companies that issued the shares, at least by American standards. On the New York Stock Exchange, such price-
earnings ratios run about 15 to 1, while in Tokyo the multiples are often four times as high. Nippon Telegraph &
Telephone trades at 158 times its earnings. "Japanese authorities have allowed a speculative bubble to grow," warns
George Soros, manager of the New York City-based Quantum Fund, "At no time in the past has a bubble of this
magnitude been deflated in an orderly manner."
Such worries are groundless, argue analysts in Tokyo. The Japanese attribute the high price-earnings ratios in
part to accounting rules that allow companies to understate earnings to keep their taxes lower.
Another factor
propping up prices is so-called cross-holding of stock. Because many Japanese companies hold large blocks of other
companies' stock, which out of tradition are seldom traded, fewer shares are available for purchase so their prices
rise.
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