Another type of embedding happens when one clause is made a constituent of another
but they can also be combined into a complex sentence by subordinating one to another.
There are also clauses which are constituents of phrases, and which therefore are only
It is also possible for two or more units of the same grammatical hierarchy yo constitute
a single unit of the same kind. This is known as coordination and, just as it happens with
subordination, it is signalled by a coordinating conjunction. Clauses, phrases, and words can
be coordinated through these conjunctions. Its base principle, however, is that units and
structures can be duplicated without affecting their position in the grammatical hierarchy.
[[It was Christmas Day,] and [ the snow lay thick on the ground]
CLAUSE
The constituency of clauses can be described as follows:
SUBJECT VERB OBJECT COMPLEMENT ADVERBIAL
Generally speaking we can say that the V is the most central element, and that it is
canonically preceded by the S. We say that the V is central in that its position is medial, it is
normally obligatory, it cannot usually be moved and it helps to determine what other elements
must occur. Following the V there may be one or two Os or a C, which follows the O if one is
present. The most peripheral element is the A, which can occur either initially (in front of S) or
finally (after V, O or C). The As is peripheral in that their position is most commonly final, they are
usually optional, they are mobile and they have no regency. The canonical WO in English can be
seen in examples such as:
My mother usually enjoys parties very much.
*Usually enjoys parties my mother very much
Usually my mother enjoys parties very much.
*Enjoys usually my mother parties very much
My mother enjoys parties very much usually.
*My mother parties usually enjoys very much
It is clear here that, the more peripheral the element, the more mobility it has within a
clause. Regardless of this, the adverbials are quite heterogeneous, existing some which are
more central and some which are more peripheral.
The most central adverbials are those which are elemental to the completion of the V’s
meaning. They are obligatory and which have a relative immobility and, as such, resemble
complements.
I have been in the garden all the time since lunch.
At the other end of the spectrum we find what is called sentence adverbials, which tend
to qualify a whole sentence or clause rather than just a part of it.