Saq065 amrau report Internal V11

Figures and tables

Figures

Figure 1	Time lag between an antibiotic being introduced to clinical use and the first appearance of resistance
Figure 2	Relationship between total antibiotic consumption and Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance to penicillin in 20 industrialised countries
Figure 3	Seasonal patterns of high-use antibiotic prescriptions and Escherichia coli resistance in the United States
Figure 4	A poster developed to raise awareness of antimicrobial resistance
Figure 5	World Health Organization geographical regions
Figure 6	Data flow chart from the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net)
Figure 7	Available types of European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) reporting data
Figure 8	Total outpatient antibiotic use in 33 European countries in 2009 in defined daily doses (DDDs)
Figure 9	The Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP), 1996–2012
Figure 10	Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP) themes and numbers of papers
Figure 11	Cumulative annual change in Escherichia coli antimicrobial resistance in US outpatient urinary isolates from 2001 to 2010
Figure 12	Relative frequency of bacterial species or groups encountered in clinical specimens from inpatients
Figure 13	Relative frequency of bacterial species/groups encountered in clinical specimens from outpatients
Figure 14	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) trends according to patient location, 1998–2005
Figure 15	Inpatient (IP) and outpatient (OP) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prevalence, grouped by US Census Bureau Regions
Figure 16	Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme (DANMAP) organisational structure
Figure 17	The relationship between the use of avoparcin and the proportion of resistant isolates of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis in broiler chickens, 1994–2010
Figure 18	Increasing resistance of Escherichia coli to fluroquinolones in primary care, 2001–10
Figure 19	Fluoroquinolone use versus quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli, 2001–07
Figure 20	Proportion of Clostridium difficile isolates with resistance to moxifloxacin per county (2009–11) and sales of moxifloxacin in defined daily doses/1000 inhabitants
Figure 21	The incidence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) in Swedish counties, 2008–11
Figure 22	Resistance rates for urinary tract infection antibiotics in Escherichia coli, 2002–11^167
Figure 23	Examples of tables showing data for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates
Figure 24	Smittskyddsinstitutet data on penicillin-resistant pneumococcus infections, by county, age and sex
Figure 25	Smittskyddsinstitutet data on penicillin-resistant pneumococcus infections – trends over time and summary data for 2012
Figure 26	Antibiotic use in number of prescriptions per 1000 inhabitants (inh) per year in Sweden, by age group, 1987–2004
Figure 27	Data from the Staphylococcus aureus 2011 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Report
Figure 28	Data from the 2011 MRSA Typing and Epidemiology Report
Figure 29	Data from the Gram-negative Bacteria 2011 Hospital-onset Susceptibility Report
Figure 30	Data from the Gram-negative Bacteria 2011 Hospital-onset Susceptibility Report
Figure 31	Total hospital antimicrobial use by all contributors (all classes)
Figure 32	Total hospital usage of 3rd/4th generation cephalosporins, glycopeptides and carbapenems
Figure 33	Overview of elements of the action plan proposed from the Antimicrobial Resistance Summit 2011, and interaction with a central management body
Figure 34	Generic schematic of an antimicrobial resistance surveillance system
Figure 35	Broader surveillance systems considerations

 Tables

Table 1	Mechanism of action of different groups of antibiotics
Table 2	Areas of focus of a range of select programs
Table 3	Organisms and organism groups monitored by existing AMR surveillance systems
Table 4	Characteristics of antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems
Table 5	Case studies examined in this report
Table 6	Denominator data for EARS-Net
Table 7	Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP) research projects
Table 8	Distribution of resistance phenotypes among US inpatient and outpatient methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, from 2002 to March 2005
Table 9	Numbers and types of publications arising from Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance studies
Table 10	Formative enablers and barriers relevant to ‘enhance’ and ‘construct’ options
Table 11	A high-level overview of the proposed program, comprising five elements developed over three stages
Table 12	Element 1 – Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance
Table 13	Element 2 – Surveillance of antibiotic usage
Table 14	Element 3 – Disease burden and outcomes
Table 15	Element 4 – Analysis and action
Table 16	Element 5 – Planning
Table 17	Overview of the current status of key elements of the proposed program