The Sign and the Seal. A quest for the Lost Ark of the Covenant

6 Emil G. Kraeling (ed.), The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri: New Documents of the fifth cntury BC from the Jewish Colony at Elephantine, Published for the Brooklyn Museum by 1he Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1953, p. 101.

7 1 Kings 6:9.

8 Bezalel Porten, Archives from Elephantine, op. cit., p. 133; Emil G.

Kraeling, The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri, op. cit., p. 100.

9 Bezaleel Porten, Archives from Elephantine, op. cit., pp. 13 and 133.

10 Ibid., pp. 10g, 152. See also Emil G. Kraeling, The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri, op. cit., p. 85.

11 E.g. Numbers 10:33; 35-6.

12 I.e. after the promulgation of 1he Deuteronomistic code during the reign of Josiah see Emil G. Kraeling, The Brooklyn Aramic Papyri, op. cit., p. 85.

13 Ibid., p. 85.

14 Ibid., p. 85.

15 1 Samuel 4:4.

16 Bezalel Porten, Archives from Elephantine, op. cit., p. 299.

17 See Chapter 15 above.

18 Bezalel Porten, Archives from Elephantine, op. cit., pp. 121-2.

19 Ibid., p. 115.

20 Ibid., pp. 115-16.

21 1 Chronicles 28:2.

22 Emil G. Kraeling, The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri, op. cit., p. 24.

23 See Chapter 14 above.

24 In 609 BC. See 2 Kings 23:29-30. See also Bruce Metzger, David Goldstein, John Ferguson (eds), Great Events of Bible Times, Guild Publishing, London, 1989, p. 10y. See also Jerusalem Bible, op. cit., Chronological Table, p. 345.

25 The occasionally canvassed origin of 1he Falashas from the Jewish garrison of Elephantine or the conjecture that Jewish influences in Abyssinia had penetrated by way of Egyp1 are devoid of any reliable historical basis', Edward Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible, published for the British Academy by the Oxford University Press, 1988, p. 117.

26 In the 1930s, for example, Ignazio Guidi, an Italian scholar, had canvassed exactly this possibility in his Scoria della letteratura etiopica (Rome, 1932, p. 95). And later, in 1960, a former President of Israel had argued that the solution to the puzzle of Falasha origins must lie in Elephantine (Y. Ben-Zvi, Eras Israel, Jerusalem, 1960, vol. VI, p. 146). The strongest and most persuasive case, however, had been put forward much more recently by David Kessler, Chairman of the Falasha Welfare Association of London and the author of an excellent book entitled The Falashas: the Forgottn Jews of Ethiopia (Schocken, New York, 1985). See in particular pp. 41-7.

27 This point is particularly cogently argued by David Kessler in The Falashas, op. cit.

28 See Chapter 6 above.

29 Bezalel Porten, Archives from Elephantine, op. cit., p. 201.

30 See Chapter 6 above.

31 Bezalel Porten, Archives from Elephantine, op. cit., pp. 109 and 154-5. Emil G. Kraeling (ed.), The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri, op. cit., p. 91.

32 Bezalel Porten, Archives from Elephantine, op. cit., p. 155.

33 See Chapter 6 above.

34 1 Kings 8:54.

35 Bezalel Porten, Archives from Elephantine, op. cit., p. 19.

36 Ibid., p. 20.

37 Emil G. Kraeling (ed.), The Brooklyn Museum Aramiac Papyri, op. cit., p. 102-3.

38 See Chapter 9 above.

39 James Bruce reports his discovery of Meroe in his Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile in the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772 and Ira, Edinburgh, 1790, vol. IV, pp. 538-9. For independent confirmation that the Scottish explorer was indeed the discoverer of Meroe see William Y. Adams, Nubia: Corridor to Africa, Allen Lane, Princeton University Press, 1984, p. 295.

40 Bezalel Porten, Archives from Elephantine, op. cit., P. 45.

41 See Professor Edward Ullendorff, The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People, Oxford University Press, 1973, pp. 1-2.

42 For example in 529 BC. See Bezalel Porten, Archives from Elephantine, op. cit., p. 15.

43 Herodotus, The History, translated by David Green, the University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1988, pp. 142-3; emphasis added.

44 Herodotus was referring to Psammetichus II. Dates from John Baines and Jaromir Malek, Atlas of Ancient Egypt, Equinox Books, Oxford, 1990, p. 37.

45 Bezalel Porten, Archives from Elephantine, op. cit., p. 8, citing 'the letter of Aristeas'.

46 That tireless and prolific scholar of ancient Egypt and Ethiopia, Sir E. A. Wallis Budge, made his own analysis of the report of Herodotus and likewise concluded that the 'land of the Deserters' 'must have been situated in some part of western Abyssinia'. See Sir E. A. Wallis Budge, A History of Ethiopia, Nubia and Abyssinia, London, 1928, p. 62.

47 Edward Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible, op. cit., p. 5.

48 Numbers 12:1 (King James Authorized Version translation). The Jerusalem Bible refers to Moses's Ethiopian wife as a `Cushite woman'. So, too, does 1he New English Bible.

49 See, for example, Josephus, Jewish Antiquities (translated by H. St J. Thackeray), Loeb Classical Library (Heinemann), London, 1978, vol. IV (books I-IV), pp. 269-75. See also Louis Ginzberg, Legends of the Jews, Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia, 1909, vol. II, pp. 286-9, vol. V, pp. 407-10. For a discussion see also Tessa Rajak. 'Moses in Ethiopia: Legend and Literature', Journal of Jewish Studies, Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies, vol. 29, no.2, Autumn 1978.

50 Genesis 2:13 (King James Authorized Version translation).

51 See Part III above.

52 See Major R. E. Cheesman, Lake Tana and the Blue Nile: An Abyssinian Quest, Cass, London, 1936, pp. 71 and 75. For a discussion see also Professor Edward Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible, op. cit., p. 2. Ullendorff states of the Ethiopian traditions regarding the Blue Nile/ Gihon: 'There is no valid reason to doubt the essential accuracy of this identification.'

53 Jon D. Levenson, Sinai and Zion: An Entry into the Jewish Bible, Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1987, p. 19.

54 Psalm 68:1: 'Let God arise, le1 his enemies be scattered: let them also that hate him flee before him.' This is a virtual mirror-image of the ancient passage in Numbers 10:35 which states: 'And it came to pass, when the Ark set forward, that Moses said, Rise up Lord, and let thine enemies be scattered; and let them tha1 hate thee flee before thee.'

55 Psalm 68:31.

56 See Jerusalem Bible, op. cit., 'Introduction to the Minor Prophets', p. 1256.

57 Ibid.

58 Isaiah 18:1-2.

59 See Geoffrey Wigoder (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Judaism, Jerusalem Publishing House, Jerusalem, 1989: 'modern scholars maintain nhat 1he Book of Isaiah is a composite work written by more than one prophet, and tha1 only chapters 1-39 are the words of Isaiah.' The verses quoted, from chapter 18 of Isaiah, fall comfortably within this range.

60 See Chapter 15 above.

61 Jerusalem Bible, op. cit., Chronological Table, p. 345, for kings'

dates. For the dating of Isaiah's lifetime see F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds), The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press, 1988, p. 715.

62 F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds), The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, op. cit., p. 715. See also Louis Ginzberg, Legnds of the Jews, op. cit., vol. IV, pp. 278-9 and vol. VI, pp. 371 and 396.

63 See Chapter 9 above.

64 Genesis 21:33.

65 See Frederick C. Gamst, The Qemant: A Pagan Hebraic Peasantry of

Ethiopia, Holt, Reinhart & Winston, New York, 1969, pp. 5-6.

66 See, for example, A. H. M. Jones and Elizabeth Monroe, A History of Ethiopia, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1966, pp. 7-8.

67 See Donald N. Levine, Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1974, pp. 34 and 37. The Agaw, Falasha and Qemant all belong to the 'Central Cushitic' language family and ethnic group. See also Frederick C. Gamst, The Qemant, op. cit., p. 1: The Qemant, an ethnic group with an estimated population of 20,000 to 25,000, are a remnan1 of the Cushitic-speaking Agaw peoples, the original inhabitants of northern and central Ethiopia.' The Agaw language has today all but died out amongst the Falashas, although some elders in remote communities still speak it. See Wolf Leslau, Falasha Anthology, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1979, pp. xx xxi. In general see also Edward Ullendorff, The Ethiopians, op. cit., pp 37-8.

68 Balthazar Tellez, The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia, quoted in Sydney Mendelssohn, The Jews of Africa, London, 1920, p. 5.

69 Jacqueline Pirenne, 'Des Grecs I l'aurore de la culture monumentale Sab ne', in T. Fand (ed.), L'arabe pr lamique et son environmnt historique et culture! (Actes de colloque de Strasbourg, 24-27 juin 1987), published by the Universit es sciences humaines de Strasbourg, 1989.

70 Ibid., p. 262.

71 R. Schneider, 'Documents graphiques de l'Ethiopie', Annales d'Ethiopie, vol. X, 1976, pp. 88-9.

72 Ibid., pp. 88-9.

73 Jacqueline Pirenne, 'Des Grecs it l'aurore de la culture monumentale Sab ne', op. cit., pp. 264-5.

74 Sir Gawain and the Gren Knight, translated with an introduction by Brian Stone, Penguin Classics, London, 1974, p. 100.

75 Ibid., p. 100.

76 Ibid., p. 103.

Chapter 17 Supping with Devils

1 Graham Hancock, Richard Pankhurst, Duncan Willetts, Under Ethiopian Skies, Editions HL, London and Nairobi, 1983 (reprinted 1987 and 1989).

2 Graham Hancock, Ethiopia: the Challenge of Hunger, Gollancz, London, 1985, p. 110.

Chapter 18 A Treasure Hard to Attain

1 J. Theodore Bent, The Sacred City of the Ethiopians: Travel and Research in Abyssinia in 1893, Longmans, Green, London, New York and Bombay, 1896, p. 196.

2 See Chapter 11 above.

3 See Chapter 5 above.

4 See Chapter 5 above. See also B. T. Evetts (trans. and ed.), Abu Salih, Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and some Neighbouring Countries, Oxford, 1895, p. 288.

5 See Chapter 5 above.

6 Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival, Penguin Classics, London, 1980. See for example pp. 393 and 397.

7 Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival, op. cit., p. 232.

Index

Aaron, High Priest 274-5, 277, 299, 342-3 Abihu, son of Aaron 274, 354 'Mims (Hebrews) 461 Abraham 456 Abu see Elephantine Abu Salih 127-9, 15&-9, 503 Addis Ababa 32-3, 192 Adolf, Helen 61-4, 78, 125 Aedesius 12-13 El-Affendi, Dr Abdel Wahab 471 Agaw tribe 104, 456-7 Ahaz, King 416, 454 Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim el Ghazi we 'Gragn' Aksum see Axum Al-Aqsa mosque, Jerusalem 93. 94, l00, 360-1 Albrecht von Scharfenberg 80 Alchemy, and Newton 335, 337-8 Alemu, Solomon, kaher 251-2, 426, 446 Alexander, King of Macedonia 110 Alexander HI, Pope 82, 85, 105-6, 107, 111 Alexandrian library 303 Alfonso V, King of Portugal 170 Alvarez, Fr Francisco 21, 36-7, 84, 117-18, 153, 171, 172 Amaziah, King of Judah 373 Ambrose, Saint 60 Amhara culture 34-5, 457 Amon, King 418, 420-1 Amos, quoted 450-1 Amram 296 Amzey Bey Pasha 392, 393 Anayer 244, 456 Anbober village 250-2, 425-6 Angels, and Qemant sect 245 Apet, festival 289-92, 294, 436 comparison with Timkas 290-1 Arabia and Yemen, alleged source of Ethiopian Jews 131-3, 460-2 Arca foederis 54, 60 ARCHA CEDERIS, Chartres 49, 54-5 Archaeology, Temple Mount site 94-5, 387-97 Archaeology see also Axum Architecture see Building Ark, Noah's 32 Ark of the Covenant general dimensions 127-8 and Egyptian arks 290-2 and the Grail 64-73, 387, 515 handling problems 353-4 materials from which made 353 nature 6-7, 273-4 power 6, 22, 195, 274-5, 276, 285-7, 365 And the Author 491 enquiries at Dap Stephanos 206-9 enquiries at Debra Zion 226, 227-32 enquiries at Tana Kirkos 311-16 and Jerusalem 4-5, 365-6 site 361 at Temple Mount 95-6, 364-5, 418 loss from the Temple 371-84, 400-30 Jewish fear of discovery 388 possible removal by Manasseh 419-20, 423 alleged discovery 394 and the Jews Biblical references 404-12 use in war 195-6, 417-18 sought by Josaih 421-2 and Moses 4, 273-4, 276-7, 292, 294, 351-3 as Mosaic instrument 339-40, 342-4, 347-8, 350-3 Moses and after, travels 275-9 tabernacle at Shiloh 279 captured by Philistines 280 as Ashdod 281 at Gath 281 at Ekron 281-2 at Bethshamesh 282, 340 abandoned by Philistines 282-3 back in Israelite hands 283-4 searches for, and interest in archaeological search 1909 291 Bruce 178, 180-1, 183 carving at Chartres 49-31 Dimotheos 122-3 discovery alleged in Jerusalem 394 discovery alleged at Mount Pisgah 395-7 Portuguese interest 171, 174 Safekeeping during Islamic war 175 and Templars 157-8, 159, 162-3, 164, 389 substitution for, at Timkat 1991 497-8, 501, 512-13 whereabouts, after loss at Jerusalem, 371-84 loss, 380-1 Ethiopian tradition 3-4, 13, 25, 121, 126, 149-50, 194-5, 398 itinerary from Jerusalem to Ethiopia 213-14, 219, 221, 235, 252 at St Mary's Church 8-9, 15, 21-2, 427-8 at Elephantine temple 439-42 during Zagwe rulers 157 at Lake Zwai 158 at Tans Kam 212-14, 218, 223, 402, 427, 4:8.445-6 whereabouts, now 5-6, 267-8 keepers 5, 498-9, 511-13 removal threatened by Ethiopian government 499-500 Artapanus, philosopher 331 Ashdod, Ark at 281 Asherah, pagan deity 419-20, 421, 422 Asmara 9 Assyrians, and Jerusalem 416-17 Aswan 252, 429 temple see Elephantine Atbara, river 242, 449, 482 Athanasius, Patriarch 13 Atlantis 319-22 Atlit fortress 99-too Avignon 154 Ethiopian mission to 160-2 Axum 43, 193 archaeology 13, 15-19, 500-5 author's first visit 11-15 author's wish to revisit 236-7, 238, 364-5, 462-3, 470 author's later visit 496-515 history 11-14, 27, 103, 152 home of the Ark 8-9, 15, 21-2, 121, 427-8 lioness carving 502 see also St Mary of Zion Aykel, visit to 242-7, 248 Azariah, High Priest 413 Azarius, son of Zadok 4-5

Baal, worship of 419 Babson College library 336 Babylonians, invaders of Jerusalem 7, 95, 373-8 beaten by Cyrus 379 destruction of the Temple 95, 361, 363 not holders of the Ark 371-8 Balcha, interpreter 31-4 Baldwin 1, King of Jerusalem 93 Barnoth (high places) 248 Bannockburn, battle 65-6 Baphomet, worshipped by Templars 333-4 Barkai, Dr Gabbu 389 Barre, Mohamed Siyad, President of Somalia 469 Baruch, Book of, 95, 363-4, 381 Bayih, Berhanu 468 Beasts, referred to by Prester John 109-10 Beckwith, Carol, photographer 44 'Belacane', Queen 75-7 Ben-Dov, Meir 387, 389, 390 Benedictions, from the Grail 69 Benjamin of Tudela 145-6 Bent, J. Theodore 502 Berhanu, Yohannes 2 2 3-33 Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint 48, 58-9, 60, 92, 97 and architecture 101-2 definition of God 306 and Knights Templar 98-9 Beta Giorghis church, Lalibela 115-16, 171, 172 Beta Mariam church, Lalibela 114, 116-17, 503 Bethshemesh, battle 373 Ark at 282, 340 Beryls (sacred stones) 68 Bezaleel 127, 274, 339 Bible, electronic 412 see mainly under individual books Bilquis 75; and see Sheba, Queen of Bir El-Arroeh (Well of Souls) 363 Black Jews of Ethiopia see Falashas Blessings, from Grail 69 Blood of Christ, and Grail 57, 58, 59 Boat-burial, Egyptian 328-9 Boaz, pillar 369 Book of the Dead, Egyptian 3, 4, 315, 317, 324 'BRs' (Hebrews) 461-2 British Museum, tabogat 37-8 Bruce, James 140-2, 147, 156-7, 173-4, 176-87, 191, 211, 234, 238 on the Nile 201 and Meroe 446 Bruce, Robert the 165-6 Budge, Sir Ernest Alfred Wallis 44, 131, 292, 297, 303, 318, 402 see also Kelsra Nagast Building Egyptian mysteries transmitted 3067 and St Bernard of Clairvaux 101-2 see also Chartres Cathedral

Cairo Museum 287-8 Cambyses, King of Persia 445 Canaan 277, 341 origin of Falashas 245, 456 Carignano, Giovanni da 161 Carter, Howard z88 Champagne (province) 92-3 Champagne (family) 92-3, 95, 96 Champollion, Jean Francois 309 Chartres Cathedral 44-55, 59, 64, 86, 87, 102-3, 108 Cheops, Pharaoh 310 Cherero, visit to 492-3 Cherubim, and the Ark 273-4, 288-9, 333, 366, 376, 380-1, 405 phrase 'between the Cherubim' 275, 414-18 Choice, Ark's power of 70-2 Chretien de Troyes, Conte de Grual 56, 57, 62, 70, 89, 107 and Champagne 93 view of Grail 57-8 Christ see Jesus Christ Christianity, and Ethiopia 12-13, 214, 252-4 Christianization of Grail story 57-9 Christians, against Jewish Temple archaeology 387-8 Christ's blood, and the Grail 57, 58, 59 Chronicles 71, 409, 410, 413 Church architecture, Lalibela 114-16, 153, 171-2 Church divisions, Ethiopian 254-5 Circumcision, Jewish practices 252-3 Cistercians, and Grail 58 Claudius (Galawdewos), Emperor of Ethiopia 173 Claudius Ptolemy soy Cleanliness and purity 250, 253 Clement V, Pope 155, 160, 161, 162, 164 Clerical vestments, Ethiopian 253-4 Commandments see Ten Commandments Cottle de Graal see Chretien de Troyes Copernicus, Nicolas 335 Copper mining 345-6 Cortezao, Dr Jaime 170 Cosmas indicopleustes 11-12, 18 Covilhan, Pero de 171 Creation myth 337-8 Croix parte 114, 116, 117 at Axum 502-5 Order of Christ 171 Crotser, Tom 394-6 Crusader cross see Croix pane Crusades 81-2, 89 and the Temple 91-2, 93 Cush (Ethiopia) 449-53 Cyprus, Ethiopians in 106, 108 Cyrus, King of Persia 379-80

Dap Stephanos monastery 197, 427 visit to 198, 203, 205-11 Dagon, effigy 281 Daisidk, MV 203, 205, 211, 216 Daniel, Book of 335 David, King of Israel 259, 283-4 Dead Sea Scrolls 334 Debir (Inner sanctum) 374-5, 376, 419 Debra Libanos 28 Debra Makeda 219 Debra Sehel 220-1 Debra Zion 224-5, 230-1 visit to 223-32 Degersa (sacred groves) 244 Deluge see Flood Dennis I, King of Portugal 167 'Deserters' from Elephantine 448-9 Desta, Legesse 242, 250-1 Deuteronomy 339, 404 Dimotheos, legate, and the Ark 122-5 Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem 93-5, 100, 361 archaeological work 389-94 visit to 360, 362-3, 384 see also Temple Dove symbol 513

Ebenezer, battle 279, 340 Egypt 204, 305-6 astronomy 335 civilization 313-30 esoteric knowledge 298-304 and Ethiopia r56, 204-5 and Moses 315, 325, 331 and Plato 319-21 route of the Ark from Jerusalem 213, 219 Egyptian temple, Elephantine 435-6 Ekron, Ark at 281-2 Eldad Hadani 144-5 Elcazar, High Priest 277 Elephantine, Aswan temple 426-7, 429-30, 433-4, 435-42, 447, 514 visit to 431-8 Elgin, 15th Earl of 186-7 Eli, High Priest 280 Elijah of Ferrara 146 Ella Amida, King of Azum 12 Emery, Prof. Walter 317-19, 321 akutatsk (New Year feast) 253 Enoch, Book of 181-2 Eritrea 193, 486-91 Eritrean People's Liberation Front(EPLF) 486 Ethiopia and the Ark tradition 3-4, 13, 25, 121, 126, 149-50, 194-5, 398 chosen by the Ark 71-3 author's earlier work with Mengistu 8-9, 43-4, 467-9 author's return 194, 197, 483-515 commemorated at Chartres 53-6, 64 conversion to Christianity 12, 13, 83 coup attempted 192-4 decline and quiescence 152-3 and Egypt 156, 204-5 and Grail story 61-4, 78, 125 history and civilization 11-14, 1312, 402 home of Moses 450 meaning of name 447 mission to Avignon 160-2 place to go after Elephantine 447-8, 449, 455 site of ark during Manasseh's reign 424, 437 and Somalia 469-70 and South Arabia 131-3, 460-2 at war 8-11, 14-15 see also Tigray People's Liberation Front Ethiopian Orthodox Church 37, 505 Ethiopianslikened to Israelites 450-1 in Jerusalem 705, 359 Evens, B. T. 128 Exodus 301 Exodus (book) 127, 128, 254, 273-4, 339, 353 Ezana, King Of AXUM 12-13, 83, 140, 213 Ezekiel, Book of 336, 414-15

Faitlovich, Jacques 148 Falashas 25-8, 30-6, 147-8, 181 and the Ark at Mum 428 author's conversations with 237, 240, 250, 424-8 and Israel 33, 240, 249, 250, 424-8 origin 132-49, 234-5, 240-1, 408, 426-7, 443, 444, 460-1 and Qemant sect 245, 456-7, 458-9 and sacrifice 136-9, 407, 408 and the Talmud 249 Farouk, King of Egypt 361 Fasilidas, Emperor 20, 30, 123, 175, 261 Fertility, property of Grail 69 'Fier& the Angevin' 76-8, 79, 81 Fire, celestial, in Temple 380 Fisher, Angela, photographer 44 Fisher King 58 Flad, Martin 134, 234 'Flegetanis' 67, 169, 515 Flood and water legends 321, 324-9 and Isaac Newton 337 Food laws 253 Foresti, Jacopo Filippo 161 Franciscans, Terra Santa 395 Frazer, Sir James 298 Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor 82, 90 Freemasons and Book of Enoch 182 and James Bruce 186-7, 191 and Hiram Abiff 367 knowledge 306-7 Scottish 175-6 and the Shamir 369-70 and Templars 166-7, 191, 334 and Thoth 334 Friedman, Prof. Richard Elliott 7, 398, 400 Frumentius 12-13, 83, 140-1, 214 Futterer, Antonia Frederick 394

da Gann, Christopher 173-5 da Gama, Vasco 170-I 'Gahmuret of Anjou' 74-7 Gamst, Frederick 341, 243 Garde-Hanson, P. 311 Gath, Ark at 28, Gawain, Sir 464 Gebra, Abba Christos 227-31 Gebra Mikail, guardian of Ark 511-13 Gebre-Maskal, Emperor of Ethiopia 18, 20, 142-3 Gebru, Tewolde 472, 473, 474, 475 Gedai, Dr Belai 124, 126-7, 158, 181, 197 Genesis 248, 337-8, 450 Gibbon, Edward 152, 173 Giyon, springs of the Nile 450 Giza, Egypt 306, 309-10, 331-2 boat burial 328-9 Gog and Magog 110 Golden calf 66-7, 351 Cotner (bowl) 214, 215-16 Gondar 30-1, 198 Timleat at 254-67, 369 visit to 237, 238 Gothic architecture 101-2 'Gragn' (Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim el Ghats) 20-1, 172, 174, 178 Grail and the Ark 64-73, 367, 515 christianization 57-9 RS a cup 57 description 70 and Ethiopia 61-4, 78, 125 growth of legends 89 invention by Chivtien 62, 70, 107 meaning of the word 58 and Melchizedek 52, 53 and meteorites 67-8 powers and properties 65-6, 69, 70-2 borne by Rapanse de Schoye 70, 79 as a stone 52, 57, 108 views of 52-3, 57-8, 70, 108 Grail temple (Munsalvaesche) 220-1, 260 Great Pyramid, Giza 309-12, 331-2 Groves, sacred 244, 247-8, 456 Gudit, chieftainess 103-4, '10, 145, 158, 226, 227-8 Gulf War 471, 479, 490, 507, 508 Guyot de Provins eKyot, go-I, 119

Hable-Selassie, Dr Sergew 124-5 Hadane, Raphael and Yoseph 425-7, 443, 445 'Hagos', TPLF official 481-512 Haile Mariam, Abba 29-30 Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia 8, 15-16 descent 15-16, 24 and St Mary of Zion church 15-16, 20, 21-2 Halcvy, Joseph 148 Hancock, Carol 9 Hancock, Graham, role in Ethiopia 8-9, 43-4, 467-9 Hanukkah, and Fahishas 134 Haran, Prof. Menahein 411, 422-4, 441 Harbay, King of Ethiopia 103, 104, 105, 107, 108 as author of Nester John's letter 111-1Z Hatshepshut, Queen of Egypt 307, 332 Hebrews 461-2; see 4130 Israelites; Jews Hekal (outer sanctum) 374-5 Henry the Navigator, Prince of Portugal 168-70 Hermes 314 Hermopolis, Egypt 313, 314 Herodotus 303-4, 311, 442, 448, 449 Herzeloyde 76 Heyerdahl, Thor 3z8 Hezckiah, King of Judah 415, 416, 417-18.454 Hiram of Tyre (Hiram Abifl) 366-9 Holy Sepulchre Church, Jerusalem 82, 85-6, 96, 105, 106, 108, 359 Horn, Siegfried H. 396-7 Horns, the falcon god 325 Hund, Baron Carl von 166

Ichabod 281 Imhotep the Builder 330-1 Imrahana Christos, King of Ethiopia 157 India (term for Ethiopia) 81 and Prester John 82, 83-5 Innocent II, Pope 99 Institute for Restoring History International 395 Isaiah, Book of 415, 416, 453-4 Isis, moon goddess 288-9, 324-5 Islam 334 anti-Christianity 152 against Ethiopia 20-1, 172-5 Muslims in Jerusalem 360 and Temple archaeology 387 Israel, son of Kaleb 542-3 Israel, and the Falashas 33, 240, 249, 250 Israelis, and Temple site today, 384-7 see also Jews Israelites and Babylon 378-80 out of Egypt 301-2 and Moses 341, 348-9, 351 silence on loss of Ark 401, 404 in Wilderness 275-7 Jachin, pillar 369 Jan/Jano 111-12 Jehoash, King of Israel 373 Jehoiachin, King of Judah 374 Jeremiah, prophet 382-3, 394, 410, 421, 423-4, 441 Jericho, and the Ark 278, 340 Jerusalem archaeological excavation 94-5 occupation by Crusaders 81-2, 89 sackings 371-8 and sacrifice 137-8 and Saladin 86, too, to6 visit 359-99 see also Holy Sepulchre Church; Temple Jesus Christ baptism by water 326-7 blood of, and the Grail 57, 58, 59 LS interpreter 337 Jewish Temple, at Aswan see Aswan Jews against Christians 140-9 in Ethiopia 110; and see Falashas migrations 455-8 relations with Elepantine 447 relations with Ethiopia 455 relations with Qemant 246 at Tana Kirkos 214-15 and Temple site today 384-7 see also Israelites John, Saint, Book of, significance 335 John II, King of Portugal 171 John XXII, Pope 167 Johns, C. N. 100 Jonah 326 Jordan, crossing of 278 Jordanus Catalani, Friar 84 Joseph of Arimathea 57 Josephus, Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews 295-6, 325, 402 Joshua, and the Ark 277-8 Josiah, King 137, 138, 381, 404, 406, 407, 420, 421, 439 hider of the Ark 408-11 seeker of the Ark 421-2, 442 Jotham, King 416, 454 Judah and Israel, two kingdoms 373 Judges, Book of, quoted 65-6 Judith see Gudit Julian, Roman ambassador 11 Jung, Emma 89, 91, 96 Der Jungerer Titurel 80 Justinian, Emperor 346 Juvelius, Valter H. 391