1 religious encyclopedia ordeal

OTHO (OTTO), ANTON. See ANTINOMIANISM, IL, 1, ~ b.

WTOOLE, LAURENCE, SAINT (LORCA UA TUATHAIL) : Archbishop of Dublin; b. in Leins­ter, Ireland, e. 1130; d. at Eu (Latin, Augium, 17 m. n.n.e. of Dieppe on the English Channel) Nov. 14, 1180. He was brought up and educated to the monastic life in the monastery of Glendalough, of which he became abbot at the age of twenty five. In 1162 he was consecrated archbishop of Dublin. He was canonized by Honorius III. in 1226; and was the first Irishman to labor in his native land and receive canonization.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: The Vita by an anonymous author is in M, Flan7Viun imutw aandorum, pp. 379 M,

OtteOtto of ssmbere THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG 286

Paris, 1624. Consult: J. Lanigan, Red. Hiat. of Ireland, iv. 228 244, Dublin, 1829; DNB, xlu. 339 340.
OTTE, CHRISTOPH HEINRICH: German arche­ologist; b. in Berlin Mar. 24, 1808; d. at Mer9e­burg (56 m. s.s.e. of Magdeburg) Aug. 12, 1890. He received his theological education at Berlin and Halle, and passed his second examination in 1832; he was then pastor at Fr6hden near Jiiterbog in Saxony, 1832 78, and retired for his last years to Merseburg. His great interest in archeology was not gained from his university course, but rather from observation of the monuments and from the cathedral at Merseburg; he was stimulated also by association with Puttrich and K. E. Foratemann, and in this way became the leading author­ity in German ecclesiastical archeology of the Middle Ages. His first book, Kurzer Abriss einer kirch­lichen Kunst Archdologie des devtachen Mittelalters (Nordhausen, 1842) grew from thirty two pages in its first to 1,462 in its fifth edition (1883 85), an illus­tration of the development in the science under the man who was really the pioneer in this particular field. Indeed, all of his books passed through sev­eral editions, and remain useful in their depart­ments. Among these may be named Archdologir aches Worterbuch zur Erklarung der in Schriften uber mideWterliche Kunst vorkommender Kun8taus­drueke (Leipsie, 1857); Archdologischer Katechis­mus: kurzer Unterricht in der kirchlichen Kunst­archdologie des deutaehen MiVelalters (1859). He also edited the brief lived but worthy Zeitschrift fur chrlstliche Archdologie and Kunst (1856 58). It is noteworthy that these works were accomplished by a man engaged in the absorbing cares of the

pastorate. (VICTOR SCHULTZE.)

OTTER, JAKOB: Reformer; b. at Lauterburg (34 m. n.e. of Strasburg) c. 1485; d. at Esslingen (7 m. e.s.e. of Stuttgart) Mar., 1547. In 1507 he came as baccalaureus to Strasburg, and became a priest of the cloister of the Penitents, and secretary to Johann Geiler of Kaisersberg (q.v.). He then edited some of his master's works, and Gerson's Sermo de paasione. Upon Geiler's death, 1510, Otter went to Freiburg, obtaining the master's do­gree in 1515, and was qualified as licentiate in 1517. He continued issuing Geiler's works until 1513. In 1518 Otter became pastor at Wolfenweiler, near Freiburg, and labored there as an adherent of Luther even as early as 1520. In 1522 he removed to the Austrian village of Kenzingen. There he pur­sued his calling as a Reformer with quiet moderation and much success. He defended himself from the reproach of heresy and insurrection by publishing his sermons on the epistle to Titus (Strasburg, 1524). The sovereign, Archduke Ferdinand, de­manded his removal, and the diet threatened him with forcible procedure. To spare his congregar tion, Otter withdrew, on June 24, 1524, escorted by 150 citizens; turning first into the district of Mar­grave Ernst of Baden, then to Strasburg. From Strasburg Otto was recommended to the Knight Hans Landschad, a zealous adherent of Luther, who granted him the pastorate of Neckarsteinach, near Heidelberg. He won the whole congregation to the new faith, soon abolished the mass, procured by

sale of church properties a regular administration of church charities, and maintained peace and quiet at Neckarsteinach during the excesses of the Peas­ants' War. Otter dedicated to his patron, 1528, the beautiful tract, Chrlstlich Leben and Sterben (Strasburg, 1528). King Ferdinand and his coun­selors viewed Otter solely as an agitator and seducer of Kenzingen, and the king more than once de­manded his dismissal. Hans Landschad valiantly defended his pastor, who, in turn, justified him­self against the calumniations of his adversaries, by means of his sermons on " The First Book of Moses" (Hagenau, 1528). Ferdinand persisted in urging Elector Ludwig of the Palatinate to proceed against Otter; and finally, in Feb., 1529, succeeded in having Landschad summoned before the high court of justice at Heidelberg. Otter's dismissal was demanded under threat of the emperor's dis­favor. Landschad refused, and the elector now forcibly expelled Otter, who then went to Stras­burg. Capito commended him to Zwingli, through whose mediation he was called as pastor to Soleure by a minority of the council. Provoking only un­rest by his preachipg, he relinquished the position, and went to Bern, *hence, at the end of Aug., 1529, he went to Aarau. Here he married; wrote a cate­chism, Bin kurz Yn"ung (1530), which was but little adapted for children; and was recording chair­man of the conference with the Anabaptists at Bern in 1531. He was also an eager mediator in the ne­gotiations between Zurich and the original cantons, Sept., 1531.

On Apr. 2, 1532, Blaurer (q.v.) called him to take charge of the church at Esslingen, where the former had labored as Reformer, and where Luther's cause had early found friends. At first Otter's efficiency was impeded by jealousy on the part of Chaplain Martin Fuchs, and Otter even thought of resign­ing, but Fuchs was dismissed. Otter labored very faithfully in propagating the Reformation. He created an order of worship in 1533; a form of order and discipline 1534, and lay ministration for the sick. He provided for the improvement of juvenile instruction, issuing his revised catechism in 1532 and a brief summary of the faith, 1534, with succinct directions concerning spiritual atten­tion to the sick and dying. He mitigated Blaurer's form of expulsion with deference to those infirm. He antagonized both Roman Catholics and Ana­baptists, and also Schwenkfeld, who had made some advances toward him. When Duke Ulrich of Wiirt­temberg recovered his domains in May, 1534, Otter was called, in July, to preach at Stuttgart as col­league of Alber; but the Lutherans about the duke received him distrustfully, because Otter held Zwingli's view and that of the South Germans re­garding the Eucharist. Strife ensued, until Otter, with Butzer and the South Germans, went to Wit­tenberg in May, 1536, and ratified the peace with Luther in terms of the Wittenberg Concord; to which conclusion Otter in vain sought to win Blaurer. Otter rendered service to the entire Evangelical church by means of his excellent Bet­biichlein fiir allerley gemein Anliegen der Kirchen (Strasburg, 1537 41). The " little man " gradually gained a firm position at Esslingen, but collapsed

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under the horrors of the Schmalkald War and the emperor's Spaniards, in Mar., 1547. Nevertheless he was spared from the bitterest anguish for South German Protestantism during the Interim.

Well did Butzer describe his friend Otter as " a man distinguished not by sound learning alone, but also by Christian virtues, and especially by mod­esty, forbearance, charity; a man of innocent life, pure doctrine, averse to all manner of pompous pride, one of consummate skill in dealing with all the various concerns of our Church."

G. BossERT.

BIBLJO(iRAPBY: H. 8ueann, Jakob Otter, CaAeruhe, 1893; Brieatoechael der Brader . . . Blaurer, ed. 8chiesa, 2 vols., Freiburg, 1908 10; and the literature under Br.AuRa$, AmBaosIOs.

OTTERBEIN, otter bain, PHILIP WILLIAM: Founder of the United Brethren in Christ (q.v.); b. at Dillenburg (40 m. n.e. of Coblenz), Prussia, June 3, 1726; d. in Baltimore Nov. 17, 1813. He belonged to a family of ministers of the German Reformed Church, entered the school of Herborn in 1742 and completed the course there, including three years in theology, and in 1749 was ordained and became vicar at Ockersdorf. In 1752 he ac­companied the Rev. Michael Schlatter (q.v.) to America and was settled over the German Reformed Church in Lancaster, Penn., till 1758, then labored successively in Tulpehocken, Penn., Frederick, Md. (1760 65), and York, Penn. (1765 74), after which he organized and had charge of the Evangelical Reformed Church of Baltimore. At Lancaster he instituted prayer meetings, trained laymen as lead­ers, held evangelistic services in the open air, and was in close fellowship with ministers of other de­nominations, especially Martin B6hm, a Mennonite, and Francis Asbury and Richard Wright, Method­ists. In 1784 he assisted Dr. Coke in consecrating Asbury bishop. On Sept. 25, 1800, in conjunction with B6hm, he convened a conference of thirteen ministers near Frederick, which resulted in the or­ganization of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. He never left the German Reformed communion, and only desired to secure a re­organization of the methods in vogue within the Church. Otterbein University, at Westerville, 0., under the control of the United Brethren, preserves his name.

BIBLIO(3aAPHY: A Life was written by A. W. Drury, Dayton, Ohio, 1884. Consult: H. Harbaugh, Fathers of the Ger­man Reformed Church, 5 vols., Lancaster, Pa., 1857 sqq.; F. Piper and H. M. MacCracken. Lives of the Leaders of our Church Universal, Bethlehem, Pa., 1879; J. H. Dobbs, in American Church History Series, viii. 305313, New York, 1895; D. Berger, in the same, Ini. 317 sqq., ib. 1897. OTTLEY, EDWARD BICKERSTETH : Church of England; b. at Richmond (40 m. n.w. of York), Yorkshire, Jan. 18, 1853. He received his educa­tion at Merchant Tailors' School, London, and Keble College, Oxford (B.A. 1876; M.A., 1879); was made deacon in 1876 and priest in 1878; was curate at Hawarden, 1876 80, and at St. Saviour, Hoxton, 1880; principal of Sarum Theological College, 1880 83; vicar of the Church of the An­nunciation (formerly Quebec Chapel), St. Maryle­bone, 1883 1908; Prebendary of Caddington Major in St. Paul's Cathedral, 1905 07; residentiary canon

RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA

Otte

Otto of Bombers

of Rochester, since 1907. He has written Rational Aspects of Some Revealed Truths (London, 1887).

OTTLEY, HENRY BICKERSTETH : Church of England, brother of the preceding; b. at Rich­mond (40 m. n.w. of York), Yorkshire, Nov. 3, 1850. He received his education at St. John's College, Oxford (B.A., 1874; M.A., 1876); was made deacon in 1874 and priest in 1876; was cu­rate of All Souls, Langham Place, London, 1874­1876; vicar of Newton on Trent, 1876 79; of St. Margaret's, Ilkley, 1879 83; and of Horsham, 1884 57; rector of West Hackney, 1887 90; vicar of Eastbourne, 1890  9$; and of South Norwood, 1898 1907; and honorary canon of Canterbury, 1907. He also served as commissary to the bishop of Jerusalem, 1887 96; special missioner for the Armenian relief fund, 1896; and as Golden lec­turer at St. Margaret's, Lothbury, 1898 99. He is the author of: The Great Dilemma: Christ his own Witness or his own Accuser (London, 1881); The Challenge to the Church of God: " Give us a Reason of your Hope " (1882); Modern Egypt; its Witness to Christ (1884); The Seven Voices of the Cross (1886); Christ and Modern Life (1894); Map of the Armenian Massacres (1896); Christ in the City: some Elements of Religion in Common Life (1899); Great Solemnity: Lessons from the Sacring of the King (1902); Baptism and National Life (1904); The Christian Sunday: a Manual of Prayer and Instruction (1907).

OTTLEY, ROBERT LAWRENCE: Church of England; b. at Richmond (22 m. n.w: of Ripon), Yorkshire, Sept. 2, 1856. He was educated at Pem­broke College, Oxford (B.A., 1878), and Christ Church, Oxford (M.A., 1881), where he was stu­dent in 1879 86 and tutor in 188386. He was ordered deacon in 1881 and ordained priest two years later. He was vice principal of Cuddesdon College (1886 90), after which he was dean of di­vinity in Magdalen College, Oxford (1890 93), fel­low and tutor of Magdalen, as well as principal of Pusey House, Oxford (189397), rector of Winter­bourne Bassett (1897 1903), was appointed canon of Christ Church, Oxford, and regius professor of pastoral theology in the University of Oxford (1903), both which dignities he still retains. He was also examining chaplain to the bishops of Durham (1884 87) and Oxford (1890 93), select preacher at the University of Oxford (1889 90), and Bampton lecturer in 1897. Since 1904 he has been examin­ing chaplain in England to the bishop of St. John's, Kaffraria. Besides contributing the essay on Chris­tian Ethics to Lux mundi (London, 1889), he has written Lancelot Andrewea (London, 1894); The Doctrine of the Incarnation (2 vols., 1896); Aspects of the Old Testament (1897); The Hebrew Prophets (1898); Short History of the Hebrews (Cambridge, 1902); The Religion of Israel (1905); and Christian Ideas and Ideals. An Outline of Christian Ethical Theory (1909).

OTTO OF BAMBERG: Apostle of Pomerania; b. in Swabia about 1060; d. at Bamberg (33 m. n. of Nuremberg) June 30, 1139. Destined for the Church in early life, he came while still a young man to the court of the Polish Duke Ladislaus,

Otto of eamberT THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG 288

Otto

whose service he exchanged before 1090 for that of

the Emperor Henry IV. He seems to have become

chancellor in 1101, and in the following year bishop

of Bamberg. Though receiving his investiture

from Henry IV., it proved impossible for him to

secure consecration until 1105, when he went over

to Henry V., and was consecrated at Rome in the

following year. Nevertheless, Otto was never a

political partizan; arid not only did he gratefully

acknowledge his indebtedness to Henry IV., but he

also remained faithful to Henry V. despite suspen­

sion by the Synod of Fritzlar in 1118. Three years

later, however, he was an earnest advocate of peace

at the conference held at Wtirzburg. During the

period of religious struggle Otto was employed

chiefly in administering his diocese and increasing

its territories, churches, castles, and especially its

monasteries, of which he built or restored more

than twenty. In his old age, moreover, he was

called to aid in the reestablishment of religious

peace; for in 1120 the treaty with Poland opened

Pomerania to Christianity. After his successive

efforts to establish Polish and Italian clergy in

Pomerania failed, Boleslaus III. of Poland invoked

German aid, and in agreement with the pope, Henry

V., and the German princes, the choice fell upon

Otto. In May, 1124, the bishop left Bamberg for

Pomerania, and after baptizing several thousand

converts near Pyritz, he reached the Pomeranian

capital, Cammin, where the duchess welcomed him

as cordially as the duke had done. After days of

peril in the rich commercial city of Julin, Christian­

ity found entrance there, and Otto then pressed

on to Kolberg and Belgard. During his tour, he

established eleven churches in nine cities, and bap­

tized 22,165 persons, returning in Feb., 1125, from

Pomerania to Bamberg. Nevertheless, paganism

lingered on, and in Stettin the ancestral deities

were still reverenced beside the German God. Three

years later, therefore, Otto returned to Pomerania,

ransoming a number of captives at Demmin on the

Mecklenburg boundary, and converting all the

nobles of the land by a powerful sermon at Usedom.

Founding new churches at Wolgast and GUtzkow,

and strengthening the faith at Stettin and Julin,

he returned to Bamberg about Christmas, where he

discharged his duties as bishop and prince until his

death. (A. HAucg.)

Brnwoaasray: Sources are: Eocebard. Chronicon, in MGH.

Script., vi (1884), 263; Rdotio de piis openbus Ottonis, in

MGH, Script., zv (1888), 1151 8. Vita and. other docu­

ments are collected in MGH, Script., ni (1856), 721 919

and in ASS, July, i. 349 18b. Consult: J. Zimmerman,

Der Wipe Otto, BiscAofoon Bamberp and Aposkt der Pom­

mern, Freiburg, 1875; J. Looeborn, Der heilipe Ono, Mu­

nich, 1880; M. J. HSfner, Otto 1. Bischo) von Bamberg in

winem Verhdltniese su Heinrich Y. and Loaar Ill., Giee­

sen. 1868; L. Hofman, Otto 1. episcopua Bamberpsnsis,

Halle, 1869; J. N. Seefried, Otto des Herlipen, Bischo)s

con Bamberg and Apostels der Posemern, Herkunft and

Seimat, Augsburg, 1886; G. F. Maclear, Apostles of Me­

dimml Europe, London, 1888; G. Juritsch, Oeschichte des

Bischo)s Otto 1. von Bamberg, des Pommern Apostels (1101­

1189). Gotha, 1889; A. Ulmer, Die demdipe Bened"ner

AbW Michdabem Au Bamberg, pp. 38 122, Bamberg, 1889;

W. Wig, GesehicW der chr"Wm $irehe in Pom­

mwn sur Wendenceit, Berlin, 1889.

OTTO OF FREISING: Bishop of that city; b.

between 1111 and 1115; d. at the monastery of

Morimund (at Morimont, diocese of Langres, Bur­gundy) Sept. 22, 1158. Of noble lineage on both sides, he was destiaedwhile still a child for the Church and was appointed abbot of Mosterneu­burg near Vienna. The income thus obtained enabled him to study for several years in Paris and to acquire all the knowledge of the time; though it is not known who his teachers were, despite the evident influence exercised on him by Gilbert de la Porr6e, whom he must have visited at Chartres. He was also acquainted with the writings of Hugo of St. Victor, whom he may have heard at Paris. On his return from France, Otto with fifteen note­worthy clericals visited the Cistercian monastery of Morimund and there, early in 1134, all entered the order. Within a short time, though not before the latter half of 1136, Otto was chosen abbot; but on the death of Henry, bishop of Freising, Oct. 9, 1137, the canons of Freising elected Otto to be his successor. In the following year he went to Freising and was consecrated. In 1143 46, during the troubled reign of Conrad III., Otto wrote his eight books of chronicles, which he entitled De duabua civitatibua (ed. R. Wilmans, MGH, Script., xx., 1868, pp. 83 sqq.), implying the conflict of the city of God against the city of the devil. Herein Otto followed Augustine, and his second model was Orosius. The chronicle runs from the creation to 1146 in seven books, the chief sources being Oro­sius, the church history of Eusebius (as translated by Rufinus), and the chronicle of Frutolf Ekkehard to the year 1106. The unique feature of the work was the search for the cause and effect as contrasted with the mere series of events set forth by other chroniclers. An eighth book on antichrist. and the last judgment is appended.

In 1147 48, Otto took part in the disastrous cru­sade of Conrad III., commanding a division which separated from the main army and marched through the coast countries of Asia Minor, where it was an­nihilated. Impoverished and undergoing the ex­tremest hardships, the bishop escaped to a mari­time town, whence he sailed to Palestine, visited Jerusalem and other sacred places, and apparently returned to France with Louis VII. It is certain, at all events, that he was with Bernard of Clair­vaux in 1150, from whom he carried a letter to Conrad. After Otto 's return to Germany, war with the Guelphs broke out anew, but with the accession of Frederick I., in 1152, the long struggle was ended; and Otto, who had worked zealously for peace, was employed in the cares of state even more frequently than in the preceding reign. From 1157 until his death Otto wrote the two books of the his­tory of his nephew, the Emperor Frederick I.; the first book narrating the events from the beginning of the struggle between emperor and pope under Henry IV. to the death of Conrad III., and the sec­ond extending from 1152 to the autumn of 1156; the whole forming a work of distinct value.

When, in the summer of 1158, the emperor went with a great army through Italy, he detached Otto, who went to France to attend the general coun­cil of the Cistercians. On the way he visited his old monastery of morimund, where he fell sick and died. His Geata Friderici 1. (ed. G, Waitz in Scriptores

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289

rerum Germanicarum, Hanover, 1884) was given for

continuation to his chaplain, the Freising Canon

Rahewin; and the last two books of this history,

therefore, received from Otto, at most, only Pre­

liminary collections of material. Otto was of an

amiable character and his position on all questions

was one of mediation. It was fortunate for him

that he was never called upon to choose between

Frederick 1. and Alexander III., as would have

been the case had he lived until the schism of 1159.

Strict Cistercian though he was, he established in

his diocese one Premonatratensian and two Bene­

dictine monasteries; and to him is also due the

honor of having introduced the study of philosophy

into Freising. (O. HOLDER EGGER.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: A rich list of MSS., editions, and literature is given in Potthast, Wegweieer, pp. 887. The beat source for a life is MGH, Script., ix (1851), 610 611. Con­sult: R. Wilman's introduction to the edition in MGH, ut sup.; idem, in Archiv far dltere deutsche Liftenttur, x. 131 173, zi. 18 76; B. Huber, Otto von Preiain®: rein Charakter, aein Verhdltniaa zu seiner Zeit and ae%nen ZeiVenoasen alt ihr Geschichtachreiber, Munich, 1847; L. Lang, Paychotopiache Charakteriatik Otto# von PreiaiM, Augsburg, 1852; H. Grotefend, Der Werth der Gesta Friderici des Bischofa Otto von Preiainp far die Geschichte des Reicha unter Priedrich 1., Hanover, 1870; T. Soreen­frey, Zur Charakteristik des Otto von Freising als Geschicht­achre0er, Greis, 1873; W. v. Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutachen %aiserzeit, iv. 394 399, Brunswick, 1877; W. Lildeeke, Der hiatorasche Wert des erden Buchea von Ottoa von Preising Gesta Priderici, Halls, 1884; E. Vacandard, in Revue des questions historiquea, xxxv (1884), 52 114; E. Bernheim, Mittheaunpen des Institute fiir 6aterreich­iache Geschichtefor'schunp, vi (1885), 1 51; J. Schmidlin, Die geschichtaphilosophische and kirrhenpolitische Welt­anschauung Ottoa von Preising, Freiburg, 1906; Hauck, HD, iv. 476 eqq.

OTTO OF PASSAU: Franciscan; d. not before

1386. He is noteworthy for his book entitled Die

vierundzwanzig Ablksee, one of the popular devo­

tional anthologies of the last centuries Of the Middle

Ages (cf. W. Wackernagel, Deutsche Litteraturge­

schichte, pp. 334, 353, Basel, 1848). Of Otto himself

is known only what he tells in his preface, where he

styles himself a humble brother, Otto of Passau, of

the order of St. Francis, sometime lector at Basel,

who completed his book on the Purification of the

Virgin Mary, 1386. He was probably a teacher in

the Franciscan school at Basel and wrote his work

at Passau. He calls the readers for whom he wrote

" friends of God," and it may be remembered that

Basel was then the headquarters of the pious who

were wont so to name themselves. In the preface he

takes credit for his diligence, not without reason,

for, as concerns richness of contents, his book takes

the first place among the anthologies of his time.

He mentions 104 authors whom he had used, and

his list is not complete including, of the Greeks,

Origen, Eusebius, Basil, Gregory of Nazianzus,

Chrysostom, Epiphanius, the Pseudo Dionysius,

and others; the latest is John of Damascus. Much

larger, of course, is the number of Western teachers

from Cyprian to Nicholas of Lyra (1340). The wri­

tings of the so called German mystics, however, are

not used, probably because they were not consid­

ered as belonging to theology. To make the read­

ing of the passages quoted pleasant, the author has

used the device of putting them into the mouths

of the twenty four elders of the Apocalypse in such

VIII. I9