Él "star", elen being the ordinary word) or a poetic or archaic meaning of an ordinary word

Quettaparma Quenyanna

† = poetic or archaic word (e.g. †él "star", elen being the ordinary word) or a poetic or archaic meaning of an ordinary word (e.g. russë "corruscation, †swordblade"), * = unattested form, ** = wrong form, # = word that is only attested in a compound or in an inflected form (e.g. #apa, #Apanóna; see AFTER below), TLT = Tolkien's lifetime (by some called "Real Time", as opposed to:) MET = Middle-Earth Time (or rather Arda Time, since Quenya originated in the Blessed Realm), LotR = The Lord of the Rings (HarperCollinsPublishers, one-volume edition of 1991), Silm = The Silmarillion (HarperCollinsPublishers 1994), MC = The Monsters and the Critics and other Essays, MR = Morgoth's Ring, LR = The Lost Road, Etym = The Etymologies (in LR:347-400), FS = Fíriel's Song (in LR:72), RGEO = The Road Goes Ever On (Second Edition), WJ = The War of the Jewels, PM = The Peoples of Middle-earth, Letters = The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, LT1 = The Book of Lost Tales 1, LT2 = The Book of Lost Tales 2, Nam = Namárië (in LotR:398), Arct = "Arctic" sentence (in The Father Christmas Letters), GL = Gnomish Lexicon (in Parma Eldalamberon [PE] #11 - references are selective), QL = Qenya Lexicon (in Parma Eldalamberon #12 - references are again selective), VT = Vinyar Tengwar (PE and VT being journals publishing Tolkien material edited by C. Gilson, C.F. Hostetter, A.R. Smith, W. Welden and P. Wynne; please refer to the individual journals here referenced to determine which editors are involved in any given case), vb = verb, adj = adjective, interj = interjection, pa.t. = past tense, fut = future tense, perf = perfect tense, freq = frequentative form, inf = infinitive, gen = genitive, pl = plural form, sg = singular form. The spelling used in this wordlist is regularized (c for k except in a few names, x for ks, long vowels marked with accents rather than macrons or circumflexes; the diaeresis is used as in LotR). When s in a word represents earlier Þ (th as in "thing") and it should be spelt with the letter súlë instead of silmë in Tengwar writing (though Tolkien himself sometimes ignored or forgot this), this is indicated by (Þ) immediately following the word in question (e.g. sanda, sanya-; see ABIDE, ABIDING below).

Wordlist last updated March 1, 2006

A, AN (indefinite article) - no Quenya equivalent. Elen "star" may thus also be translated "a star" (LotR:94). The absence of the definite article i "the" usually indicates that the noun is indefinite (though there are exceptions - see THE).

ABANDON hehta- (pa.t. hehtanë is given but seems perfectly regular) (put aside, leave out, exclude, forsake) -WJ:365

ABHOR feuya-, yelta- (loathe); THE ABHORRED Sauron (Þ) -PHEW/VT46:9, Silm:418, VT45:11

ABIDE mar- (be settled of fixed) (fut. #maruva is attested: maruvan "I will abide"); ABIDE BY himya- (cleave to, stick to, adhere); ABIDING sanda (Þ) (firm, true); LAW-ABIDING sanya (Þ) (regular, normal) (variant vorosanya with a prefixed element meaning "ever"). -UT:317/LotR:1003, KHIM/VT45:22, STAN/VT46:16

ABOVE: According to VT44:26, Tolkien in one text glosses apa as "above but touching", but apa is normally the preposition "after" instead. For "above", the preposition or "over" may be used.

ABUNDANCE úvë; ABUNDANT úvëa (in a very great number), alya (rich, blessed, prosperous) -UB, GALA

ABUSE (vb, evidently meaning to abuse verbally) naitya- (put to shame) -QL:65

ABYSS undumë -MC:222 cf. 215

ACCOMOSATE camta- (sic; the cluster mt seems unusual for Quenya, and while the source does not explicitly say that this word is Quenya, it is difficult to understand what other language could be intended) (to [make] fit, suit, adapt) -VT44:14

ACCOUNT (noun) quentalë (history), lúmequenta (chronological account, history); HISTORICAL ACCOUNT quentasta (any particular arrangement, by some author, of a series of reconds or evidences into a given historical account - not History as such, which is quentalë) -KWET, LU, VT39:16

ACRE resta (sown field) -VT46:11 cf. RED-

ACROSS arta (athwart) (Note: arta also means "fort, fortress") -LT2:335

ACT OF WILL nirmë -VT39:30

ACTOR tyaro (agent, doer) -KYAR

ACTUAL anwa (real, true) -ANA

ACUTE tereva (fine, piercing); ACUTE, ACUTENESS laicë (In the printed Etymologies, a similar word is also the adjective "keen, sharp, acute", but according to VT45:25, this is a misreading; the final vowel of the adjective should be -a, not -ë. However, the conceptual validity of the adjective laica, and therefore also the corresponding noun laicë, is questionable; see PIERCING.) -TER, LAIK

ADAPT camta- (sic; the cluster mt seems unusual for Quenya; while the source does not explicitly say that this word is Quenya, it is difficult to understand what other language could be intended) (to [make] fit, suit, accomosate) -VT44:14

ADHERE himya- (abide by, cleave to, stick to) -VT45:22, cf. KHIM

ADHERING himba (sticking) -KHIM

ADMIRAL ciryatur (only attested as the personal name Ciryatur of an admiral, but the word means *"ship-ruler") -UT:239

ADORN netya- (trim). (Note: netya- is also an adj. "pretty, dainty".) SMALL THING OF PERSONAL ADORNMENT netil -VT47:33

ADULT (adj) vëa (manly, vigorous); ADULT MAN vëaner; ADULT MALE nér (ner-, as in. pl neri) (man) -WEG, DER

ADÛNAKHOR Herunúmen -UT:222, Silm:322

AEGNOR Aicanáro (so in Silm:435 and PM:345; MR:323 has Aicanár) (Sharp Flame, Fell Fire)

AFFECT #ap- (given as aorist stem apë) (to concern, to touch one) -VT44:26

AFFECTIONATE méla (loving) -VT39:10

AFFLICTED - be afflicted: moia- (labour). The participle *moiala may then be used to translate "afflicted" as an adjective, describing one who is "labouring" or toiling as a thrall. -VT43:31

AFTER apa (attested in compounds like Apanónar, see below), #ep- (used in compounds when the second part of the compound begins with a vowel, only attested in epessë "after-name" - see NICKNAME.) It may be that the prefix #ep- belongs to another conceptual phase in Tolkien's development of Quenya. Variant forms of apa "after" include opo and pó/po (VT44:36). According to VT44:26, the preposition apa may also appear as pa, pá (cf. yéni pa yéni "years after years" in VT44:35), but pa/pá is in other manuscripts defined as "touching, as regards, concerning". THE AFTER-BORN Apanónar (sg #Apanóna) (i.e., an Elvish name of Men, according to WJ:387 "a word of lore, not used in daily speech") -Silm:122/WJ:387, UT:266

AGAIN ata; AGAIN (prefix) en-, (prefix) at-, ata- (back-, re-) (AT[AT])

AGAINST: According to VT44:26, Tolkien in some documents glosses apa or pá as "touching, against", but apa is normally the preposition "after" instead.

AGE randa (cycle); AGES OF AGES yénion yéni -RAD, VT44:36

AGENT tyaro (actor, doer) -KAR

AGILE tyelca (swift) -KYELEK

AGO yá -YA

AGONY qualmë (death), unqualë (death; according to VT45:24, Tolkien changed this word to anqualë) -KWAL, VT45:5, 24, 36

AH (interj.) ai (alas) Ai! laurië lantar lassi Ah! golden fall the leaves (Nam)

AIR vista (= air as substance); lindë (tune, song, singing); vilya older [MET] wilya (sky); vilma (lower air) (perhaps changed to vista, but vilma was not struck out in Etym); PUFF OF AIR hwesta (breeze, breath); UPPER AIRS AND CLOUDS fanyarë (skies), AIRY vilin (breezy) -WIS, LIN, WIL/LT1:273, SWES/LotR:1157, MC:223, LT1:273

ALAS (interj.) ai (ah) (Etym also gives a word nai, but this clashes with nai "be it that" in Namárië.); also orro or horro as an "exclamation of horror, pain, disgust: ugh, alas! ow!" -Nam/RGEO:66, NAY, VT45:17

ALIVE cuina; BEING ALIVE (noun not adj) cuilë (life) (LT1:257 gives coina, coirëa.) -KUY

ALL illi (as independent noun), also ilya (all of a particular group of things, the whole, each, every) (Note: ilya normally appears as ilyë before a plural noun: ilyë tier "all paths"); ALLNESS, THE ALL ilúvë (the whole). According to early material, ALL THE... (followed by some noun) is rendered by i quanda, e.g. *i quanda cemen "all the earth; the whole earth". ALL THAT IS WANTED fárë, farmë (plenitude, sufficiency) -VT47:30, VT39:20, VT44:9, IL, Nam cf. RGEO:67, Silm:433/WJ:402, QL:70, PHAR/VT46:9

ALLOW lav- (yield, grant); NOT ALLOW TO CONTINUE nuhta- (stunt, prevent from coming to completion, stop short) -DAB, WJ:413

ALONE (see also LONELY, SOLE) er (one, alone, only, but, still), eressë (singly, only, also as noun: solitude) -ERE, LT1:269

ALPHABET tengwanda -TEK

ALSO yando -QL:104

ALWAYS illumë (earlier variants of the relevant text also have vora and vorë, forms Tolkien may or may not have abandoned) -VT44:9

ALTOGETHER aqua (fully, completely, wholly) -WJ:392

*AMANIAN (only translated "of Aman" by Tolkien) amanya. Cf. also Úmanyar, Úamanyar, Alamanyar "those not of Aman" (the Elves who started on the march from Cuiviénen but did not reach Aman; contrast the Avamanyar, another name of the Avari.) -WJ:411, 373, 370, MR:163

AMEN (Hebrew: "truly, certainly, may it be so") násië (another form, násan, was apparently abandoned by Tolkien) -VT43:24, 35

AMLOTH *Ambalotsë (Tolkien asterisked the word because it was not "attested", only a possible Quenya form of Amloth. See "UPRISING-FLOWER".) -WJ:318

AMONG imíca, mici; see also BETWEEN. -VT43:30

AMRAS Telufinwë (meaning "Last Finwë", not the equivalent in sense to his Sindarin name. The short form of his name was Telvo *"Last One". His mother-name [q.v.] was Ambarussa, but this name was not used in narrative.) -PM:353

AMROD Pityafinwë (meaning "Little Finwë", not the equivalent in sense to his Sindarin name. The short form of his name was Pityo *"Little One". His mother-name [q.v.] was Ambarto, or Umbarto, but these names were not used in narrative.) -PM:353

AN see A

ANCIENT yára (old, belonging to or descending from former times) -YA

AND ar (possibly a before f [and v?]: eldain a fírimoin "for elves and men" [FS], cf. a valmarion "and of those of Valmar" [from "Antatye Voronwi" by C. Gilson, Vinyar Tengwar #31 p. 10]) (In Sauron Defeated p. ii, the word o is translated "and", but LotR, Silm and Etym all agree that the Quenya word for "and" is ar. A longer variant arë is mentioned in VT43:31.) A suffix meaning "and", -yë, occurs in the phrase Menel Cemenyë "heaven and earth" (VT47:11); this suffix is "normally used of pairs usually associated as Sun, Moon [*Anar Isilyë]; Heaven, Earth [Menel Cemenyë], Land, Sea [*Nór Eäryë], fire, water [*úr nenyë]" (VT47:31). AND YET a-nanta/ananta (but yet) -AR/Nam/FS, VT43:31, NDAN; the etymology of ar is discussed in VT47:31

ANGBAND Angamando (Iron-gaol) (so in MR:350 and Silm:428; Etym has Angamanda, or in deleted material Angavanda). -MR:350, Silm:428, MBAD, VT45:6

ANGELIC POWER Vala (pl. Valar or Vali, gen. pl. Valion is attested in Fíriel's Song); ANGELIC SPIRIT Ainu, f. Aini (holy one, god) -LotR:1157/BAL/FS, AYAN, LT1:248

ANGELN (island in the Danish peninsula) Eriollo -LT1:252

ANGROD Angaráto -Silm:428

ANIMAL #celva (only pl. celvar ["k"] is attested, translated "animals, living things that move" in Silm appendix and WJ:341); laman (pl. lamni or lamani) ("usually only applied to four-footed beasts, and never to reptiles and birds"); MALE ANIMAL hanu (male) -Silm:52/53,/405:3AN, WJ:416

ANOTHER enta (one more). (Note: a homophone means "that yonder"). See also OTHER. -VT47:15

ANYBODY - if anybody: aiquen (whoever) -WJ:372

APPROPRIATE (to a special purpose or owner) #sat- (set aside). The verb #sat- is cited in the form "sati-", evidently including the connecting vowel of the aorist, as in *satin "I appropriate". -VT42:20

APRIL Víressë -LotR:1144/1146

AR-ADÛNAKHOR Tar-Herunúmen -UT:222, Silm:322

AR-BELZAGAR Tar-Calmacil -UT:222

AR-GIMILZÔR Tar-Telemnar -UT:223

AR-INZILADÛN Tar-Palantir -UT:223, Silm:324

AR-PHARAZÔN Tar-Calion (and, as an experimental form, Tar-culu?) -UT:224, Silm:324, VT45:24

AR-SAKALTHÔR Tar-Falassion -UT:223

AR-ZIMRAPHEL Tar-Míriel -UT:224, Silm:324

AR-ZIMRATHÔN Tar-Hostamir -UT:222

ARCTURUS (a star) Morwinyon (said to mean "the glint at dusk" or "glint in the dark") -LT1:260

ARE see BE

ARGON Aracáno -PM:345

ARM ranco (stem *rancu-, pl. ranqui) (LT2:335 gives rá [there spelt râ], but this word is certainly obsolete: In Etym, rá is glossed "lion".) TRUNCATED ARM, see STUB, STUMP. -RAK

ARMY hossë (band, troop) -LT2:340

ARNOR Arnanor, Arnanórë ("royal land") -Letters:428

ARROW pilin (pilind-, as in the pl. pilindi) -PÍLIM

ART Carmë (making, production) -UT:396

ARTIFICIAL CAVE hróta (dwelling underground, rockhewn hall) -PM:365

AS (prep) ve (like). The longer variant sívë appears to introduce a comparison with something that is near to the point or thought of the speaker, whereas tambë introduces a comparison with something remote, as in Tolkien's translation of one line from the Lord's Prayer: cemendë tambë Erumandë "on earth as in heaven" ("heaven" being remote – we may theorize that "in heaven as [here] on earth" would translate as *Erumandë sívë cemendë, since "earth" would represent the position of the speaker). NOTE: a homophone sívë means "peace". AS REGARDS pa, pá (concerning, touching) -Nam/RGEO:66, 67, VT43:12, 38, VT44:26

ASCENT rosta, ASCENSION orosta -LT1:267, 256

ASGARD Valinor, Valinórë (Tolkien actually uses this gloss of Valinor, as Asgard is the City of the Gods in Norse mythology) -LT1:272

ASIDE - stand aside! heca! - also with pronominal affixes: sg hecat, pl hecal "you stay aside!" (be gone!) LEAVING ASIDE hequa (not counting, excluding, except) -WJ:364, 365

*ASK #maquet- (only pa.t. maquentë is attested. The word is not translated, but undoubtedly means "asked": 'Mana i·coimas in·Eldaron?' maquentë Elendil [PM:403]. The question itself is translated "What is the coimas of the Eldar?", so the rest must be "Elendil asked". Furthermore, maquentë is transparently quentë "said" with the interrogative element ma [PM:357] prefixed.) ASK FOR - see DEMAND.

ASLEEP lorna -LOS

ASSEMBLE hosta- (gather, collect) -MC:223

ASSOCIATE otorno (sworn brother) osellë (Þ) (sworn sister) -TOR, THEL

ASTRONOMER meneldil -Letters:386

AT sé, se (the form with a long vowel may be preferred since se is apparently also a 3rd person pronoun) (in) -VT43:30, 34

ATHWART arta (across) (Note: arta also means "fort, fortress"); GO ATHWART tara- (cross) -LT2:335, 347

AUGER teret (gimlet) -LT1:255

AUGUST Urimë (so in LotR; UT has Úrimë) -LotR:1144, UT:302/470

AUTHORITY Máhan (pl Máhani is given, but seems perfectly regular). Tolkien once stated that Valar should strictly be translated "the Authorities" (MR:350), but Vala obviously cannot be used to translate "authority" in general; it was used only of the Valar themselves (WJ:404). Cf. also adj. valya "having (divine) authority or power". Máhani was adopted from Valarin and originally probably referred to the Valar themselves. We are not told whether Máhan could or should be applied to a non-divine authority (at least it should not be capitalized if so used). Note: Máhan means *"Supreme One" rather than "authority" as an abstract. -MR:350, BAL, WJ:399/402

AUTUMN yávië (harvest - in the Calendar of Imladris, yávië was a precisely defined period of 54 days, but the word was also used without any exact definition), lasselanta ("leaf-fall", used of the beginning of winter or as a synonym of quellë; see FADING. Also spelt lasse-lanta with a hyphen), narquelion ("fire-fading" - this word from Fíriel's Song and Etym seems to correspond to narquelië in LotR, but the latter is the name of the month corresponding to our October.) LT1:273 has yávan "autumn, harvest", but this word may be obsoleted by yávië. -LotR:1142, 1144, 1145/Silm:439/LT1:254, DAT, FS, NAR/KWAL, Letters:382

AVENUE OF TREES aldëon -LT1:249

AWAKE coiva- (so in LT1:257; read *cuiva- in Tolkien's later Quenya? Cf. the following:) AWAKENING (noun) cuivië (obsoleting coivië in LT1:257), cuivë; AWAKENING (adj) cuivëa -KUY/Silm:429

AWAY oa, oar (viewed from the point of view of the thing, person, or place left). Oar is used of movement only, as in "I went away". See also GO AWAY. -WJ:366 cf. 361, VT39:6.

AWNING teltassë -GL:70

AXE pelecco -LT2:346

BABE lapsë -LAP

BABY winë (stem *wini-; Exilic Quenya *vinë, vini-), in another source defined as "child not yet fully grown". Also winimo (Exilic *vinimo). These terms were also used in children's play for "little finger" or "little toe". -VT47:10, 26

BACK (noun) pontë (ponti-) (rear) (QL:75) LT2:338 mentions a Gnomish word alm, said to mean "the broad of the back from shoulder to shoulder, back, shoulders". It is stated that the "Qenya" cognate of this Gnomish word occurs in the name Aikaldamor - i.e., #aldamo or #aldamor? But this is hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya.

BACK- (prefix) at-, ata- (re-, again-); THOSE WHO GO BACK Nandor (Elves that left the March from Cuiviénen) AT BACK OF PLACE, see BEHIND. -AT(AT), WJ:384

BACKWARDS nan- (prefix?) -NDAN

BAD olca (wicked) (VT43:24). Compare ulca "evil". The Gnomish fêg is glossed "bad" in GL:34, and this is equated with Q faica, glossed "contemptible, mean" under SPAY in the Etymologies.

BAKE masta- -MBAS

BALE OUT calpa- (draw water, scoop out) -KALPA

BALL coron (stem #corn-, as in dat.sg. cornen) (globe) -KOR

BALROG Valarauko (pl. Valaraukar) (so in the Silmarillion - in Etym the Quenya form of Sindarin balrog is malarauco, while LT1:250 gives Malcaraucë) -Silm:35/425/439, RUK

BAND nossë (army, troop) -LT2:340

BANK (esp. of river) ráva -RAMBÁ

BARK - Tolkien originally thought that parma "book" really meant "skin, bark; parchment", with "book, writings" as the secondary meaning. But in Etym parma is derived from a stem meaning "compose, put together", obsoleting the old etymology. -LT2:346, contrast PAR

BASE sundo (Þ) (root, root-word) (pl. #sundar, isolated from Tarmasundar in UT:166), talan (talam-) (floor, ground), talma (foundation, root); BASE-STRUCTURE sundocarmë (Þ) -SUD (but VT46:16 indicates that Tolkien changed the root to STUD, also implying that sundo was originally Þundo), WJ:319, TALAM, TAL, LT:343

BATTER palpa- (beat) -PALAP

BAY (small and landlocked) hópa (haven, harbour) -KHOP

BE: Forms of the verb "to be" that occur in the published corpus include ná "is", nar "are", nauva "will be" and na imperative "be!" (na airë "be holy", VT43:14, alcar...na Erun "glory...be to God", VT44:34); this imperative na is apparently incorporated in the word nai "be it that" (misleading translation "maybe" in LotR). Ná "is" appears with a short vowel (na) in some sources, but writers should probably maintain the long vowel to avoid confusion with the imperative (as well as the wholly distinct preposition na "to"). The short form na- may however be usual before pronominal suffixes. The word ëa (pa.t. engë, VT43:38) is variously translated "is", "exists", "it is", "let it be". Fíriel's Song contains a word ye "is" (compare VT46:22), but Tolkien may have abandoned ye in LotR-style Quenya. For "was", some writers have used né, pl. ("were") ner. Also attested is the negative copula uin and umin "I do not, am not" (1st pers. aorist), pa.t. úmë. MAY IT BE SO, see AMEN. -Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:34/An Introduction to Elvish:5, VT42:34, Silm:21/391, FS, UGU/UMU

BE GONE! heca! - also with pronominal affixes: sg hecat, pl hecal "you be gone!" (stand aside!) -WJ:364

BEACH falas (falass-), falassë (shore, line of surf), falas, hresta (ablative hrestallo is attested), fára (shore). -LT1:253, Silm:431, PHAL/LT2:339, MC:221/222/223, VT46:15

BEAR (vb) #col- (verb stem isolated from #colindo "bearer". Cf. mel- "to love", melindo "lover". #Col- can also be translated *"wear" [of clothes], cf. the past participle colla "borne, worn".) BEAR FRUIT yavin (which must mean *"I bear fruit", stem #yav-. Tolkien often employs the 1st person aorist when mentioning a verb in his wordlists.) -LotR:989, cf. Letters:308 and MEL, MR:385, LT1:273

BEAR (noun) morco -MORÓK

BEARD fanga (obsoleting vanga in GL:21; GL:34 has fangë "long beard", whereas GL:63 gives poa. Neo-Quenya writers should use fanga.) -SPÁNAG

BEARER #colindo (only attested in the pl compound cormacolindor "Ring-bearers") -LotR:989, cf. Letters:308

BEAT palpa- (batter) -PALAP

BEAUTIFUL vanya (Note: a homophone verb means "disappear"), linda (beautiful/fair of sound, VT45:27), calwa, vanima (nominal pl vanimar "beautiful ones" and partitive plural genitive vanimálion are attested) (fair, proper, right). According to MR:49, Maiar means "the Beautiful", but in Quenya this is the name of an order of spirits and cannot be used as a general adjective. BEAUTY vanessë, WITHOUT BEAUTY úvanë, adj. úvanëa -BAN, SLIN, LT1:254, LotR:1017 cf. Letters:308, LT1:272, MR:49, VT39:14

BED caima; BEDCHAMBER caimasan (Þ) (pl. caimasambi); BEDRIDDEN caila (lying in bed, ?sickness), caimassëa (sick); LYING IN BED (noun) caila (bedridden, ?sickness) -KAY/VT45:19, STAB

BEE nier (honey-bee), nion -GL:60

BEECH feren, fernë (pl. ferni in both cases) (LT2:343 gives neldor "beech", but this early word may be obsolete in LotR-style Quenya.) -PHER

BEECHEN ferinya -PHÉREN

BEFORE epë -VT44:38, erroneously glossed "after" in VT42:32

BEGET nosta- (glossed "give birth" in earlier sources), onta- (pa.t. ónë or ontanë) (create); BEGETTER #nostar (see note), also ontar with gender-specific forms ontaro (m.), ontarë or ontari (f.) (parent). (In LotR, the form nostari "begetters, parents" occurs; sg #nostar. Nostari was changed from ontari in Tolkien's first draft [see SD:73], so he may have scrapped ontaro, ontarë in favour of #nostar [or m. *nostaro, f. *nostarë???] Did he also reject the verb onta- in favour of nosta-?) -SD:73, VT44:7, ONO, LotR:1017 cf. Letters:308

BEGINNING *yessë (Emended from the actual reading esse, derived from a stem that was marked with a query by Tolkien because esse also = name. Evidence from LotR indicates that he decided to change the stem in question from ESE to *YESE, thus eliminating this homophony: In LotR:1142 we find yestarë, apparently meaning *"first-day" - it is not translated, but it was the name of the first day of the year and ré means "day". In Etym [stem ESE] the word for "first" was esta. So for esta "first", esse "beginning" and essea "?primary" [gloss illegible], we should evidently read *yesta, *yessë and yessëa.) -ESE/ESET

BEGOTTEN - see FIRST-BEGOTTEN.

BEHALF - on behalf of: rá, followed by dative, as in the example rá men "on behalf of us, for us". Dative pronouns may be directly suffixed to rá: "for us" or "on behalf of us" is also attested in the one-word form rámen. (Note: rá is also a noun "lion".) -VT43:27, 28, 33

BEHIND ca, cata, cana (also glossed "at back of place") -VT43:20

BEHOLD cen- (see) (future tense cenuva is attested) -MC:222

BEING ëala (spirit).Pl. ëalar is attested. Eälar are spirits whose natural state it is to exist without a physical body, e.g. Balrogs. -MR:165

BEING ALIVE (noun) cuilë -KUY

BELEGOST Túrosto (Mickleburg) -WJ:389

BELERIAND Hecelmar, Heceldamar (lit. *"home of the Eglath", q.v.) This is said to be the name for Beleriand used "in the language of the loremasters of Aman". The cognate of Sindarin "Beleriand" is #Valariandë; only the form Valarianden is attested (a genitive formation from an earlier "Qenya" variant; in LotR-style Quenya it would be a dative). The latter may be the name used in Exilic Quenya. Beleriand was also called Ingolondë "Land of the Gnomes [Noldor]". -WJ:365, LR:202, ÑGOLOD

BELL nyellë -NYEL

BELLIED #cumba (isolated from sauricumba "foulbellied"). This adjective may point to *cumbo or something similar as the likely word for "belly". -SD:68, 72

BELOVED melda (dear, sweet). Cf. nessamelda, *"beloved of Nessa", a flagrant evergreen tree brought to Númenor by the Eldar. -MEL, UT:456

BELT quilta (girdle) -QL:78

BELZAGAR Calmacil -UT:222

BEND #cúna- (derived from the adj. cúna "bent"; see MC:223. In menel acúna "the heavens bending" the word is used intransitively.) -MC:222/223 cf. 215

BENEATH undu (down, under) -UNU

BENEFICIAL asëa (Þ) (helpful, kindly) (so according to a late note where the word is derived from *ATHAYA)

BENT cúna (curved; cúna is also used as a verbal stem, see BEND), raica (crooked, wrong), cauca (crooked, humped), sara (Þ) (stiff dry grass) -MC:223, RAYAK, LT1:257, STAR

BERRY piucca -GL:64 (glossed "blackberry" in LT2:347)

BESIDE ara, also ar- as prefix. -AR

BETWEEN 1) imbi (dual imbë). This is "between" referring to a gap, space, barrier, or anything intervening between two other things, like or unlike one another. The pluralized form imbi implies "among" of several things (ancalima imbi eleni "brightest among stars"); "in the sense 'among' before plurals [imbë] is usually pluralized > imbi even when a plural noun follows". As pointed out by Patrick Wynne, imbi may also be used in the sense of "between" before two singular nouns connected by "and" (as in the example imbi Menel Cemenyë "between heaven and earth"), whereas imbë is used before dual forms, as in the examples imbë siryat "between two rivers", imbë met "between us". Elided imb' is attested in the phrase imb' illi "among all". The form imbit is said to be a "dualized form" expressing "between two things" when "these are not named" (VT47:30), apparently implying that imbit by itself means *"between the two", with no noun following. 2) enel (used for "between" = "at the central position in a row, list, series, etc. but also applied to the case of three persons" [VT47:11]. This preposition refers to the position of a thing between others of the same kind). 3) mitta- (does the final hyphen suggest that the latter form is used as prefix, somewhat like *"inter-"?) -Nam/RGEO:67, VT47:11, 30; VT43:30

BEYOND pella (a postposition in Quenya: Andúnë pella "beyond the West", elenillor pella "from beyond the stars"). Genuine prepositions: han, ava (outside) -Nam, MC:222, VT43:14, VT45:6

BIER tulma -LT1:270

BIG, see GREAT; BIG BOY see BOY; BIG TOE see TOE; BIG DIPPER see SICKLE OF THE VALAR

BIND (see TIE); in more abstract sense: avalerya- (make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty) -VT41:5, 6

BIPED #attalya (Only pl Attalyar is attested. The word was used of the Petty-dwarves, q.v.) -WJ:389

BIRD aiwë, filit (pl filici) (Note: both aiwë and filit are stated to mean "small bird", not "bird" in general), ambalë, ammalë (= yellow bird), lindo (= "singer", singing bird). LT1:273 also has wilin; this may or may not be a valid word in LotR-style Quenya. -AIWÊ, PHILIK, SMAL, LIN

BIRTH, BIRTHDAY nosta; GIVE BIRTH nosta- (but in later sources, nosta- is glossed "beget", q.v.) -LT1:272

BITE (vb) nac-; BITE (noun) nahta (Note: a homophone means "eighteen", though it is not the regular word in decimal counting.) -NAK

BITTER sára -SAG

BLACK morë (stem mori-, as in compounds like Moriquendi), morna, morqua; BLACKNESS mórë (darkness, night); BLACKHANDED morimaitë, BLACKBERRY piucca (only glossed "berry" in GL:64); BLACK FOE Moringotto (the oldest [MET] form was Moriñgotho) (Morgoth) -MOR, LT1:260, LotR:1015/SD:68, 72, LT2:347, MR:194

BLADE hyanda (share), (sword blade:) †russë (corruscation) -LT2:342, RUS

BLAZE urya- (The stem this word is derived from was struck out in Etym. However, several words that must be derived from the same stem occur in LotR, indicating that Tolkien restored it.) BLAZING HOT úrin (Úrin also being a name of the Sun) -UR, LT1:271

BLEND (noun) ostimë (pl. ostimi is attested). This term refers to a kind of "strengthened" elements within a stem, where a single sound has been expanded into two different elements while maintaining a unitary effect and significance; souch as s- being turned ito st-, or m being strengthened to mb. However, this may be the meaning of the word in linguistic terminology only; it may be permissible to use it for "blend" in more general senses as well. -VT39:9

BLESS laita- (praise) (Imperative a laita and future #laituva are attested, the latter with pronominal endings: laituvalmet, "we shall praise [or bless] them".) The participle aistana "blessed" (see below) argues the existence of a verbal stem #aista- "to bless", but this verb seems etymologically connected to airë "holy" and should probably only be used with reference to more or less "divine" persons (aistana refers to the Virgin Mary in the source), who are "blessed" in the sense of having their holiness recognized and respected.

BLESSED alya, almárëa (prosperous, rich, abundant), herenya (wealthy, fortunate, rich), manaquenta or manquenta, also aman ("blessed, free from evil" - Aman was "chiefly used as the name of the land where the Valar dwelt." [WJ:399]), cf. also BLESSED BEING Manwë (name of the King of the Valar). Alya, almárëa, and herenya are adjectives that may also have worldly connontations, apparently often used with reference to one who is "blessed" with material possessions or simply has good luck; on the other hand, the forms derived from the root man- primarily describe something free from evil: Cf. mána "blessed" in Fíriel's Song (referring to the Valar) and the alternative form manna in VT43:19 [cf. VT45:32] (in VT45 referring to the Virgin Mary; the form mána may be preferred for clarity, since manna is apparently also the question-word "whither?", "where to?") The forms manaquenta or manquenta also include the man- root, but it is combined with a derivative (passive participle?) of the verbal stem quet- "say, speak", these forms seemingly referring to someone who is "blessed" in the sense that people speak well of this person (a third form from the same source, manque, is possibly incomplete: read manquenta?) (VT44:10-11) The most purely "spiritual" term is possibly the word aistana, used for "blessed" in Tolkien's translation of the Hail Mary, where this word refers to the Virgin (VT43:27-28, 30). Aistana is apparently not an independent adjective (like alya, mána etc.), but rather the passive participle of a verb #aista- "bless"; see above concerning its precise application. BLESSEDNESS vald- (so in LT1:272; nom. sg. must be either *val or *valdë) (happiness; but since this word comes from early material where it was intended to be related to Valar "Happy/Blessed Ones", its conceptual validity may be doubted because Tolkien later reinterpreted Valar as "the Powers" and dropped the earlier etymology). "BLESSINGS", BLESSEDNESS, BLISS almië, almarë; FINAL BLISS manar, mandë (doom, final end, fate, fortune) -LotR:989 cf Letters:308; GAL, KHER, Letters:283, LT1:272, MAN/MANAD, VT43:19, 27-28, 30

BLIGHT yaru (gloom) -GL:37

BLINK tihta- (peer) -MC:223

BLOCK #tap- (stop). (Cited in the form tapë, 3 pers sg aorist; misreading "tápe" with a long vowel in the Etymologies as printed in LR: see VT46:17). The pa.t. tampë is given. -TAP/VT46:17

BLOOD sercë (so according to Silm appendix; Etym has yár [yar-]) -Silm:437, YAR

BLOSSOM (white) lossë, ("of flowers in bunches or clusters":) *lohtë (emended from the actual reading loktë because Tolkien later decided that kt became ht in Quenya.) -LOT, LT1:258

BLOT motto -MBOTH

BLUE #luinë (pl. luini in Nam; for "blue" Etym and LT1:262 have lúnë; both #luinë and lúnë would be expected to have stem-forms in -i-), ninwa, ulban (adopted from Valarin; only used in Vanyarin Quenya), PALE BLUE helwa -Nam/LT2:340, LT1:262, LUG, WJ:399, 3EL

BOAT luntë; SMALL BOAT venë (vessel, dish) -LUT, LT1:254

BODY hroa (pl. hroar is attested. In MR:330, Tolkien notes that hroa is "roughly but not exactly equivalent to 'body'" [as opposed to "soul"]. Hroa is also used = "physical matter"), DEAD BODY loico (corpse); BODILY sarcuva (corporeal – this is "Qenya"); BODY-IMPULSE hroafelmë (impulses provided by the body, e.g. physical fear, hunger, thirst, sexual desire) -MR:216, 219; VT39:30/VT47:35, MC:223, LT2:347, VT41:19 cf. 13

BOLD verya, canya; BOLDNESS verië -BER, KAN

BOLSTER nirwa (cushion) -NID

BOND nútë (knot), vérë (troth, compact, oath) Pl. probably *vérer, *núter not *véri, *núti; cf. the similar formation tyávë "taste", pl tyáver. -NUT, WED

BONE axo (pl axor is attested) -MC:222, 223

BOOK parma (writings); BOOK LANGUAGE (=Quenya) parmalambë -PAR/UT:219, 460, LT2:346

BORDER réna (edge, margin); ríma (edge, hem) -REG, Rî

BORN #nóna (isolated from Apanónar, the "Afterborn") -Silm:122/381

BORNE colla (pa.p. of col- "bear") (worn). Also used as a noun = "vestment, cloak". -MR:385

BOSOM palúrë (surface, bosom of earth), súma (hollow cavity) -PAL, MC:223

BOSS OF SHIELD tolmen (isolated round hill) -LT1:269

BOTH yúyo (also prefix yú- "twi-") -YÛ, VT46:23

BOUND nauta (obliged) -NUT

BOW (vb) luhta- (Note: a homophone means "enchant"), #caw- (cited in source as cawin "I bow", 1st pers. aorist; in Tolkien's later conception it would be difficult to account for w in this position, and we should perhaps read *cav- with pa.t. *canwë); BOW (noun) quinga, cú (also = crescent Moon), lúva, cúnë (crescent); RAINBOW helyanwë ("sky-bridge"), Ilweran, Ilweranta (LT2:348 has iluquinga "sky-bow", but this word was obsoleted when Tolkien changed the meaning of ilu from "sky" to "universe".) BOWLEGGED quingatelco (So it is translated, but this must really be a noun: "bow-leg" [quinga + telco]. No Quenya adjectives end in -o, unless this is the only one. Read *quingatelca for "bow-legged"? Cf. one of the other words from the same source, sincahonda, changed from sincahondo in an earlier draft - but at that time Tolkien had already omitted quingatelco and hence did not change its ending: See SD:72.) -VT47:35, LT1:257, SD 68, 72, KWIG, KU3, LT1:256, LotR:1154, LT1:271

BOWL #salpë (isolated from tanyasalpë "Bowl of Fire"), fion (goblet) -LT1:292, 253

BOX colca -QL:37

BOY: the word seldo, though not clearly glossed by Tolkien, appears to be the masculine form of a word for "child". BIG BOY yonyo (son; this term is also used for "middle finger" or "middle toe" in children's play). -SEL-D-, VT46:13, VT47:10, 15

BRANCH *olva (PM:340 actually gives olba, a form that can only occur in the variant of Quenya that uses lb for lv). Etym has olwa, but probably this should also be *olva according to the phonology Tolkien used later (notice that the w of the Etym form is to be derived from older b, since the root is GÓLOB; later Tolkien apparently presupposed that older lb becomes either lv or is preserved as lb in Quenya). TRUNCATED BRANCH, see STUB, STUMP. -PM:340, GÓLOB

BRAND yulma (Note: a homophone means "cup".) -YUL cf. Nam

BREAD massa ( masta; LIFE-BREAD (= lembas) coimas (either *coimass- or coimast-, cf. massa, masta "bread"), BREAD-GIVER (fem.) massánië (title of the "Lady" or the highest among the elven-women of any people, she having the right to keep or give away lembas bread). -VT43:18, MBAS, Silm:406/429, PM:404

BREAK (vb) rac- (past participle rácina "broken" is attested); BREAK APART terhat- (pa.t. terhantë); BREAK ASUNDER hat- (pa.t. hantë) -MC:223, SKAT

BREATH (noun) hwesta (breeze, puff of air), foa (puff of breath), súlë (Þ) (spirit) (earlier [MET] form thúlë = Þúlë). BREATHE (vb) súya- (Þ); BREATHER Súlimo (Þ) (a title of Manwë; this is the literal meaning according to Silm:420); BREATH FORTH see EXPIRE. -SWES, VT47:35, 36, THÛ/LotR:1157

BREEZE hwesta (breath, puff of air), GENTLE BREEZE vílë; BREEZY vilin (airy) -SWES, LotR:1157, LT1:273

BRIDE indis (wife) (This word may obsolete akairis in LT1:252.) The stem-form of indis "bride" is somewhat obscure; according to VT45:37 the stem could be indiss- (pl. indissi given), but the alternative form pl. form inderi shows a curious shift from i to e as well as the more regular change from s (via z) to r between vowels. -NDIS/UT:8, VT45:37

BRIDEGROOM ender -NDER (cf. VT45:11 for etymology)

BRIDGE yanwë (joining, isthmus), yanta (yoke) -YAT, LotR:1157

BRILLIANCE alcar, alcarë (splendour, radiance), calassë (clarity), ?rillë (reading of manuscript uncertain, see VT46:11), BRILLIANT alcarinqua (glorious) -AKLA-R-/RGEO:73/UT:317/WJ:369/Silm:427, GL:39

BROAD - LT2:338 gives a word aica "broad, vast", but this is probably obsoleted by aica "sharp, fell, terrible, dire" in later writings.

BROAD SWORD lango (also = prow of ship), BROAD-BLADED SWORD ecet (short stabbing sword) -LAG, UT:284/432

BROKEN rácina -MC:223

BROOCH tancil (pin) -TAK

BROOD luvu- (lower) -LT1:259

BROOK nellë (GL:46 has wentë) -NEN

BROTHER háno, colloquial hanno (in children's play, hanno is also used = middle finger). A different word for "brother" occurs in the Etymologies: toron (pl. torni) (= natural brother); cf. otorno "sworn brother, associate". BROTHERHOOD onóro (of bloodkinship), otornassë (the latter is evidently the "brotherhood" of otornor, sworn brothers) -VT47:12, 14, TOR, NÔ

BROWN varnë (stem varni-) (swart, dark brown) -BARÁN

BUD tuima (sprout); BUDDING see SPRING-TIME. -TUY, LT1:269

BUFFET taran, tarambo -LT2:337

BUILD #car- (cited as carin "I make, build", 1st pers. aorist - according to FS and SD:246 the past tense is cárë, but Etym has carnë; writers should probably use the latter form, not to be confused with the adjective carnë "red". The passive participle #carna *"built, made" is attested in Vincarna *"newly-made" in MR:305.) BUILDING car (card-) (house), ampano (= especially building of wood, wooden hall; umpano in VT45:36 sems to be a variant form), ataquë (construction). BUILDER samno (Þ) (carpenter, wright) -KAR, PAN, VT45:36, TAK, STAB

BULL tarucco, tarunco (see OX) -LT2:347

BUNCHES (of flowers) see BLOSSOM.

BURDEN cólo (VT39:10)

BURDENSOME lumna (lying heavy, oppressive, ominous) -DUB

BURLY polda (strong) -POL

BURN usta- (transitive, e.g. *Fëanáro usta i ciryar "Fëanor burns the ships"), urya- (intransitive, e.g. *i ciryar uryar "the ships burn/are burning"). The form usta- reflects the stem USU occurring in early material (QL:98), but since Tolkien may seem to have changed the relevant stem to UR later, we should perhaps read *urta- for usta-. -LT1:271, QL:98, cf. the origjnal entry UR "be hot" in Etym

BUSH tussa -TUS

BUT: A sting of different words for "but" are attested. In the Etymologies, the word for "but" is ná or nán. In Fíriel's Song, the short variant nan appears. In Tolkien's drafts for a Quenya version of the Lord's Prayer, he was experimenting with many words for "but": anat, onë, ono (VT43:23; ono occurs also in another text in VT44:5/9, and shorter nó is attested in VT41:13), but in the final version of the Lord's Prayer, he used mal. We cannot know how many of these alternatives Tolkien would have considered conceptually valid and which were just experimental. For the purpose of writing in Quenya, the variant ná is probably best avoided since it can be confused with the copula "is"; likewise, nán (and nan?) may also mean *"I am" (ná, na- + the pronominal ending -n "I"). The Lord's Prayer variants are less ambiguous, and mal (the word used in the final version) is perhaps the best alternative so far published. BUT meaning "only" (as in "I am but a boy") may be rendered by er (only, one, alone, still). BUT YET a-nanta, ananta (and yet) -NDAN, LT1:269, FS, VT41:13, VT43:23

BUTTERFLY wilwarin (wilwarind-) -WIL/MC:222, 223/LT1:273

BUTTOCKS hacca (hams) -GL:47

-BY-mas (final element in place-names, see -TON) -LT1:250