Status During Hospital Stay of Patients with Severe Stroke. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 89 (8), 1092-1096

Sowers, J.R. (1990), Relationship Between Hypertension and Subtle and Overt Abnormalities of Carbohydrate-Metabolism. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 1 (3), S39-S47.

Abstract: In patients with type II diabetes mellitus, the prevalence of hypertension is increased as much as two-fold over that in the nondiabetic population. Hypertension in diabetic patients increases the risk and accelerates the course of development of cardiac disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, retinopathy, and nephropathy. Despite the importance of hypertension in type II diabetics, the basic mechanisms that initiate and sustain hypertension in these patients are poorly understood. Contributing factors discussed in this review include the following: obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, genetic factors, and abnormalities of cellular cation homeostasis. Also discussed are the features of hypertension in type II diabetic individuals which are reminiscent of the hemodynamic abnormalities characterizing hypertension in the elderly, including increased vascular reactivity and increased atherosclerotic vascular disease. Recent evidence has shown that insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia exist in as many as 50 to 70% of adult nonobese individuals with untreated hypertension. These observations strongly suggest that the disease known as hypertension is characterized by fundamental abnormalities of metabolism as well as by hemodynamic alterations. This review discusses the mechanisms by which hyperinsulinemia and/or insulin resistance may lead to hypertension. Elevated levels of triglycerides in plasma and suppressed high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations are often observed in hypertensive individuals. These elevations may result, in part, from hyperinsulinemia and/or insulin resistance. Information will be presented suggesting that subtle abnormalities of carbohydrate metabolism that exist in patients with hypertension may contribute to the accelerated cardiovascular disease that accompanies the hypertension state. This review also addresses both special concerns about metabolic consequences of antihypertensive therapy in hypertensive patients with subtle carbohydrate intolerance as well as those in hypertensive patients with overt diabetes

Keywords: ATHEROGENESIS/CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM/CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS/CHOLESTEROL/DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN TRIGLYCERIDE/DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS/DIABETES/ELEVATED BLOOD-PRESSURE/HYPERTENSION/INSULIN RESISTANCE/KIDNEY-FUNCTION/LIPID-METABOLISM/NATURAL-HISTORY/NEPHROPATHY/NORMOTENSIVE DIABETICS/RETINOPATHY/SEP/STATE/TRIGLYCERIDES/WEIGHT- REDUCTION

Sprigings, D.C., Chambers, J.B., Cochrane, T., Allen, J. and Jackson, G. (1990), Ventricular Stroke Work Loss - Validation of A Method of Quantifying the Severity of Aortic-Stenosis and Derivation of An Orifice Formula. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 16 (7), 1608-1614.

Abstract: Because aortic stenosis results in the loss of left ventricular stroke work (due to resistance to flow through the valve and turbulence in the aorta), the percentage of stroke work that is lost may reflect the severity of stenosis. This index can be calculated from pressure data alone. The relation between percent stroke work loss and anatomic aortic valve orifice area (measured by planimetry from videotape) was investigated in a pulsatile flow mode. Thirteen valves were studied (nine human aortic valves obtained at necropsy and four bioprosthetic valves) at stroke volumes of 40 to 100 ml, giving 57 data points. Valve area ranged from 0.3 to 2.8 cm2 and mean systolic pressure gradient from 3 to 84 mm Hg. Percent stroke work loss, calculated as mean systolic pressure gradient divided by mean ventricular systolic pressure x 100%, ranged from 7 to 68%. It was closely related to anatomic orifice area with an inverse exponential relation and was not significantly related to flow (r = -0.15). An orifice formula was derived that predicted anatomic orifice area with a 95% confidence interval of +/- 0.5 cm2 (orifice area [cm2] = 4.82 [2.39 x log percent stroke work loss], r = -0.94, SEE = 0.029). These results support the clinical use of percent stroke work loss as an easily obtained index of the severity of aortic stenosis

Keywords: AREA/BIOPROSTHESES/FLOW EXPERIMENTS/FLUID-MECHANICS/GORLIN FORMULA/NEW-YORK/STEADY/VALVE

Ueda, K., Hasuo, Y., Ohmura, T., Kiyohara, Y., Kawano, H., Kato, I., Shinkawa, A., Iwamoto, H., Nakayama, K., Omae, T. and Fujishima, M. (1990), Causes of Death in the Elderly and Their Changing Pattern in Hisayama, A Japanese Community - Results from A Long-Term and Autopsy-Based Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 38 (12), 1332-1338.

Abstract: The causes of death for the elderly were prospectively studied in Hisayama, Japan, a rural community. We compared 1,621 subjects, aged 40 years or over, recruited in 1961, and 2,053 subjects recruited in 1974. Each cohort was studied in a follow-up that lasted 10 years; they had autopsy rates of 82.1% and 86.1% during each 10-year period, respectively. The most common causes of death for those aged 70 years or over were cerebrovascular disease, malignant neoplasms, and pneumonia. Deaths due to cerebrovascular disease tended to decrease in the recent cohort, but the proportion of decline was more prominent in cases aged 40 to 69 years. There was a sex difference in the changing pattern of mortality from heart diseases including ischemic heart disease. Deaths by both heart diseases and ischemic heart disease increased in the more recent cohort of aged women, whereas they decreased in the aged men. Pneumonia was an important cause of death for the elderly in both cohorts. Deaths due to "senility" were rare, being only 1% of the deceased aged 70 or over. With prolonged lifespan, especially for women, the impact of atherosclerosis and its related disorders on the recent Japanese aged population appears to have increased

Keywords: DECLINE/DISEASE/MORTALITY/RISK-FACTORS/STROKE/TRENDS

Oconnor, C.M., Califf, R.M., Massey, E.W., Mark, D.B., Kereiakes, D.J., Candela, R.J., Abbottsmith, C., George, B., Stack, R.S., Aronson, L., Mantell, S. and Topol, E.J. (1990), Stroke and Acute Myocardial-Infarction in the Thrombolytic Era - Clinical Correlates and Long-Term Prognosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology,