The architecture of the english lexicon

A.6 The bisyllabic suffixes /-ary/, /-ory/

In American English these suffixes surface as [-ƒ`ri], [-¿`ri] when stress does not fall on the immediately preceding syllable, and as [-æri] when stress occurs immediately before the suffix. In British English both suffixes appear as [-æri], which is homophonous with the stress-neutral suffix /-ery/. When suffixed, however, the quality of the underlying vowel is expressed:

(A.23)

ˆudit—rium /¿`·dit-o³ri-æm/ vict—rious /vikt-o³ri-æs/

ˆntiqu‡rian /ˆntik·-a³ri-æn/ ˆdvers‡rial /ˆdværs-a³ri-æl/
When stress patterns are cited, the American pattern with the secondary stress noted will be used. The corresponding British pattern is identical, but lacks the secondary stress on the suffix.

Forms showing a monosyllabic stem are universally stressed with the pattern [1-0,0] and are, like the monosyllabic-suffix forms above, primarily divided between heavy and long-vowel forms:

(A.24)

CVV- 20% pr´ory ro³tary o³vary

CVC- 35% rŽctory sŽnsory qu‡ndary bœrglary

CV- 45% mŽmory m‡mmary gl—ssary gr‡nary

Words showing two syllables preceding the suffix show two stress patterns with the following distribution:

[1,0,2,0] 65%

[0,1,0,0] 35%

Of the first set, the stems are mostly unprefixed and most show a final light syllable:

(A.25)

[1,0,2,0]

CVV-CV- 15% ‡udit˜ry d’etˆry

CVC-CV- 26% tr‡nsit˜ry ‡ntiquˆry ‡rbitrˆry Žxcret˜ry

CV-CV- 48% st‡tut˜ry c‡teg˜ry pl‡netˆry l’terˆry
However, there are a number of cases in which the antepenult is heavy but unstressed:

(A.26)

dŽsult˜ry pr—mont˜ry rŽpert˜ry —ffert˜ry

‡dversˆry m—mentˆry c—mmentˆry

v—luntˆry lŽgendˆry sŽcondˆry

prŽbendˆry fr‡gmentˆry sŽdentˆry

These make up 11% of the initially stressed stems.

Of the second pattern with antepenultimate stress, a majority of these forms show heavy antepenults. These stems are either bisyllabic morphemes with final heavy syllables, or prefixed monosyllables:

(A.27)

[0,1,0,0]

s-CVV- 37% prov´sory delu³sory cente³nary (Br.) sal´vary (Br.)

s-CVC- 47% olf‡ctory dirŽctory inf’rmary exŽmplary

fragmŽntary (Br. alt.)

s-CV- 15% accŽssory prom’ssory (Br.) centŽnary (Am.)

cor—llary (Br.)
The stress distribution noted above is paralleled by the longer forms. Again, words with light penults usually show the final stress pattern [1,0,2,0] while words with heavy penults show [0,1,0,0]:
(A.28)

Trisyllabic forms:

[0,1,0,2,0] 48% proh’bit˜ry contr’but˜ry herŽditˆry

contŽmporˆry

[2,0,1,0,0] 48% c˜ntrad’ctory sperv’sory sˆtisf‡ctory

ˆnnivŽrsary rdimŽntary

[1,0,0,2,0] 4% d’sciplinˆry

Four syllables:

[2,0,1,0,2,0] c“rcuml—cut˜ry “nterpl‡netˆry d˜mic’liˆry

A.7 The suffixes /-ate/ and /-ize/

These vowel-initial suffixes are by far the most common verbal suffixes in English, and they are the only long-vowel suffixes with any significant distribution in the lexicon. Words in this group that have more than two syllables in the stem tend to keep the main stress two syllables from the suffix. This means that the penult will rarely be stressed regardless of its weight. There are a number of differences between British and American pronunciations of these words, and in some cases separate tables will be given for each of these major dialects.

A.7.1 /-ate/

This may be actually seen as two suffixes, one forming verbs and always showing the long vowel form /-t/, the other forming nouns and adjectives and usually showing an unstressed /-æt/, although some nouns and adjectives with / t/ as a variant or as the only form do appear. The verbal suffix has a far wider distribution and will be treated first.

Most words with this suffix avoid penultimate stress, as was noted above. One distinction between British and American usage is the treatment of words with monosyllabic stems. The Americans do stress the penultimate in this case,¹³⁸ e.g., n‡rrate, r—tate, while most British verb forms instead stress the final suffix syllable. A few British words show both types, e.g., mandate, migrate; and some verbs, like f’ltrate, l‡ctate, hy²drate, never show final stress. Many of these have homonymous nouns or adjectives:¹³⁹

(A.29) Forms showing only [1,0] in British : 26%

CVV- 58% hy³drte l´gte pro³bte a³erte

CVC- 42% l‡ctate p‡lpate f’ltrate

Forms showing only [0,1] in British: 55%
CVV- 67% p¬pa³te m¬ta³te n¯ta³te

¯ra³te placa³te rota³te

l¯ca³te gy_ra³te dona³te

CVC- 13% fixa³te dicta³te

CV- 20% creùma³te narra³te nega³te oùra³te (alt.)

Forms showing both [1,0] and [0,1] in British: 19%

CVV- 20% mögrte /m´gr-t/ Ü /mögr-a³t/

CVC- 80% castrte /k‡str-t/ Ü /kastr-a³t/

frustrte /frœstr-t/ Ü /frustr-a³t/

mandte /m‡nd-t/ Ü /mand-a³t/

pulste /pœls-t/ Ü /puls-a³t/
In American, the situation is vastly simplified by the overwhelming presence of initial stress:

[1,0]: 93%

[0,1]: 7%

Of the verbs listed above, only cre‡te and neg‡te have final stress in American. As was mentioned previously, the unusual stem of cre‡te allows for a monomoraic interpretation, leaving neg‡te as the only case of /-ate/ with this stress. There is also a regular variant nŽgate in American.

The distribution of regular forms is as follows:

(A.30)

CVV- 56% mu³tte no³tte gy³rte o³rte

CVC- 36% c‡strte frœstrte d’ctte

CV- 8% n‡rrte pl‡cte (alt.)
Words showing two syllables preceding the suffix tend to show an antepenultimate stress pattern in both American and British.

[0,1,0] 5%

[1,0,0] 95%

Of the regularly stressed forms, many types of syllable structure combinations may be seen:

(A.31)

[1,0-0]

CVV-CVC- 2% de³falcte b´furcte

CVC-CVC- 4% c—mpenste c—ncentrte ’nculpte —rchestrte

CV-CVC- 4% Žnervte pr—mulgte dŽmonstrte dŽsignte

CVV-CV- 12% hy³phente fu³migte n‡usete ´solte ‡utomte o³vulte (alt.) de³tonte (Br. alt.)

CVC-CV- 29% c‡lculte ’ntegrte ‡dvocte Žxcavte

Žmbrocte pœnctute

CV-CV- 48% p—llente v‡lidte sœblimte s‡livte rŽnovte c—mmutte ’nnovte
A small minority with heavy penults shows penultimate stress:

(A.32)

[0,1-0]

imprŽgnte inf’ltrte def‡lcte

erœctte incœlcte dem—nstrte (alt.)

inc‡rnte incœlpte rem—nstrte

All of these words have regular alternants, although some, such as ’mpregnate, are not current in American usage, while American shows el—ngate, regular in British.

Most trisyllabic stems also show penultimate stress, although there a handful of words with other patterns:

(A.33) Trisyllabic forms:

[2,0,1,0] 1% rinc‡rnte (alt.) oøriŽntte (alt.)

[1,0,0,0] 2% o³rientte e³tiolte a³liente —xygente pŽregrinte

[0,1,0,0] 97%

The few forms showing penultimate stress all have alternants. Three of the forms with initial stress have /i/ plus hiatus in the following unstressed syllables. The distribution of the regular forms is as follows:

(A.34)

s-CVC-CVC- 1% re’ncarnte (alt.)

s-CVV-V- 7% expa³trite abbre³vite ann´hilte

hallu³cinte recu³perte

s-CVC-CV- 24% extŽrminte inc‡rcerte annœncite

em‡ncipte intŽrcalte intŽrpolte

hab’tute

s-CV-CV- 67% c¯‡gulte ev‡porte hum’lite

r«’terte ass‡ssinte rec’procte

extr‡polte intŽrrogte
Words show penultimate stress regardless of the position of prefixes, e.g., intŽrpolate. Almost no words with heavy penults are evident. Most stressed long vowels inside roots are instances of /¬/, words with hiatus, or CiV lengthening. Open monosyllabic prefixes freely alternate between long and reduced forms.
(A.35) Four syllables:

[0,1,0,0,0] 18% ame³liorte diso³rientte r«—rientte

dete³riorte

[2,0,1,0,0] 82%

s`-s-CVC-VC- 6% oøverc—mpenste

s`-s-CVV-V- 24% “nterme³dite d“ssasso³cite m“sappro³prite

s`-s-CVC-V- 29% c˜ntra’ndicte d“fferŽntite c˜nsubst‡ntite

s`-s-CV-V- 41% deøcont‡minte c“rcumn‡vigte reøhab’litte

reøcap’tulte
Here, all the main-stressed long vowels in roots are in positions of CiV lengthening. Stressed open prefixes tend to show long vowels.
A.7.2 The nominal/adjectival suffix /-ate/

This suffix surfaces as both /-t/ and /-æt/. The forms showing a full long vowel in the suffix will be treated first. Of the few monosyllabic roots, only a British variant cogn‡te shows a difference in pronunciation between American and British, unlike the case with the verbs.

(A.36)

[0,1]: 14%

CVV- 33% öra³te

CVC- 66% orna³te (alt.) cogna³te (Br.alt.)

[1,0] : 86%

CVV- 29% lu³nte hy³drte n´trte pro³bte

CVC- 47% —rnte d’ctte f’ltrte c—gnte

m‡gnte

CV- 24% p’nnte lŽgte qu‡drte
A number of the initially stressed forms correspond to the initially stressed verbs of British. A majority of these forms have alternants with the reduced-vowel suffix.

Most bisyllabic stems show antepenultimate stress:

[0,1,0] 17%

[1,0,0] 83%

The few forms with penultimate stress show in most cases a heavy penult.

(A.37)

s-CVV- 16% incho³te

s-CVC- 67% ap—stte insŽnste inc‡rnte intŽstte s-CV- 16% apŽllte

All of these show variants with the unstressed suffix, as do those with antepenultimate stress:

(A.38)

CVV-CVC- 3% p—tentate

CVC-CVC- 3% c—ncentrate

CV-CVC- 6% m‡gistrate dŽsignate

CVV-CV- 12% dŽviate cy²clamate nŽonate

CVC-CV- 34% c—njugate —bdurate ‡dvocate

c‡ndidate ’nchoate

CV-CV- 42% ‡ggregate ‡cetate dŽlegate

rŽprobate

The effects seen here are similar to those seen in the verbs.

Most trisyllabic stems also show antepenultimate stress, although there a handful of words with other patterns:

(A.39) Trisyllabic forms:

[2,0,1,0] 6% reøinc‡rnte

[1,0,0,0] 6% p‡triarchte

[0,1,0,0] 88%

s-CVV-CV- 7% inv’olte exp‡trite

s-CVC-CV- 43% perm‡ngante invŽrtebrte proc—nsulte

bic‡rbonte

s-CV-V- 50% pont’ficte aggl—merte barb’tute

prec’pitte ret’culte
Words showing the reduced vowel suffix /-æt/ include most of the previous words and quite a few others. All monosyllabic stem forms show initial stress:

(A.40)

CVV- 35% n´trate pr´mate cl´mate pr´vate

CVC- 37% ph—sphate sœlfate f’ltrate

m‡ndate m‡gnate

CV- 28% prŽlate p‡late lŽgate qu‡drate

Bisyllabic stems are divided between penultimate and antepenultimate stress:

[0,1,0] 13%

[1,0,0] 87%

Many forms with penultimate stress show alternate forms with antepenultimate stress. Many are pronounced this way only in British.

(A.41)

s-CVV- 18% inch—ate em’rate (alt.)

s-CVC- 55% ap—state insŽnsate inc‡rnate intŽstate

s-CV- 27% apŽllate consœmmate (Br.) intr’cate (Br. alt.)

All of these show variants with the long-vowel version of the suffix, as do those with antepenultimate stress:

(A.42)

CVV-CVC- 1% po³tentate

CV-CVC- 5% m‡gistrate dŽsignate

CVV-CV- 12% de³viate du³plicate nu³merate o³piate

CVC-CV- 33% ‡dvocate c‡ndidate d—ctorate

Žstimate ’nchoate

CV-CV- 58% ‡ggregate dŽlegate prŽdicate

‡nimate gr‡duate rŽprobate
Most trisyllabic stems also show antepenultimate stress, although there are a handful of words with other patterns:
(A.43) Trisyllabic forms:

[2,0,1,0] 1% rinc‡rnate

[1,0,0,0] 2% p‡triarchate l’centiate (alt.)

[0,1,0,0] 97%

s-CVV-CV- 14% inv´olate expa³triate ine³briate appro³priate

s-CVC-V- 28% soph’sticate invŽrtebrate proc—nsulate

bic‡rbonate penœltimate

s-CV-V- 44% pont’ficate congl—merate barb’tuate

prec’pitate degŽnerate art’culate

leg’timate

None of these forms have heavy penults. Many of them show nominal alternants with /-t/, more commonly as British variants than American, but there is no apparent structural reason why some words have the long suffix variant and others do not (cf. aggl—merate, congl—merate, the former of which has a long variant in British). Longer words, such as bˆccal‡ureate, ˆntepenœltimate, d“sprop—rtionate, and various /in-/ negations of words from the above set, all show antepenultimate stress. None has a heavy penult.

A.7.3 /-ize/

The verbal suffix /-ize/ also shows very few words with penultimate stress, most of which have regularly stressed variants. Words showing two syllables preceding the suffix tend to show an antepenultimate stress pattern in both American and British. Only a small minority, each showing a heavy penult, displays penultimate stress:

(A.44)

[0,1,0] 2% affr‡nchöse enfr‡nchöse disfr‡nchöse

am—rtöze aggr‡ndöze

[1,0,0] 98%

CVV-CVC- 1% su³pervöse

CVC-CVC- 4% g—rmandöze c’rcumcöze Žxorcöse

Žxercöse ‡dvertöse b‡stardöze

m—dernöze

CV-CVC- 1% s—lemnöze rŽcognöze

CVV-CV- 25% m—isturöze pl‡giaröze b—wdleröze

’dolöze hy²bridöze st‡bilöze

m—toröze n‡salöze cl’matöze ’odöze

CVC-CV- 32% c—mpromöse ’mprovöse —rganöse

pœlveröse d—gmatöze fŽrtilöze

h‡rmonöze sœbsidöze —xidöze p‡steuröze

CV-CV- 36% tŽlevöse c’vilöze c—lonöze

cr’ticöze f—ssilöze s‡tiröze

ty²rranöze ’mmunöze

One of the most interesting features of this set is the way in which words that are not historically or even synchronically (from a strictly morphological point of view) suffixed with /-ize/ follow the stress pattern associated with this group. As prefixed monosyllabic roots of the form /Cis/, we expect final stress ([2,0,1]) in the following words:

(A.45)

c’rcumcöse c—mpromöse rŽcognöze

tŽlevöse ’mprovöse¹⁴⁰ sœpervöse

Note the nominal abstracts c“rcumc’sion, tŽlevision, sperv’sion, rŽcogn’tion, versus the regular type “mmuniz‡tion.

A large number of trisyllabic stems show initial stress. Most of these are multiply suffixed, and retain the stress pattern of the suffixed form:

(A.46) Trisyllabic forms:

[2,0,1,0] 1% pr˜pag‡ndöze d“senfr‡nchöse

[1,0,0,0] 34% v’sualöze tr’vialöze c‡nnibalöze c‡pitalöze

ch‡racteröze c‡tegoröze —xygenöze sŽcularöze

[0,1,0,0] 65%

s-CVV-CV- 25% anae³sthetöze (Br.) demo³bilöze deo³doröze

ide³alöze compu³teröze rev´talöze

accl´matöze

s-CVC-CV- 33% dem‡gnetöze rom‡nticöze extŽrnalöze

collŽctivöze ev‡ngelöze

s-CV-CV- 42% ec—nomöze anth—logöze ap—logöze

hom—genöze cap’talöze (Br. alt.) leg’timöze

dem—cratöze pol’ticöze
Multipy suffixed forms which do show antepenultimate stress are those that are prefixed, like rev’talize. For four syllables, the pre-antepenultimate stress actually outnumbers the penultimately stressed forms.
(A.47) Four syllables:

[0,1,0,0,0] 63%

s-CVV-CV- 21% extŽrioröze matŽrialöze mem—rialöze

s-CVC-CV- 14% concŽptualöze indœstrialöze

s-CV-CV- 65% fam’liaröze amŽricanöze an‡thematöze

leg’timatöze part’cularöze pol’ticalöze

dem’litaröze den‡tionalöze

[2,0,1,0,0] 36%

s-CVV-CV- 40% ˆttitœdinöze rvolœtionöze

s-CVC-CV- 60% ph˜tosŽnsitöze sntimŽntalöze c˜mpartmŽntalöze

[1,0,0,0,0] 0% sp’ritualöze
For some speakers, words with hiatus (e.g., fam’liaröze) are pronounced with fewer syllables, i.e., [fæmí²lÆæraÆz], effectively converting these to three-syllable stems with antepenultimate stress. Longer words all have pre-antepenultimate stress, e.g., “nstitœtionalize, “ntern‡tionalize, “ndiv’dualize.
A.8 The extended forms of /-ate/

Stems combined with the productive verbal suffix /-ate/ go on to combine with further suffixes to generate verbal nouns in /-ion/, agentive nouns in /-or/ and adjectives in /-ive/ and /-ory/. These forms are interesting in that the suffix /-ate/ does not always receive stress or show its long vowel, and these variations are not phonologically predictable.

A.8.1 /-ation/

Like most forms of the /-ic/ group, words in the suffix /-ion/ strictly show their main stress on the syllable preceding the suffix, and forms in /-ation/ are no exception. All are given main stress on the verbal suffix, i.e., /-a³°æn/, with the expected palatalization of the suffix-final /t/. The placement of the secondary stress is practically the only criterion for variation among the hundreds of forms in /-ation/. As with /-ate/, syllables adjacent to the stressed suffix are never stressed, regardless of their weight. Not all forms in /-ation/ have corresponding verbs in /-ate/; there are quite a few that add /-ation/ directly onto an unsuffixed verbal stem, as well as other stems with no related verbal form.

Monosyllabic root forms all show the pattern [0,1,0]:

(A.48)

CVV- 55% m¬ta³tion n¯ta³tion gy_ra³tion founda³tion

l¯ca³tion mögra³tion ströa³tion ¯va³tion

CVC- 30% castra³tion frustr‡tion dicta³tion filtra³tion

forma³tion planta³tion damna³tion

CV- 15% narra³tion cessa³tion nega³tion

ora³tion (alt.) crema³tion (Br.)

For words with two syllables preceding the suffix, all show a stress pattern [2,0,1,0], but many types of stem syllable structure combinations may be seen:

(A.49)

CVV-CVC- 3% dfalca³tion b“furca³tion dforma³tion

longa³tion f˜menta³tion hØberna³tion

uøsurpa³tion

CVC-CVC- 8% c˜mpensa³tion c˜ncentra³tion c˜ndensa³tion

“mporta³tion “ncarna³tion trˆnsporta³tion

p“gmenta³tion ˜rchestra³tion

CV-CVC- 5% dmonstra³tion ˆdapta³tion ˆnnexa³tion

dsigna³tion “llustra³tion lˆmenta³tion

lgisla³tion rforma³tion

CVV-CV- 9% hyøphena³tion fuømiga³tion deønota³tion (alt.)

moøtiva³tion Øsola³tion deøvia³tion

deøhy_dra³tion deønota³tion eøvoca³tion

vØola³tion

CVC-CV- 24% “ntegra³tion c˜nflagra³tion xcava³tion xplana³tion “nspira³tion cˆlcina³tion

c˜mputa³tion trˆnsmigra³tion

CV-CV- 50% ˆberra³tion rvela³tion dfama³tion (alt.)

sˆliva³tion clebra³tion sˆluta³tion

ˆvoca³tion ˆpproba³tion dputa³tion

pr˜voca³tion rnova³tion
With trisyllabic stems we find a contrast between two principal stress types, based upon the difference in secondary stress placement:

[2,0,0,1,0] 48%

[0,2,0,1,0] 52%

Of the first group, the forms fall into a few basic categories. One is those stems which showed unusual stress in their /-ate/ verbs:

(A.50)

reøincarna³tion oørienta³tion eøtiola³tion

aøliena³tion ˜xygena³tion pregrina³tion
To this may be added m“scegen‡tion, mˆnifest‡tion and the infrequent trgivers‡tion. Other words show multiple suffixation, the majority of which are in /-ize/:

(A.51)

/-ify/ + /-ation/: c˜dific‡tion noøtific‡tion

/-ment/ + /-ation/: ˆrgument‡tion d˜cument‡tion

/-ize/ + /-ation/: plveris‡tion ˜rganiz‡tion
Another set shows bisyllabic prefixation, composed either of two monosyllabic prefixes or a single bisyllabic prefix:

(A.52)

rpresent‡tion rcommend‡tion d“sinclin‡tion

coøeduc‡tion “nterrel‡tion mltiplic‡tion

The distribution of the second set with the pattern [0,2,0,1,0] is as follows:

(A.53)

CV-CVC- 1% adm“nistr‡tion

CVV-CV- 13% expaøtri‡tion abbreøvi‡tion annØhil‡tion

halluøcin‡tion recuøper‡tion

CVC-CV- 17% extrmin‡tion incˆrcer‡tion annœnci‡tion

em‡ncip‡tion intŽrcal‡tion intrpol‡tion

CV-CV- 69% co‡gul‡tion ev‡por‡tion hum’li‡tion

r«’ter‡tion ass‡ssin‡tion rec’proc‡tion

extrˆpol‡tion intrrog‡tion hab“tu‡tion

The distribution seen here is very similar to that of the corresponding verbs in / ate/. Words with four syllable long stems also show a range of possibilities for secondary stress; most items in the first two groups are extended stems in / ize/ and / ify/ and their secondary stress is directly related to the stress seen in the verbal form.

(A.54)

[2,0,0,0,1,0]: 38% c‡pitaliz‡tion ch‡racteriz‡tion h˜spitaliz‡tion

f“ctionaliz‡tion rˆtiocin‡tion dclassific‡tion (Br.)

[0,2,0,0,1,0]: 43% accl“matiz‡tion collctiviz‡tion dem—cratiz‡tion

dem—raliz‡tion elctrific‡tion ödntific‡tion

syllˆbific‡tion

ameølior‡tion deteørior‡tion disoørient‡tion

[2,0,2,0,1,0]: 18%

s`-s-CVC-CVC- 5% ˜verc˜mpens‡tion

s`-s-CVV-CV- 10% d“ssass˜ci‡tion m“sappr—pri‡tion

xcommnic‡tion

s`-s-CVC-CV- 30% c˜ntra“ndic‡tion m“spronnci‡tion

d“ffernti‡tion c˜nsubstˆnti‡tion

s`-s-CV-CV- 55% deøcontˆmin‡tion c“rcumnˆvig‡tion

reøhab“lit‡tion rcap“tul‡tion

t“ntinnˆbul‡tion

The last group consists of stems without multiple suffixation. The few attested longer forms show a similar distribution:

(A.55)

[0,2,0,0,0,1,0]: denˆtionaliz‡tion part“culariz‡tion

dem“litariz‡tion

[2,0,2,0,0,1,0]: ˜vers“mplific‡tion ph˜tosnsitiz‡tion

[2,0,0,2,0,1,0]: “ntercommnic‡tion

A.8.2 /-ator/

The agentive suffix /-or/ combines with /-ate/ to form nouns that show a stress pattern similar to that of verbs in / ate/. For monosyllabic roots, there is once again a difference between American and British pronunciation. Most British forms show penultimate stress, while most American ones show antepenultimate stress.

(A.56)

CVV- 43% cr«a³tor vöbra³tor c¬ra³tor

CVC- 43% dicta³tor testa³tor

CV- 14% narra³tor

The only British form with initial stress is —rator /—r-æt-ær/, which shows final stress in its unsuffixed form. In American, all of these forms show initial stress, as did the corresponding verbs. Of words with bisyllabic stems, only consp’rator shows antepenultimate stress. This word notably has no corresponding verb in / ate/. All the rest show a pattern [1,0,2,0], wherein the suffix shows secondary stress and a long vowel.

(A.57)

CVC-CVC- 1% ‡lternaøtor

CV-CVC- 9% dŽmonstraøtor pr—mulgaøtor c—mmentaøtor ’llustraøtor lŽgislaøtor

CVV-CV- 12% du³plicaøtor ra³diaøtor a³viaøtor

CVC-CV- 22% c‡lculaøtor ‡rbitraøtor pŽrpetraøtor

Žxcavaøtor rŽspiraøtor

CV-CV- 56% dŽcoraøtor gŽneraøtor Žlevaøtor

’mitaøtor n‡vigaøtor gl‡diaøtor

c—mmutaøtor ’nnovaøtor Žducaøtor

The distribution is similar to that seen in the verbs in /-ate/. Trisyllabic stems show the pattern [0,1,0,2,0] except for the multiply suffixed word t˜taliz‡tor.

(A.58)

s-CVV-CV- 17% expro³priaøtor accu³mulaøtor nego³tiaøtor

s-CVC-CV- 13% extŽrminaøtor em‡ncipaøtor impŽrsonaøtor

s-CV-CV- 70% ev‡poraøtor accŽleraøtor inc’neraøtor

or’ginaøtor refr’geraøtor intŽrrogaøtor

A.8.3 /-atory/

The adjectival and nominal suffix /-atory/ does not simply show the same stress pattern as the forms in /-ator/, but rather shows an unexpected variety of stress patterns. It is one of the combinations in which British and American stress differ noticeably. As with /-ory/, that part of the suffix only bears secondary stress under certain conditions in American; it is always unstressed in British.

For monosyllabic roots, there are two stress patterns.

[0,1,0,0]: 25%

[1,0,0,0]: 75%

The first type is seen only in British:

(A.59)

[0,1,0,0]

CVV- 66% mögra³tory plca³tory r¯ta³tory n¬ga³tory

CVC- 33% manda³tory gusta³tory

All these words may appear with variants showing the second pattern; all American words of this form follow the second pattern:

(A.60)

[1,0,0,0]

CVV- 36% m´grat˜ry fŽudat˜ry ro³tat˜ry l‡udat˜ry

CVC- 19% h—rtat˜ry m‡ndat˜ry pœrgat˜ry s’gnat˜ry

CV- 45% crŽmat˜ry —rat˜ry l‡vat˜ry prŽdat˜ry

Bisyllabic stems show four stress patterns, only two of which appear in American:

[1,0,2,0,0]: 14%

[2,0,1,0,0]: 17%

[1,0,0,2,0]: 11%

[0,1,0,2,0]: 57%

The first two patterns are seen only in British; the second is the inversion of the first. Many words show more than one pattern.

(A.61)

[1,0,2,0,0]:

CVC-CVC- 17% c—nfiscaøtory

CVC-CV- 17% rŽspiraøtory

CV-CV- 67% ‡dulaøtory c—mminaøtory

dŽprecaøtory —bligaøtory

[2,0,1,0,0]:

CVC-CVC- 25% c˜mpensa³tory c˜nfisca³tory mˆsturba³tory

CVC-CV- 25% c“rcula³tory

CV-CV- 49% ˆdula³tory ˆpproba³tory

In American, these forms all belong to the other two patterns; in British many of these words appear in both groups.

(A.62)

[1,0,0,2,0]: 25% (Am.)

CVC-CVC- 6% m‡sturbat˜ry (Am.)

CVC-CV- 11% rŽspiratory

CV-CV- 83 % ‡dulatory (Am.) c—mminatory

dŽprecatory —bligatory (Am. alt.)

c’rculat˜ry l‡borat˜ry (alt.)

[0,1,0,2,0]: 75% (Am.)

s-CVV- 11% conso³lat˜ry (alt.) explo³rat˜ry (alt.)

appro³bat˜ry (Am.) resp´ratory (Br. alt.)

exc´tatory

s-CVC- 33% consŽrvat˜ry conf’scat˜ry obsŽrvat˜ry

commŽndat˜ry ref—rmat˜ry

compŽnsat˜ry (Am.)

s-CV- 56% excl‡mat˜ry expl‡nat˜ry infl‡mmat˜ry

decl‡rat˜ry def‡mat˜ry obl’gat˜ry der—gat˜ry prep‡rat˜ry

lab—rat˜ry (Br. alt.)

A number of stems with long vowels in the unsuffixed form appear with a short vowel, e.g., expl‡in Ü expl‡nat˜ry. Most of the forms showing the last pattern do not form verbs in /-ate/ but rather suffix /-atory/ to a bare verb stem. A few forms, like expl—ratory, have a long variant, and the British variant of lab—ratory is stressed on the antepenult as if this were a prefixed monosyllable rather than a bisyllabic stem. It may be useful to summarize the various British and American types:

(A.63)

British:

[1,0,0,0,0] c’rculatory /sæ²rkÆæl-æt-æri/

[2,0,1,0,0] c“rcula³tory /sæ`rkÆæl-a³t-æri/

c˜nfisca³tory /k˜n-fisk-a³t-æri/

[1,0,2,0,0] c—nfiscaøtory /k—n-fisk-aøt-æri/

rŽspiraøtory /rŽ-spær-aøt-æri/

—bligaøtory /—b-lig-aøt-æri/

[0,1,0,0,0] resp’ratory /ræ-sp´r-æt-æri/

obl’gatory /æb-l’g-æt-æri/

American:

[1,0,0,2,0] c’rculat˜ry /sæ²rkÆæl-æt-˜ri/

rŽspirat˜ry /rŽ-spær-æt-˜ri/

—bligat˜ry /—b-lig-æt-˜ri/

[0,1,0,2,0] conf’scat˜ry /kæn-f’sk-æt-˜ri/

obl’gat˜ry /æb-l’g-æt-˜ri/

Trisyllabic stems also show a variety of stress types, which often show up in the same word. As before, the patterns showing stress on /-t-/ do not appear in American, and these words take on other patterns:

(A.64)

[0,1,0,2,0,0]: elœcidaøtory ant’cipaøtory conc’liaøtory congr‡tulaøtory

[0,2,0,1,0,0]: discr“mina³tory hallcina³tory retˆlia³tory

[2,0,0,1,0,0]: ˆnticipa³tory

[0,1,0,0,2,0]: hallœcinat˜ry (alt.) congr‡tulat˜ry discr’minat˜ry

recr’minat˜ry deprŽciat˜ry conc’liat˜ry

ret‡liat˜ry ant’cipat˜ry (Am.)

[2,0,1,0,2,0]: “nterr—gat˜ry

The last pattern, which was the most common among trisyllabic stems, has only one representative here. A summary of the types would be as follows:

(A.65)

British:

[0,1,0,2,0,0]: ant’cipaøtory /ant’sip-aøt-æri/

conc’liaøtory /kæn-s’li-aøt-æri/

[0,2,0,1,0,0]: retˆlia³tory /ræ-tˆli-a³t-æri/

[2,0,0,1,0,0]: ˆnticipa³tory /‡ntisip-æt-æri/

[0,1,0,0,0,0]: conc’liatory /kæn-s’li-æt-æri/

ret‡liatory /ræ-t‡li-æt-æri/

[2,0,1,0,0,0]: “nterr—gatory /“ntær-r—g-æt-æri/

American:

[0,1,0,0,2,0]: ant’cipat˜ry /ant’sip-æt-˜ri/

conc’liat˜ry /kæn-s’li-æt-˜ri/

ret‡liat˜ry /ræ-t‡li-æt-˜ri/

[2,0,1,0,0,0]: “nterr—gatory /“ntær-r—g-æt-˜ri/
Also notable is the further suffixed form c˜mbinat—rial ; other forms in / atorial/ show patterns similar to the words in /-atory/.