To my regret, he refused to offer any help.
Clause types
If we take out the optional As, we can get to a clear classification of each clause
structure.
Patterns
Subject
Verb
Object(s)
Complement Adverbial
SV
Someone
was laughing
(intransitive
vbs)
SVO
My mother
enjoys
(monotrans
vbs)
parties
SVC
She
is (copular
vbs)
happy
(subject
complt)
SVA
I
am
(copular vbs)
in the garden
SVOO
Many
gave
(ditrans vbs)
the visitor
(IO)
a glass of
milk (DO)
SVOC
Most people
consider
(complex
trans vbs)
these books
expensive
(object
complt)
SVOA
You
must put
(complex
trans vbs)
all the toys
upstairs
Object .vs. Complement
➔ Object
Direct Object (DO)
Indirect Object (IO)
➔ Complement
Subject Complement (SVC). The complement applies an attribute or definition to the
subject.
The country became a separate nation
Object Complement (SVOC). The complement applies an attribute or definition to the
subject.
Most people considered Picasso a genius
The SVOC clause can also be corresponded to a clause with an infinitive or thatclause.
I considered
O
[her] C[beautiful]
I considered her to be beautiful
I considered that she was beautiful
IO and Prep Phrases
It is also possible to turn an SVOO clause into an SVOA clause by substituting a PP
following the DO for the IO preceding it.
She sent Jim a card She sent a card to Jim
She left Jim a card She left a card for Jim
PHRASE
The constituents which function as elements of a clause structure are either phrases or
subordinate clauses. There are five formal categories of phrases: verb phrases, noun
phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, and prepositional phrases.
SUBJECT VERB OBJECT COMPLEMENT ADVERBIAL (SUBJECT)
NP VP NP NP NP
ADJ.P ADV.P
PP
The name of each phrase comes from a class of word which has a primary and
obligatory function within it.
VERB PHRASES
operates as the V element in the clause
most ‘central’ and indispensable part of the clause
composed of two kinds of element: auxs and main verbs.
Finites contain a main vb but not necessarily an aux
Nonfinites contain a main vb which cannot stand on its own in
independent clauses, such as Jack can play the trombone
NOUN PHRASES
operates with multiple functions, except for that of V
depending on the noun which operates as the head of the phrase, we can or
can’t add other elements to it.
The room contains { (some) (beautiful) (Flemish) vases
{ a (beautiful) (Flemish) vase
see summary of structures on same chapter