A portrait of an artist as a young man

1.2. Joyce and religion
The issue of Joyce’s attitude to religion is somewhat controversial. According to the first information provided by his brother, Stanislaus Joyce, and his wife, he separated from Catholicism at a young age:
My mind rejects the whole social system and Christianity - home, recognized qualities, life classes, and religious teachings. ... Six years ago , I left the Catholic Church with the utmost hatred. I knew it was impossible to stay in it because of the impulses of my nature . When I was a student, I had a secret war with him and refused to accept the positions he offered. With this, I begged myself, but kept my pride. Now I am openly at war with what I have written , said and done.
As Joyce's funeral was being prepared , a Catholic priest offered a religious service, and Joyce's wife, Nora, said, "I couldn't do that to him."⁸
Leonard Strong , William T. Noone, Robert Boyle, and others noted that Joyce agreed with the faith he had rejected at the beginning of his life later in life, and that it was not so clear that he would meet again after his separation from the faith. According to Finnegan , Ulysses and the Awakening are " actually Catholic expressions . " Kevin Sullivan argues that Joyce never left him instead of coming to terms with his faith. Somewhat mysteriously, in an interview after Ulysses was completed, "When did you leave the Catholic Church?" Joyce replied, "That's what the church has to say." Eamonn Hughes, who both affirms and denies Joyce’s dialectical approach, says that Stephen’s limited nonserviam is limited : “I no longer serve what I don’t believe in ...” and my noserviam will always remain so. . With Stephen's balanced words "I'm a servant ..." and Molly's "yes." He participated in the Catholic mass and the Orthodox divine liturgy, especially during Holy Week, ostensibly for aesthetic reasons. His sisters testified that he had attended Holy Week and that he had not tried to persuade them. 55 One friend heard Jesus' words on the cross and witnessed "hidden tears", while another accused him of "believing in his heart" because of his frequent visits to church.
compares Eco Joyce to the ancient bishops. In the Middle Ages , vagantes (traveling bishops). They left a discipline, not a cultural heritage or way of thinking. Like them, the writer retains the meaning of the blasphemy performed as a liturgical ritual .⁹
Some critics and biographers , such as Andrew Gibson, have expressed their views : "Modern James Joyce may have strongly opposed the violent power of Catholic tradition. But he declared his allegiance to this tradition, never there was another Joyce who never left and didn’t want to leave him behind. ”Gibson noted that Joyce“ remained a Catholic intellectual, even if he was not a believer, ”because his thinking influenced his cultural background. continued, although he lived outside of this culture. His relationship with religion was complex and difficult to understand, perhaps even for himself. He admitted that he was indebted to his first Jesuit teachings. He told Suter that through his Jesuit education he had "learned to organize things in a way that was easy to consider and judge."
On January 11, 1941, Joyce underwent surgery in Zurich for a perforated ulcer of the duodenum . The next day he fell into a coma. He woke up at 2 a.m. on January 13, 1941, and asked the nurse to call his wife and son until he fainted again. They were on their way , he died 15 minutes later. Joyce was a month away from turning 59 years old.
Swiss tenor Max Meili sang Addio terra, addio cielo from Monteverdi 's opera Orpheus at the memorial service . Although there were two high-ranking Irish diplomats in Switzerland at the time, none of them attended Joyce’s funeral, and the Irish government later rejected Nora’s offer to allow Joyce’s remains to be repatriated. When Frank Kremins , Chargé d'Affaires in Bern , informed Joseph Walsh , secretary of the Department of State in Dublin , about Joyce's death , Walsh replied , "Please call Joyce's details of the death. If possible, find out if he died a Catholic? Express your condolences to Mrs. Joyce and explain that it is not possible to attend the funeral. ” Originally buried in an ordinary tomb, Joyce was moved in 1966 to a more prominent “ tomb of honor,” with a portrait of a statue of the American artist Milton Hebald sitting next to it. Married in 1931, Nora lived 10 years longer than him. He was buried next to her, like his son Giorgio, who died in 1976.
In October 2019 , a proposal was submitted to the Dublin City Council to plan and budget for the exhumation and reburial of Joyce and his family anywhere in Dublin, based on his family’s wishes. 62 The proposal immediately sparked controversy, and the Irish Times commented: turn it into money. "
Dubliners is a collection of fifteen stories by Joyce, first published in 1914. 64 They give a natural picture of middle class life in and around Dublin in the early 20th century.
The stories were written at a time when Irish nationalism was at its height and the search for national identity and purpose was at its height; at the crossroads of history and culture, Ireland was shaken by the harmony of ideas and influences. The stories focus on Joyce’s idea of epiphany: a time when the protagonist experiences a life-changing self-awareness or understanding. Many Dublin heroes later appear in small roles in Joyce’s novel Ulysses . 65 The first stories in the collection are told by children’s heroes . Subsequent stories gradually tell the story of the lives and worries of older people. This is consistent with the tripartite division of the Joyce set into childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
The artist’s youthful portrait is an almost entirely revised novel by Stephen Hero , a neglected novel. Joyce became angry during an argument with Nora and tried to burn the original manuscript, although later, with her help, the manuscript was saved by her sister .
Ulysses , Joyce was so tired that he did not write a number of prose works for a year. 76 On March 10, 1923, he told his patron, Harriet Shaw Weaver, "Yesterday I wrote two pages, the first page after Ulysses ' last Yes ." I found pencils and copied them on paper with great difficulty in large manuscripts. two sheets of paper so I can read them . lupo fart or ma non il sang vizio , say the Italians. "The wolf may lose its skin, but there is no evil" or "it cannot change the tiger spots" 77. Thus, first the Work Continues, and then the text known as the Finnegans Wake was born.
The appearance of the history cited in this text was greatly influenced by Giambattista . The metaphysics of Vico and Nola Giordano Bruno is important for the interaction of “ characters ”. Vico proposed a cyclical view of history, in which civilization emerged from chaos, went through theocratic, aristocratic, and democratic stages, and then fell into chaos again. The most striking example of the influence of Vico’s cyclical history theory can be found in the opening and closing words of the book. The word “ Finnegans Wake” means “ flying across the river, passing Eve and Adam, from the turn of the shore to the turn of the bay, with the recirculation of commodius vicus to the castle of Howth and its environs.” begins with the words. "(" vicus " is a word game about Vico ) and ends with" The Way I've Loved Loneliness for a Long Time . " 83 In fact, Joyce said that the ideal Wake reader would suffer from “perfect insomnia” 84 and that when he finished the book, he would turn to the first page, start again, and so on, continuing in an endless cycle of reading.
Joyce's influence is evident in areas other than literature. Invite "Three quarks for Mark Master!" Finnegans Wake in Joyce 99 is the source of the word “ quark,” the name of one of the elementary particles proposed in 1963 by physicist Murray Gell-Mann .
Joyce’s work and life are celebrated every year on June 16 in Dublin , known as Bloom Day, and in many cities around the world, and critical research continues in scientific publications such as the James Joyce Quarterly . Restrictions imposed by Stephen J. Joyce , Joyce’s grandson and manager of his literary property , prevented both popular and academic use of Joyce’s works .