So you backed off during that period? At times we did, because we were losing a lot of money.
Did that prove to be the right move, because stocks eventually went to much higher multiples, or would you have been better off if you had held on? In hindsight, in almost all cases, I would have been better off sticking it out.
You mentioned that October 1987 was one of the worst market experiences in your career. Obviously, you had lots of company. But I find it surprising, you being such a contrarian. I wouldn't have expected you to be heavily long in a year with such bullish euphoria. What happened? Actually, in the spring of 1987,1 wrote a letter to my investors stating the reasons why I was cautious and
substantially reducing my exposure in the market. Having done that, I kept thinking about why the market was
trading at a level that was too high by historic standards I came to the conclusion that the quintessential issue was a
unique combination of phenomena occurring in the American equity markets—a substantial continuous reduction in
the amount of equities outstanding, coinciding with a more liberal attitude toward debt. As long as banks were
comfortable lending money, the junk bond market was good, and corporate managers saw repurchasing their shares
as the right thing to do, I felt there would be an unusual upward bias to equity prices. That to me was the single most
important reason in the seeming overvaluation of stocks that existed through most of 1987.
Therefore, the important question was: What was going to change this situation? The answer was a recession.
And whenever that recession would come, its impact would be horrendous because the government didn't have the
flexibility to fight it since they had deviatsd from a countercyclical fiscal policy during the expansion phase. But during
the fall of 1987, not only was the economy not weakening, it was strengthening—so much so that the Fed tightened.
What I didn't anticipate was that less-than-dramatic events could have as large an impact on the market as
they did. What was the real importance of the Fed tightening? Ordinarily, that might have created a 100- or 200-point
decline in the stock market, but not a 500-point decline. In the light of history, what was the significance of Treasury
Secretary Baker's criticism of Germany? It was merely a disagreement as to the proper valuation of currencies—
hardly a unique event. In retrospect, what happened to the real world after October 19? Almost nothing. So, in some
sense, you have to conclude that this problem was internal to the market; it wasn't that the market was forecasting
an imminent financial debacle or great recession.