The other side of the coin: the growing opposition in turkey against to the european union accession

Note: The given information about voting system in the EU was cited from the official website of the EU: http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/glossary/qualified_majority_en.htm

80
^ Data was taken from the table of Referendum tendencies of individuals in Turkey on European Union membership from 2004 to 2012. Retrieved from the official website of Turkish Statistical Institute:

http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=729

81
^ Referendum tendency is a term which was used by Turkish Statistical Institute which is Republic of Turkey's official statistics agency. The term tries to explain; if a referendum had been done in Turkey about to become a member of the European Union, the people would vote in which direction. In short, how Turkish people would vote in a case of referendum on joining the EU.

82
^ The data for the age group from 18 to 24 is not avaible.

83
^ Ibid.

84
^ National Report: Turkey. Autumn 2011. Public Opinion in the European Union. Standard Eurobarometer 76: pp.4-5.

85
^ LAZAROVA, Daniela. Prague endorses Turkey’s EU candidacy. Radio Praha: March 5, 2013. http://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/prague-endorses-turkeys-eu-candidacy

86
^ As the first female Prime Minister of Turkey, Tansu Çiller served from 25 June 1993 to 6 March 1996. She was Prime Minister of 50^th, 51^st and 52^nd governments in Turkey. (Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Records) During her period, the EU – Turkey Customs Union procedure was finalized on 6 March 1995 at the Turkey-EU Association Council and came into force on 1 January 1996.

87
^ DUMANLI, Ekrem. Being denied EU membership not end of world, says Erdoğan. Today’s Zaman: February 5, 2013. http://www.todayszaman.com/news-306191-.html

88
^ PEKER, Emre. Turkey Moves to Strengthen Its Ties With Europe. The Wall Street Journal: April 2, 2013.

http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB40001424127887323296504578398570157107116

89
^ Turkish President Gül slams EU visa policy for Turkey. Vilnius, Anatolia News Agency. Hürriyet Daily News: April 5, 2013.

http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-president-gul-slams-eu-visa-policy-for-turkey.aspx?pageID=238&nID=44296&NewsCatID=338

90
^ Visa Is a Means Unfair Competition, Says Minister. TurkishNY: Turkish – American Web Portal. Anatolia News Agency (AA), March 25, 2013.

http://www.turkishny.com/english-news/5-english-news/117862-visa-is-a-means-unfair-competition-says-minister#.UV7TuDfO91N

91
^ Minister says Turkey to 'reconsider' EU Customs Union. Today’s Zaman, Istanbul: March 25, 2013.

http://www.todayszaman.com/news-310708-minister-says-turkey-to-reconsider-eu-customs-union.html

92
^ LEVENT, Sefer. “Revise Customs Union or cancel it totally, Turkey tells EU” Hürriyet Daily News. Istanbul. March 28, 2013.

http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/revise-customs-union-or-cancel-it-totally-turkey-tells-eu.aspx?pageID=238&nID=43815&NewsCatID=344

93
^ Peker, Emre. “Turkey Takes Steps Toward Europe”. Istanbul, the Wall Street Journal. April 3, 2013.

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323296504578398570157107116.html?KEYWORDS=Turkey

94
^ Babacan: Turkey feels unwanted in Europe. Hurriyet Daily News. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/turkey/8627900.asp?gid=231&sz=39064

95
^ YANARIŞIK, Oğuzhan. Avrupa Ailesindeki Üvey Kardeş Türkiye: AB Üyelik Sürecinde Türkiye’ye Ugulanan Ayrımci Muamelenin Analizi. Istanbul, Turkey: Barış Matbaa. December 2012.

96
^ After the application of Turkey in 1987, a heavy criticism campaign began against to Turkey in the EU member states and institutions. (Öymen, 2003: 275)

97
^ As a very valuable and important Turkish professor, Prof. Dr. Erol MANİSALI (born in 1940) is specialist on economics and international relations. He is retired from Istanbul University where he worked from 1962 to 2007. He served as a chairman and member of the various Foundations and Research Centers which are related with Europe, Middle East, Cyprus and Balkans. He is well-known with his numerous books related with the relations between European Union and Turkey, besides his writings in Cumhuriyet Newspaper.

98
^ Treaty of Balta Liman was a trade agreement between the Ottoman Empire and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland that was signed in 1838, in Baltalimani, Istanbul. Both Tanzimât Fermânı (1839) and Islâhat Fermânı (1856) were reform edicts of the Ottoman Empire during the period of decline (1828–1908).

99
^ MANİSALI, Erol. “Dünden Bugüne Türkiye Avrupa Birliği İlișkileri” in Hâlâ Avrupa Birliği’ne Tam Üyelik? Tehditler, Avantajlar ve Çözüm Önerileri ed. by Prof. Dr. Nevhis Deren-Yildirim, (Istanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, February 2008), 1st edition. p.5.

100
^ Ibid. p.1-5.

101
^ Ibid. p.4.

102
^ Ibid. p.6.

103
^ MANISALI, Erol. (January 2003). Türkiye – Avrupa İlișkilerinde Sessiz Darbe. Istanbul: Derin Yayınları, 6th edition. pp. 182.

104
^ Ibid. pp. 186.

105
^ ECRI Report on Turkey (2011), Article 82. p. 29-30.

106
^ Treaty of Sèvres was signed on August 10, 1920 by Ottoman Empire with Britain, France, Italy, Greece, USA, Romania, Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom (Yugoslavia), Japan, Bulgaria, Russia, Ukraine and Georgia that consisted 433 articles. To enter into force of the Treaty of Sevres, it needed to be approved by authorized committees of the States Parties. To enter into force of the Treaty of Sevres, it needed to be approved by authorized committees of the States Parties. The activities of Meclis-i Mebusan (Chamber of Deputies) were terminated due to the occupation and repression on March 18, 1920. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey in Ankara was opposed to the treaty from the beginning; for this reason, the Treaty of Sèvres was disapproved. (The Turkish Armed Forces, Turkish General Staff records: Sevr Antlaşması – “Treaty of Sèvres”)

107
^ ECRI Report on Turkey (2011), Article 82. p. 30.

108
^ Ibid.

109
^ YILMAZ, Önder. “Dışişleri: Azınlık sayısı 89 bin”. Ankara; Milliyet Newspaper, December 12, 2008.

http://www.milliyet.com.tr/disisleri--azinlik-sayisi--font-color--red-----bin--font-/siyaset/haberdetay/12.12.2008/1027207/default.htm

110
^ Ibid. (The similar data for Jews and Greeks as non-Muslim minorities can be also found on the same news.)

111
^ European Parliament Report on the 1999 Regular Report from the Commission on Turkey's Progress Towards Accession. October 19, 2000. pp.8.

112
^ Liberté pour l’Histoire (“Freedom for History”) is an association, which was founded in 2005 against to political intervention in the assessment of events of the past. As their first appeal, Appeal 2005 was signed by a thousand historians.

http://www.lph-asso.fr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=13&lang=en

113
^ Turkey warns France over Armenian genocide law. EurActiv News: December 19, 2011.

http://www.euractiv.com/enlargement/turkey-warns-france-armenian-gen-news-509807

114
^ SAMUEL, Henry. “France and Turkey in war of words over 1915 massacre of Armenians” Paris, The Telegraph: December 21, 2011.

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/8970700/France-and-Turkey-in-war-of-words-over-1915-massacre-of-Armenians.html

115
^ French Senate Passes Armenian Genocide Law. BBC News UK: January 23, 2012.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16677986

116
^ French court overturns Armenian genocide denial law. CNN News: February 28, 2012.

http://edition.cnn.com/2012/02/28/world/europe/france-armenia-genocide

117
^ Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. 2010. p: 391 – 395

http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/consolidated-versions-of-the-treaty-on-european-union-and-the-treaty-on-the-functioning-of-the-european-union-pbQC3209190/?CatalogCategoryID=cOwKABstC3oAAAEjeJEY4e5L

118
^ Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. 2010. p: 5 – 14

http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf

119
^ The citation can be found in both as Article 11 on Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2010: 394) and Article on 10 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (2010: 11).

120
^ The speech of Patrick Devedjian was quoted from the documentary named “Hangi Avrupa?” (From 25^th minute to 26.33) which was televised on national TV (TRT) in Turkey, 2008. As the producer and one of the authors of the text of the documentary, Banu Avar was published a book (in 2007) with the same name of the documentary that based on her interviews, experiences and researches.

121
^ Oppenheimer, David B., Why France Needs to Collect Data on Racial Identity - In a French Way. Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2008; UC Berkeley Public Law Research Paper No. 1236362. p.736–737. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1236362

122
^ “Republican People’s Party was established by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on 9 September 1923 with the name “People’s Party”. The name of the party was changed to “Republican People’s Party” in 1935. In 1927, CHP adopted “Republicanism”, “Populism”, “Nationalism”, and “Secularism” as the four main principles of the Party. “Etatism” and “Revolutionism” were introduced in 1935, bringing the number of principles to six. The six arrows depicted in the Party logo refer to these six principles.” (Party History of CHP, Party Records)

http://www.chp.org.tr/en/?page_id=67

123
^ Jorge Blanco Villalta, ATATÜRK, trans. by William Campbell. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1982. p. 388

124
^ Ibid. Detailed explanations of the six advances principles can be found on the book Atatürk that was written by Jorge Blanco Villalta and translated by William Campbell.

125
^ Avar, Banu. December 2011. “Hangi Avrupa?” Istanbul: Remzi Kitabevi. 11th edition. p. 188-190.

126
^ MANISALI, Erol. (January 2003). Türkiye – Avrupa İlișkilerinde Sessiz Darbe. Istanbul: Derin Yayınları, 6th edition. pp. 186-193

127
^ 2000 Regular Report from the Commission on Turkey’s Progress towards Accession. 8 November 2000: p.12

128
^ Avar, Banu. December 2011. “Hangi Avrupa?” Istanbul: Remzi Kitabevi. 11th edition. p.186

129
^ Ibid. p.190-191.

130
^ Jorge Blanco Villalta, ATATÜRK, trans. by William Campbell. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1982. p.p.348.

131
^ BOZKURT, Göksel. “Federalism ‘may be’ on 2023 agenda: Turkish PM”. Istanbul: Hürriyet Daily News. March 28, 2013.

http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/federalism-may-be-on-2023-agenda-turkish-pm.aspx?pageID=238&nid=43796

132
^ The expression was quoted from the title of an article which was written by Prof. Dr. Ata Atun. Cyprus Two Democracies Two States Two Languages and Two Religions, 9 November 2007.

http://www.ataatun.org/cyprus-two-democracies-two-states-two-languages-and-two-religions.html

133
^ UZER, Umut. Identity and Turkish Foreign Policy: The Kemalist Influence in Cyprus and the Caucasus, (London: I.B. Tauris, 2011), p. 113.

134
^ Müftüler-Baç, Meltem and Güney Aylin. (2005) “The European Union and the Cyprus Problem” in Middle Eastern Studies, vol.41, no.2, p. 283.

http://myweb.sabanciuniv.edu/muftuler/files/2008/10/muftulerbacguney2005.pdf

135
^ Müftüler-Baç, Meltem and Güney Aylin. (2005) “The European Union and the Cyprus Problem” in Middle Eastern Studies, vol.41, no.2, p.284.

http://myweb.sabanciuniv.edu/muftuler/files/2008/10/muftulerbacguney2005.pdf

136
^ Müftüler-Baç, Meltem and Güney Aylin. (2005) “The European Union and the Cyprus Problem” in Middle Eastern Studies, vol.41, no.2, p. 284-285.

http://myweb.sabanciuniv.edu/muftuler/files/2008/10/muftulerbacguney2005.pdf

137
^ Prof. Dr. Ata Atun, Turkey’s Intervention Is Legal, 3 September 2007.

http://www.ataatun.org/turkeys-intervention-is-legal.html

138
^ Manisalı, Erol. Türkiye – Avrupa İlișkilerinde Sessiz Darbe (Istanbul: Derin Yayınları, January 2003), 6th edition. p.200.

139
^ Ibid. p.183.

140
^ Avar, Banu. December 2011. “Hangi Avrupa?” Istanbul: Remzi Kitabevi. 11th edition. p.111.

141
^ Manisalı, Erol. Türkiye – Avrupa İlișkilerinde Sessiz Darbe (Istanbul: Derin Yayınları, January 2003), 6th edition. p.201.

142
^ Fisher, Ronald J. "Cyprus: The Failure of Mediation and the Escalation of an Identity-Based Conflict to an Adversarial Impasse" in Journal of Peace Research, May 2001, vol.38, no.3, pp.307-326. doi: 10.1177/0022343301038003003. http://jpr.sagepub.com/content/38/3/307.short

143
^ Dikbaș, Yılmaz. 2007. “Avrupa Birliği: Tabuta Çakılan Son Çivi” İstanbul, Turkey: Asya Șafak Yayınları. 6th edition. pp. 487.

144
^ Dikbaș, Yılmaz. 2007. “Avrupa Birliği: Tabuta Çakılan Son Çivi” İstanbul, Turkey: Asya Șafak Yayınları. 6th edition. pp .643-653

145
^ Dikbaș, Yılmaz. 2007. “Avrupa Birliği: Tabuta Çakılan Son Çivi” İstanbul, Turkey: Asya Șafak Yayınları. 6th edition. pp. 647-648.

146
^ European Commission, Turkey 2005 Progress Report. Brussels, 9 November 2005. (COM (2005) 561 final), p. 40.

147
^ Avar, Banu. December 2011. “Hangi Avrupa?” Istanbul: Remzi Kitabevi. 11th edition. p.99.

148
^ Former President of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Mehmet Ali Talat stated during his interview with Banu Avar that the Southern Greek Cypriot Administration cannot unilaterally sign the agreements to use the natural sources of Cyprus, even though they sign, but we disregard them. (Avar, 2011: 97)

149
^ Avar, Banu. December 2011. “Hangi Avrupa?” Istanbul: Remzi Kitabevi. 11th edition. p.95.

150
^ As a Turkish Cypriot, Prof. Dr. Ata Atun educated in US universities and elected as a Member of Parliament, representing the constituency of Famagusta (capital of Gazimağusa District of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus) in the National Assembly when he was 26 years old. Also, Prof. Atun served as the head of Cyprus Turkish delegation during UN’s Annan Plan negotiations in Cyprus. http://www.ataatun.org/hakkinda

151
^ ATUN, Ata. Is It A Petrol Crisis or A Trick for Sovereignty, 19 February 2007.

http://www.ataatun.org/is-it-a-petrol-crisis-or-a-trick-for-sovereignty.html

152
^ ATUN, Ata. Is It a Petrol Crisis or a Trick for Sovereignty (19 February 2007)

http://www.ataatun.org/is-it-a-petrol-crisis-or-a-trick-for-sovereignty.html

153
^ Avar, Banu. December 2011. “Hangi Avrupa?” Istanbul: Remzi Kitabevi. 11th edition. p. 100.

154
^ Manisalı, Erol. Türkiye – Avrupa İlișkilerinde Sessiz Darbe (Istanbul: Derin Yayınları, January 2003), 6th edition. p. 200-201.

155
^ Prof. Atun determined on his article Why the Cyprus Problem Cannot Be Solved. (5 June 2007)

http://www.ataatun.org/why-the-cyprus-problem-cannot-be-solved.html

156
^ ATUN, Ata. Confederation the Best Solution for Cyprus, 22 June 2007.

http://www.ataatun.org/confederation-the-best-solution-for-cyprus.html

157
^ Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Records, Türkiye-AB Gümrük Birliği (Turkey-EU Customs Union) http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-ab-gumruk-birligi.tr.mfa

158
^ YAZICI, Hayati. Customs Union: Expectations Versus Realties. (2012) Turkish Policy Quarterly, Volume 11 Number 1. pp. 27.

http://www.turkishpolicy.com/dosyalar/files/2012-1-HayatiYazici.pdf

159
^ Manisalı, Erol. Türkiye – Avrupa İlișkilerinde Sessiz Darbe (Istanbul: Derin Yayınları, January 2003), 6th edition. p. 179 – 181.

160
^ Ibid. p.181.

161
^ Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions, European Union and Turk-Is, pp.1. (The data for the publication date is not available. Therefore, by taking into consideration of the contents of document, the estimated date is belongs to after the first half of 2005.) http://www.turkis.org.tr/source.cms.docs/turkis.org.tr.ce/docs/file/EUROPEANUNIONANDTURK.pdf

162
^ Ibid. p.3.

163
^ Ibid.

164
^ Ibid. pp.4.

165
^ The term “static impacts” means CU’s one-time impact on national income. On the other hand the “dynamic impacts” means the growth rates of national income over the years.

166
^ YAZICI, Hayati. Customs Union: Expectations Versus Realties. (2012) Turkish Policy Quarterly, Volume 11 Number 1. pp. 30.

http://www.turkishpolicy.com/dosyalar/files/2012-1-HayatiYazici.pdf

167
^ “Gümrük Birliği baş ağrıtıyor”. CNN Türk News: 02 April 2013.

http://www.cnnturk.com/2013/ekonomi/genel/04/02/gumruk.birligi.bas.agritiyor/702650.0/

168
^ YAZICI, Hayati. Customs Union: Expectations Versus Realties. (2012) Turkish Policy Quarterly, Volume 11 Number 1 p.p.: 32-34. http://www.turkishpolicy.com/dosyalar/files/2012-1-HayatiYazici.pdf

169
^ Ibid. p.p.: 36.

170
^ ARCHICK, Kristin. European Union Enlargement. Congressional Research Service. 2 July 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21344.pdf

171
^ KOZLU, Cem. Avrupa’ya Hayır Diyebilen Türkiye. Istanbul, Turkey: Remzi Kitapevi, 1^st edition, 2011.

172
^ TELLAL, E. (Spring 2005). Türk Dış Politikası'nda Avrasya Seçeneği. Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 2 (5), 49-70

173
^ SAVAŞ, Vural. Kim Bu Hainler? Istanbul, Turkey: Bilgi Yayınevi, 5^th edition, 2011. p.p.:167.

174
^ Ibid. p.p.: 251.