US National Intelligence Council (NIC) consider Internet of Things as one of the 6 ‘‘Disruptive Civil Technologies”
US National Intelligence Council (NIC) consider Internet of Things as one of the 6 ‘‘Disruptive Civil Technologies”
(April 2008
IEEE ranks IoT #1 in the list of “Top Trends for 2013” (Winter 2012):
“The Internet of Things is more than just the newest buzzword. The IoT promises to be the most disruptive technological revolution since the advent of the World Wide Web. Projections indicate that up to 100 billion uniquely identifiable objects will be connected to the Internet by 2020, but human understanding of the underlying technologies has not kept pace. This creates a fundamental challenge to researchers, with enormous technical, socioeconomic, political, and even spiritual consequences”
Term introduced by the Auto-ID Labs (K. Ashton, 1999): linking RFID-based supply chain and Internet
Term introduced by the Auto-ID Labs (K. Ashton, 1999): linking RFID-based supply chain and Internet
UN (2005): “A new era of ubiquity is coming where humans may become the minority as generators and receivers of traffic and changes brought about by the Internet will be dwarfed by those prompted by the networking of everyday objects”
ITU: ‘‘From anytime, anyplace connectivity for anyone, we will now have connectivity for anything”
EU: ‘‘Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within social, environmental, and user contexts”
EU: ‘‘Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within social, environmental, and user contexts”
EU: ‘‘Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within social, environmental, and user contexts”
US National Intelligence Council: ‘‘By 2025 Internet nodes may reside in everyday things – food packages, furniture, paper documents, and more”
Target applications: no limit:
logistics
industry/manufacturing (cf. German Industry 4.0 initiative)
health
domotics
ITS
social networking…
Intensive standardization and R&D activity
CERP-IoT: « The Internet of Things (IoT) is […] a dynamic global network infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ‘things’ have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network.
CERP-IoT: « The Internet of Things (IoT) is […] a dynamic global network infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ‘things’ have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network.
In the IoT, ‘things’ are expected to become active participants in business, information and social processes where they are enabled to interact and communicate among themselves and with the environment by exchanging data and information ‘sensed’ about the environment, while reacting autonomously to the ‘real/physical world’s events »
Ex: WISP (Wireless Identification and Sensing Platforms) project
“Philosophical” vision: spime (B. Sterling)
object tracking through space and time
autonomy and collaboration
(Web) Semantic vision: The Web of Things
Key issue: object2object communication
Key issue: object2object communication
First approach: develop specific communication protocols
adapted to each type of things and type of applications
need for standardization
which compatibility with Internet?
Second approach: (re-)use IP
integrate IP and IEEE 802.15.4 (6LoWPAN) (IP for Smart Objects (IPSO) Alliance)
make IP lighter (Internet Ø)
Third approach: (re-use) 802.15.4
enrich 802.15.4 (Zigbee)
Visions: a Disruptive Technology
Visions: a Disruptive Technology
Technologies and Issues
Components and Architecture
Identification (“sensing”)
Identification (“sensing”)
(passive, active) RFID tags
sensor networks
Communication
see discussion above
interface object/network
embed the TCP/IP stack into the devices (TinyTCP, mIP, IwIP…)?
Integration
object and service discovery
object and service cataloging
service composition/orchestration
Intelligence and Collaboration
Security and Privacy
Ultimate goal: unique/universal Id for naming and addressing individual objects i.e., to attach an ego to each object, condition to develop ego-centric applications (cf. Jacob and the Angel (Genesis))
Ultimate goal: unique/universal Id for naming and addressing individual objects i.e., to attach an ego to each object, condition to develop ego-centric applications (cf. Jacob and the Angel (Genesis))
Naming is difficult!
ONS: Object Name Service
basically, RFID tag/EPC code → URI of a description file (Object Code Mapping Service-Direct Search (OCMS-DS)
stupid but tricky issue: RFID addresses are different from IPv6 addresses (64-96 bits vs 128 bits)
addressing moving objects is even more difficult
From host2host to object2object
From host2host to object2object
TCP is not adapted
designed for long-lasting connections while objects (like tags or sensors) exchange small pieces of data => handshake + congestion control/retransmit/recovery + flow control + buffering procedures too complex
Very heterogeneous networks and traffic
Scalability?
Quality of service?
A definitive threat for privacy!
A definitive threat for privacy!
A security nightmare!
Security
IoT = a kind of unsupervised mobile/pervasive grids whose end-components are resource limited tiny objects = a security nightmare
memory segments of tags are protected by (short) password
physical attacks
Man in the Middle attacks
cryptographic techniques too CPU-intensive for low energy objects
multiple administrative domains (cf. grids)
Privacy
Privacy
all your life can will be traced => possible monitoring, mining, analysis
connection possible with Linked Open Data => worsen the threats
open air connections => possibility of eavesdropping
not only your digital life but also your “analogical” life
you cannot even know what is sensed about you, when it is sensed, etc. Sensors do not ask for permission (cf. video surveillance)
no “forget option”
Privacy (cont’d)
Privacy (cont’d)
Basic approach (e.g. EEXCESS EU project, W3C P3P (Platform for Privacy Preference)
