Memduh Süleyman: Translated Eduard von Hartmann's book Wahrheit und Irrtum im Darwinismus, and co-authored Nietzsche'nin Hayatı ve Felsefesi (Nietzsche's Life and Philosophy) with Baha Tevfik. He was one of the ideologues of Ottoman Socialist Party.
Celal Nuri İleri: Believed that matter didn't have a beginning or an end. After reading Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet's Discours sur l'histoire universelle (Discourse on Universal History), he became an evolutionist and argued in his book Tarih-i İstikbal (History of Future) (1915) that Islam should be reformed by means of materialism and evolution. According to Celal Nuri, matter was everywhere, every moment and could not have possibly gone bad. He believed that power was an inherent part of matter, that the two were interlinked and could not be separated. He made a feeble attempt to reconcile Islam and the theory of evolution. The truth is, he rejected belief in God right in the beginning of his book, making his intentions clear that, as an evolutionist, he was only trying to spread an atheistic ideology in the Empire.
