A portrait of an artist as a young man

Actuality of the course paper. The third period of James’s career was the most successful with three novels published in the early 20th century: “Pigeon Wings,” “Ambassadors,” and “Golden Cup”. Critic FO Matthiessen called this “trilogy” an important milestone in James’s work, and these novels are, of course, under strict critical scrutiny. This is the second of the Pigeon Wings books, and it was the first to be published because it was not serialized. This novel tells the story of Millie Teal, an American heir suffering from a serious illness, and his impact on those around him.
Aim of the work: To study and analyze the themes of "Organizational Romance" and "Portrait of an Artist with a Young Man" by James Joyce.
Task of the work: Many critics objected that James did not write about life, that his novels were full of people he would never meet in this world.

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  A portrait of the artist in his youth.
  
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  Publication History A young portrait of the artist
  

Theoretical and methodological basic of the work: James’s particular kind of realism. By initial definition, James is not a realist. In the first descriptions, the writer must accurately describe life, and the novel must “hold the mirror of life”; in other words, the first realist had to keep an almost scientific record of life.


Chapter I James Joyce, her life and work
1.1. Early life James Joyce
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (February 2, 1882 - January 13, 1941) was an Irish writer, short story writer, poet, teacher, and literary critic. He is an avant-garde who contributed to modernism and is one of the most influential and important authors of the 20th century. Joyce is best known for his work Ulysses (1922), the most famous of which is Homer's Odyssey, in which he juxtaposes episodes in a variety of literary styles . He is best known for his collection of short stories The Dubliners (1914) , The Portrait of an Artist in His Youth (1916) and The Awakening of the Finnegans (1939). His other writings include three collections of poetry, a play, published letters, and occasional journalistic articles.¹
Joyce was born in Dublin into a middle-class family. An excellent student, he studied briefly at the O'Connell School run by the Christian Brotherhood and at the Jesuit schools in Klongowes and Belvedere , despite the fact that his father lived a chaotic life at home due to his unpredictable financial situation . He then entered Dublin University College .
In 1904, in his early twenties, Joyce emigrated to mainland Europe with his partner (later wife) Nora Barnakl. They lived in Trieste, Paris, Zurich. Although he has spent most of his adult life abroad, Joyce’s fantasy world is based in Dublin, where he is mostly made up of heroes who look like family members, enemies and friends. In particular, Ulysses is clearly installed on city streets and alleys . Shortly after Ulysses was published, he clarified the issue a bit, saying: “I always write about Dublin for myself, because if I can get to the heart of Dublin, I can get to the center of all the cities in the world. "includes a private universal.
Joyce was born on February 2, 1882, at 41 Brighton Square, Rathgar, Dublin, Ireland. 3 Joyce's father was John Stanislaus Joyce, and his mother was Mary Jane "May" Murray. She was the eldest of ten sisters; two died of typhoid fever. James was baptized on February 5, 1882, by Rev. John O'Malloy, according to the rites of the Catholic Church in Terenur, near St. Joseph's Church. Joyce's parents were Philip and Ellen McKenna.
John Stanislaus Joyce family came from Fermoy, Cork County, and owned a small salt and lime factory. By Joyce's father, his grandfather, James Augustine Joyce, married Ellen O'Connell, the daughter of John O'Connell of Cork's Alderman, who owned curtains and other property in Cork. Ellen's family claimed to be related to Daniel O'Connell , the "Liberator." 4 The probable ancestor of the Joyce family is Sean Mor Seoi was a stonemason of Connemara.
In 1887 his father was appointed tax collector by the Dublin Corporation ; the family later moved to the modern-day neighboring town of Bray, 12 miles (19 km) from Dublin . About this time, Joyce was attacked by a dog, which led to his lifelong cinematic phobia. He suffered from astrophobia; the superstitious aunt described thunderstorms as a sign of God’s wrath.
In 1891, Joyce wrote a poem about the death of Charles Stuart Parnel . His father was outraged by Parnell's treatment of the Catholic Church, the House of Commons in Ireland and the British Liberal Party, and his inability to provide Irish housekeeping. The Irish party removed Parnell from the leadership. But the Vatican’s role in preventing self-government in its alliance with the British Conservative Party left an indelible impression on young Joyce. Joys Sr. published the poem and even sent a piece to the Vatican library . In November, John Joyce was registered with the Stubbs newspaper (bankruptcy publisher) and suspended. In 1893, John Joyce was fired with a pension , which began to drive the family into poverty, largely due to alcoholism and poor financial management.²
Joyce began his education in 1888 at Clonkous Wood College, a Jesuit boarding school near Klein in Kildare County, but was forced to leave in 1892 because his father could not afford to pay for his education. Joyce then studied at home and for a time at the O'Connell Christian Brothers' School on North Richmond Street in Dublin, then in 1893 was offered a place at the Jesuit School in Dublin, Belvedere College. His father was with a Jesuit priest named John Conmy, who knew the family, and Joyce received a discount for visiting Belvedere. 9 In 1895, Joyce, now 13 years old, was elected to the "Our Lady "association by her peers in Belvedere. Thomas Aquinas philosophy continued to have a strong influence on him for much of his life.
In 1898 he entered the newly established Dublin University College (UCD) and studied English, French and Italian. He became an active participant in theater and literary circles in the city. In 1900, Henrik Ibsen’s laudable commentary “When We Woke Up When We Died” was published in The Fortnightly Review; It was his first edition, and after learning the simple Norwegian language to send a fan letter to Ibsen, he received a letter of thanks from the playwright. During this period, Joyce wrote a number of other articles and at least two plays (since losing). Many of the friends he made at University College Dublin appeared as heroes in Joyce’s works. His closest colleagues included leading figures of the generation, most notably Tom Kettle, Francis Shey-Skeffington and Oliver St. John Gogarty . Joyce was first introduced to the Irish public by Arthur Griffith in November 1901 in his book United Irish. Joyce wrote an article about Irish literary theater, and his college magazine refused to publish it. Joyce published it and distributed it locally. Griffith himself wrote an article condemning the censorship of student James Joyce. 12 13 In the 1901 National Census of Ireland, James Joyce (19 years old) lived as an English and Irish-speaking scholar with his mother and father, six sisters and three brothers on the Royal Terrace (now Inverness Road) , Dublin, Klontarf. included .³
After graduating from UCD in 1902, Joyce went to Paris to study medicine, but soon left. According to Richard Ellman , these technical lectures in French may have seemed very difficult to him. Joyce had already failed in English chemistry in Dublin. But Joyce cited his health as a problem and wrote home that he was not feeling well and was complaining about the cold weather. 15 He stayed a few months, applied for funds his family could afford, and read late at the St. Geneva Library . When his mother was diagnosed with cancer, his father sent a telegram : " Joyce returned to Ireland. Fearing his son’s evil, his mother tried to force Joyce to confess and communicate. Eventually, he fell into a coma, and on August 13, James and his brother Stanislav died while kneeling with other family members and refusing to pray in bed. After his death, he continued to drink a lot and the conditions at home became terrible. He made a living by reviewing books, teaching, and singing. He was a skilled tenor and won a bronze medal at the 1904 Feis competition.
On January 7, 1904, Joyce attempted to publish an aesthetic essay, Portrait of an Artist, but was rejected by the free -thinking magazine Dana . On his twenty-second birthday, he decided to turn the story into a novel called Stephen Hero . It was an imaginary image of Joyce’s youth, but he eventually became frustrated with his direction and refused the job. It was never published in this form , but years later, in Trieste, Joyce completely rewrote it as a "portrait of the artist's youth." Incomplete Stephen Hero published after his death. ⁴
Also in 1904, he met Nora Barnacle, a young woman from Galway who worked as a servant. On June 16, 1904, they first traveled together in Ringsend, on the outskirts of Dublin , where Nora masturbated to him . This event was celebrated by giving Ulysses the date of the action (as "Flower Day ") .
Joyce stayed in Dublin for a while and drank heavily. After one of the alcoholic drinks, he got into an argument with a man in St. Stephen’s Green because of a misunderstanding; his father's minor acquaintance, Alfred H. Hunter, picked him up, dusted him off, and took him home to treat his wounds. Rumor has it that the hunter was Jewish and had an unfaithful wife and served as one of the examples of Ulysses ’protagonist Leopold Bloom. He met Oliver St. John Gogarty, a medical student who created the image of Buck Mulligan in Ulysses . After six nights at the Martello Tower , which Gogarty rented in Sandykove , he left in the middle of the night after an argument with another student who lived with the unstable Dermot Chenevix ditch ( Haynes in Ulysses) where he was shot with a pistol. 25 Joyce returned to Dublin to spend the night with his relatives, walked 8 miles (13 km), and the next day sent his friend to the tower to pack his suitcase. Soon, the couple left Ireland to live on the continent.
Joyce and Nora went into exile on their own and were the first to move to Zurich, Switzerland, where they allegedly taught English at the Berlitz Language School through an agent in England. It was later revealed that the agent had been deceived; director sent Joyce to Trieste, then Austria-Hungary (before the First World War), and part of Italy today. He found that there was no more room , with the help of Almidano Artifoni, principal of the Berlitz Trieste School, he finally took up a teaching position in Pohl , then part of Austria-Hungary (now part of Croatia). He remained there and from October 1904 to March 1905 taught English to the officers of the Austro-Hungarian navy at the Pola base, where the Austrians found a spy ring in the city and drove out all the foreigners. With Artifoni , he returned to Trieste, where he began teaching English. For the next ten years he remained in Trieste.⁵
Later that year, Nora gave birth to her first child, George (known as Georgio). Joyce persuaded his brother Stanislas to join him at Trieste, and appointed him to the position of teacher at the school. Joyce tried to supplement his family’s meager income with his brother’s income. 28 Stanislaus and Joyce lived together in Trieste, arguing about Joyce’s alcoholism and indifference to money, and their relationship strained.
Joyce was disappointed with life in Trieste, and in late 1906 he moved to Rome and worked as a bank clerk. He disliked Rome and returned to Trieste in early 1907.
Joyce returned to Dublin in mid-1909 with George to visit his father and work on publishing Dubliner. He visited Nora's family in Galway and loved Nora's mother very much. 31 As he prepared to return to Trieste, he decided to take one of his sisters, Eve, with him to help Nora run the household. Before returning to Dublin, he spent a month in Trieste, this time as a representative of Triest cinema owners and businessmen. With their help, he launched Ireland’s first Volta cinema, which was well received, but disintegrated after Joyce left. He returned to Trieste in January 1910 with his other sister, Eileen. 32 Eva dreamed of Dublin and returned there a few years later, but Eileen spent the rest of her life on the continent and eventually married Frantisek Szaurek, a Czech bank clerk .⁶
Joyce briefly returned to Dublin in mid-1912 during a several-year struggle with Dublin publisher George Roberts to publish The Dubliners . His journey was again fruitless, and when he returned he wrote the poem "Gas from the Fire," accusing Roberts. After this voyage, he could not get closer to Dublin than London, despite many requests from his father and the invitation of the Irish writer William Butler Yeats.
It was Ettore Schmits, popularly known as Italo . Svevo . They met in 1907 and became constant friends and mutual critics. Schmits was of Jewish origin Catholic and was a role model for Leopold Bloom; Much of the detail about the Jewish faith in Ulysses is taken from Schmits answers to Joyce’s questions. 34 Living in Trieste, Joyce had vision problems for the first time and eventually required more than a dozen surgeries.
Joyce devised several money-making schemes, including trying to become a movie mogul in Dublin . He often discussed a plan to import Irish tweed to Trieste, but eventually left it. Correspondence with Irish wool mills about this enterprise has long been hung on the windows of its buildings in Dublin. Joyce’s ability to borrow saved him from poverty. Which income came partly from his position at the Berlitz School and partly from teaching private students.
In 1915, after many of his disciples in Trieste were called up for the Great War , Joyce moved to Zurich. Two prestigious private students, Baron Ambrojio Rally and Count Francesco Sordina appealed to officials for permission to leave for Joyce , who in turn agreed not to take any action against the Austro-Hungarian emperor during the war.⁷
This period, Joyce took an active interest in socialism . 37 While still in Dublin, he attended socialist meetings, and in 1905, when he was in Trieste, he described his policy as "the policy of the socialist artist." 37 Although his practice declined after 1907 due to the "endless scandal" in socialist organizations, many of Joyce's scholars, such as Richard Ellmann , Dominic Manganiello , Robert Scholes , and George J. Watson, agreed with Joyce's interest in socialism and peace. anarchism continued throughout much of his life, and both the form and content of Joyce’s works reflect a benevolence to democratic and socialist ideas. In 1918 , he declared himself "against the whole state" and found great support in Benjamin Tucker's individualistic philosophy and in Oscar Wilde 's " The Spirit of Man under Socialism " Later, in the 1930s, Joyce described his experience with the defeated multinational Habsburg Empire: "They called the empire a ruined empire. I wish God had more such empires ."
Joyce began completing Ulysses in Paris and was delighted to gradually become famous as an avant-garde writer. Another grant from Harriet Shaw Weaver meant that she would dedicate herself to writing again, as well as interacting with other literary figures in the city. During this time, Joyce’s eyes began to cause him more and more problems, and he often wore a patch to his eyes . He was treated in Paris by Louis Borch, who underwent nine surgeries until Borch died in 1929 . 42 During the 1930s, he frequently traveled to Switzerland for eye surgery and, according to Joyce , to treat his daughter, Lucia , who was suffering from schizophrenia . At the time, Lucia was being analyzed by Carl Jung , who had read Ulysses He is said to have concluded that his father was suffering from schizophrenia. Jung said that he and his father were two men going to the bottom of the river, only Joyce was diving and Lucia was drowning.