Sustainable Land Management for Mitigating Climate Change

Table 31. Regional and global estimates of soil carbon sequestration

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• European Union 70-200 West Asia, North Africa
• Sub-Saharan Africa 20-40 World
• Table 32. Potential carbon sink capacity of global ecosystems. (USDOE, 1999). Ecosystem
• Rangelands 1.2 Forests
• Agricultural lands 0.85 – 0.9 Biomass croplands

109. Establishment of C markets (or C farming) as a mechanism for developed countries to negate some of their CO₂ emissions could help promote at-scale adoption of SLM technologies in developing countries. González-Estrada et al. (2008) evaluated different crop management strategies for Northern Ghana for their capacity to sequester C in agricultural soils and for their contribution to household income. They identified those SLM practices that can simultaneously increase SOC and farm income and also classified them for their cost of investment. Funk and Kerr (2007) observed that C farming is an important strategy to restoring forests on Maori lands in New Zealand. Zomer et al. (2008) argued that afforestation and reforestation through CDM are relevant to improving community livelihood and advancing food security. Unruh (2008) examined the prospects of using tropical forest projects for C sequestration in Africa, and argued that land tenure is a prohibitive obstacle to the implementation of afforestation/reforestation approaches. He identified 5 primary tenure problems: (i) the disconnect between customary and statutory land rights, (ii) legal pluralism, (iii) tree planting as a land claim, (iv) expansion of treed areas in small holder land use systems, and (v) difficulty of using the "abandoned land" category. Similarly to land tenure, the issue of permanence and discounting for land-based C sequestration needs to be resolved (Kim et al. 2008) so that farmers are paid fairly and transparently. Obviously the issue of baselines must be addressed adequately. It is often argued that there is a strong incentive for landholders to participate in the C-sink projects when the previous land use has a continuously decreasing C stock, which is in fact the baseline used to determine the eligible C (Wise et al., 2007). However, such a baseline would exacerbate the problem of mining the soil C pool prior to signing on the C-sink project under CDM. Even if C payments may increase rural income through the adoption of SLM technology, they may also introduce additional social tensions and institutional issues (Perez et al., 2007a) in an already complex rural setting. In this context, it is important to understand the farmer decision-making process, and how farmers’ perceptions of the environment (Ryder, 2003) change in space and time.