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Diseases Advantage

1AC Diseases Scenario

Markets = Ineffective

Regulations key – limits on development solve the environment and poverty

Foladori and Invernizzi 7 (Guillermo Foladori and Noela Invernizzi, ReLANS coordinators, Doctoral Program in Development Studies, “Nanotechnologies in Latin America,” December 2007, AC)
Unfortunately, most developing countries are getting on board of the bandwagon¶ when it comes to the use of nanotechnologies for development, without discussing¶ the ways and the social and economic implications. In the entire world,¶ but particularly in Latin America, the notion of competitiveness is the one regulating¶ the investment rate in nanotechnology research. To guarantee international¶ competitiveness in the years to come it is necessary to endorse nanotechnology¶ development. But we have to keep in our minds that competitiveness is just one¶ aspect and we are not sure if it is the most important for development.¶ The main critic of the reductionist notion of development in economic terms¶ came from scholars that refer to the terms of inequity and social differentiation. A¶ country can increase its technological development thus increasing its economic¶ indicators without improving the poverty indicators and/or social inequality. And,¶ however, inequality is a central issue embedded in the modern discourse of democracy¶ and modernity. The case of nanotechnology is illustrative in this regard.¶ The United States of America (US), the country with the highest amounts of resources¶ allocated into the development of nanotechnologies, sets between a fourth¶ and a third of its public investment into R&D of nanotechnology for the military.¶ This stimulates other countries to do the same; the question is if under this trend¶ nanotechnologies would indeed serve to encourage equity or to decrease poverty.¶ Another issue to observe is the fact that most of the patents in nanotechnology are¶ owned by big transnational corporations or US based universities which are also¶ financed by these corporations. We think is valid to ask if under these circumstances¶ nanotechnologies will reduce social inequality and poverty in Latin America¶ and the world.¶ The environmental critique to the notion of development warned about how¶ conventional economics sees as a positive sign of growth the selling of non-renewable¶ resources, which in material terms means an irreparable lost. It also warned¶ about how environmental pollution represents reposition expenditures having thus¶ a positive connotation. In this regard nanotechnologies have also to provide further¶ answers. Despite there is very little research about the potential effects of nanotechnology¶ to the environment and human health, products containing nanocomponents¶ and production processes using nanotechnology, are rapidly¶ becoming part of market transactions. It is clear that the market and not the reflexive¶ attitude on these new technologies sets the pace for their development.¶ The humanists critique to economic development asked itself about the limits¶ of technological development. Is technology development a race without ending?¶ 18¶ And, if this is true, what is the purpose? Nanotechnologies have to face this issue¶ as well. One of the areas of development within nanotechnology research is the¶ improvement of the human body; the possibility of hybridizing non-biological and¶ biological components is a matter of extensive research. The tranhumanists positions¶ see nanotechnology as the tool to liberate the human from the attachments¶ imposed by nature. These ideas have also to be considered in the development debate.¶ In the modern world the arena and the agenda to compete in the market are set¶ by the business sector. At the same time, it dictates the rules of science and technology¶ for their applications. This seems to be the case of nanotechnology in Latin¶ America. After the U.S. launched its National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)¶ in 2001, many Latin American countries jumped on the bandwagon of competitiveness¶ without creating the subjective social conditions and without considering¶ their particular social context to prepare themselves for a transition into the use of¶ nanotechnology for development.
Fed gov key to private sector innovation and regulations on development

Foladori and Invernizzi 7 (Guillermo Foladori and Noela Invernizzi, ReLANS coordinators, Doctoral Program in Development Studies, “Nanotechnologies in Latin America,” December 2007, AC)
The role of the private sector in nanotechnology development in these countries¶ and in most of Latin America is still ambiguous. History has shown that the Latin¶ American private sector has not been closely engaged with the R&D of new technologies.¶ The general trend is that companies wait for either the government or¶ public research centers to innovate so they can later make free use of the discoveries.¶ Most scientists see this as the most significant disadvantage, particularly,¶ because in this context, there are very limited possibilities to organize innovation¶ around the development of new merchandise. However, the division between the¶ private and the public sector in Latin America can open a window of opportunity¶ to create large public companies with an interest in applying nanotechnology for¶ the well-being of society. This, of course, would have to include most of the nonprofitable¶ areas of nanotechnology development such as: potable water, public¶ health, massive education, popular housing and many others.¶ It is worth mentioning that the main, if not the only, incentive behind nanotechnology¶ development in Latin America is to encourage an increase in competitiveness.¶ This subject is a matter of concern because the region has clear examples¶ of the consequences of the constant search for an increase in international¶ competitiveness while ignoring social indicators. The case of Mexico is, in this regard,¶ very illustrative. There is neither a mechanical nor a linear correlation between¶ good macroeconomic performance and the improvement of the living conditions¶ of the population. The income concentration and inequality are features of¶ the Latin-American social structure that will not be solved, at least mechanically,¶ by just having a better position in the world market.

Uniq: Neglected Diseases High

The Impact is Neglected Diseases – they are an under-reported problem in the developing world

Hotez et al 2k8

(Peter J. Hotez, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University and Sabin Vaccine Institute, Washington, D.C., United States of America 21,* Maria Elena Bottazzi,1 Carlos Franco-Paredes,2,3 Steven K. Ault,4, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, México, D.F., México 3Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America“The Neglected Tropical Diseases of Latin America and the Caribbean: A Review of Disease Burden and Distribution and a Roadmap for Control and Elimination,” pg online @ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553488/ //um-ef)

The neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) represent some of the most common infections of the poorest people living in the Latin American and Caribbean region (LAC). Because they primarily afflict the disenfranchised poor as well as selected indigenous populations and people of African descent, the NTDs in LAC are largely forgotten diseases even though their collective disease burden may exceed better known conditions such as of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, or malaria. Based on their prevalence and healthy life years lost from disability, hookworm infection, other soil-transmitted helminth infections, and Chagas disease are the most important NTDs in LAC, followed by dengue, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, trachoma, leprosy, and lymphatic filariasis. On the other hand, for some important NTDs, such as leptospirosis and cysticercosis, complete disease burden estimates are not available. The NTDs in LAC geographically concentrate in 11 different sub-regions, each with a distinctive human and environmental ecology. In the coming years, schistosomiasis could be eliminated in the Caribbean and transmission of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis could be eliminated in Latin America. However, the highest disease burden NTDs, such as Chagas disease, soil-transmitted helminth infections, and hookworm and schistosomiasis co-infections, may first require scale-up of existing resources or the development of new control tools in order to achieve control or elimination. Ultimately, the roadmap for the control and elimination of the more widespread NTDs will require an inter-sectoral approach that bridges public health, social services, and environmental interventions. The neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), a group of chronic, debilitating, and poverty-promoting parasitic, bacterial, and some viral and fungal infections, are among the most common causes of illness of the poorest people living in developing countries [1]. Their control and elimination is now recognized as a priority for achieving United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and targets for sustainable poverty reduction [1]–[3]. Approximately 40% of the estimated 556 million people living in the Latin American and the Caribbean region (LAC) live below the poverty line, including 47 million people who live on less than US$1 per day, and another 74 million people who live on less than US$2 per day [4],[5]. Relative to sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, where NTDs also occur, the character of poverty in LAC is unique. In terms of income distribution, LAC exhibits the highest inequality anywhere [6], with the richest one-tenth of the population earning 48% of total income and the poorest tenth earning only 1.6% [7]. Of LAC's estimated 213 million impoverished people, approximately one-third live in rural poverty as subsistence farmers, ranchers, and fishermen [8], typically in communities of indigenous and African descent where they face a high level of social exclusion and social inequity [9], including lack of access to safe water and health care services [10],[11]. Two-thirds of the region's poor live in favelas, asentamientos pobres, barrios pobres, turgurias, and áreas periféricas, i.e., urban and peri-urban communities where poverty combines with the conditions of unsafe water, poor sanitation, and the proliferation of rodent animal reservoirs and vectors [8],[12]. Poverty is not the only major determinant for risk of acquiring NTDs in LAC. Instead, it combines with other inequities related to ethnicity (e.g., indigenous groups and people of African descent), age and gender (i.e., children and women), and a patchwork of unique ecological niches to establish sometimes highly focal epidemiological NTD “hot spots.” This has important implications for the control of NTDs in LAC, which may differ from the integrated NTD control currently being advocated for and tested in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere [1]. Here, we focus on some of the unique aspects of NTD disease burden and endemicity in the LAC region, as well as the prospects for NTD control and elimination in the region. The review of the literature was conducted using the online database PubMed from 2000 to 2007 with United States National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings, the specific diseases listed as neglected tropical diseases on the PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Web site (http://www.plosntds.org), and the geographic regions and countries of LAC. Reference lists of identified articles and reviews were also hand searched as were databases from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Web site (http://www.paho.org).

Uniq: Risk High NTD

STH, the most common neglected disease, leads to malnutrition and cognitive problems - current treatments fail

IADB 12 (Social Protection and Health Division of the Inter-American Development Bank, The main source of multilateral financing and expertise for sustainable economic, social and institutional development in Latin America and the Caribbean. Through its Division of Social Protection and Health, the IDB is helping countries in the region to expand access to integrated primary health care services, to strengthen health systems organization and performance and to set priorities in meeting current and emerging needs, and to properly finance rising health costs in order to achieve healthier and more equitable societies, “Neglected Tropical Diseases Profile: Mexico,” http://www.neglecteddiseases.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Mexico-profile-NTD-Website.pdf) IADB = Inter-American Development Bank, STH = Soil transmitted helminthiasis
Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis (STH) ¶ STH is the most prevalent of the NTDs. The infectious agents are certain species of helminths that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract where they survive and reproduce for up to four years. Infection occurs when fertile eggs are ingested from contaminated water or soil. Conditions of poor sanitation where there is a lack of safe water and inadequate disposal of human excreta therefore sustain transmission. STH rarely causes death. Instead its public health consequences are manifest in the chronic, insidious effects that the condition causes such as malnutrition, anemia, impeded growth, increased susceptibility to other infections and cognitive problems.2 The groups at highest risk of the morbidities caused by STH include school-age children (SACs), pre-school age children (pre-SACs), and women of reproductive age.3 STH infection can be cured quickly, cheaply and safely with a single dose of an antihelminthic ¶ drug such as Albendazole or Mebendazole. Considerable evidence exists demonstrating that regular treatment of STH infection produces immediate benefits in health, and in the long term contributes significantly to the development of effected individuals, especially children.4 Treatment with these drugs can be provided to entire at-risk populations regardless of infection status – an intervention known as mass drug administration of preventive chemotherapy or MDA of PCT – because they are safe, cheap, easy to administer and cost effective. Schools are the main delivery channel for MDA and schoolteachers can be easily trained to administer the drugs to their students. Community-based distribution is also used to reach the poorest groups of the child population that may not be enrolled in school. MDA is a short term measure, however, and treated individuals may quickly get re-infected without longer term solutions to tackle the underlying causes of the disease. Improved access to safe water and sanitation remains the main long-term solution to interrupt the cycle of transmission and community mobilization for education and behavior change can further consolidate this impact.

STH is prevalent in Mexico and the risk of getting it is also high

IADB 12 (Social Protection and Health Division of the Inter-American Development Bank, The main source of multilateral financing and expertise for sustainable economic, social and institutional development in Latin America and the Caribbean. Through its Division of Social Protection and Health, the IDB is helping countries in the region to expand access to integrated primary health care services, to strengthen health systems organization and performance and to set priorities in meeting current and emerging needs, and to properly finance rising health costs in order to achieve healthier and more equitable societies, “Neglected Tropical Diseases Profile: Mexico,” http://www.neglecteddiseases.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Mexico-profile-NTD-Website.pdf) IADB = Inter-American Development Bank, STH = Soil transmitted helminthiasis
Mexico, along with Brazil and Guatemala, stands among the countries with the largest estimated number of STH cases in the Latin American and Caribbean Region: 18.3 million people with estimated infection of Trichuriasis and 9.3 million estimated to be infected by Ascariasis.5 In Mexico, PCT has been included as part of the national health weeks (NHWs) since 1993. Distribution of antihelminthic drugs is carried out by the Ministry of Health, with the operational support of other government organizations and international NGOs (such as Operation International Blessing) during the NHWs. A single dose of Albendazole (400 mg) is administered every eight months, based on the national distribution protocol for STH among SACs and pre-SACs between the ages of 2-14 years. The integration of Albendazole within the NHWs has been shown to be successful, based on an epidemiological analysis carried out on a sample of over 90,000 children to assess the health impact of regular, large-scale de-worming. In 1993, when Albendazole distribution was first introduced, the national Ascaris prevalence was 20% and Trichuris was 15%. In 1998, the respective prevalences were Ascaris 8% and Trichuris 11%, a decrease that is attributed to the 12 NHWs that had taken place in the interim and in which de-worming had been systematically provided to child population.6 Reported coverage of PCT among SACs indicates that 1,463,905 SACs were treated out of an estimated eligible population of 21,066,555 giving a coverage of 6.95% (compared with the 75% target set by the WHO).7 In Mexico, several studies have confirmed that STH is a disease of poverty in Mexico, mainly affecting low-income population groups and indigenous communities. In Chiapas, for example, the risk of intestinal parasitic infection (E. histolytica/dispar and G. lamblia) is associated with age and speaking an indigenous language. Lack of safe water, a refrigerator and electricity were also shown to be linked with Ascariasis presence8. In the same region of Chiapas, children (1-4 years) of households from communal farms were found to have a prevalence of multiple intestinal parasites almost three times higher than for children from private farms9. Although STH infections have typically been found among low-income settings in Mexico (Guerrero, Hidalgo, Puebla, Chiapas, Oaxaca States), a review of the intestinal parasites prevalence from 1995 to 2000 shows high rates of Ascariasis (>400/100,000 population) in - and middle-income States (such as Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Yucatán, Veracruz, Zacatecas). 10

Solvency: Diseases

Status quo virus prevention fails—nanotechnology completely eradicates disease

Merta 10

(E. Merta, University of New Mexico School of Law, Health Sciences Library, “THE NANOTECHNOLOGY AGENDA:¶ MOLECULAR MACHINES AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION¶ IN THE 21st CENTURY”, 3/22/2010, http://www.checs.net/checs_00/presentations/nanotech.htm//VS)

Nanotechnology researchers like Freitas and Eric Drexler, founder of the field, envision other medical applications of their work. They call for nanomachines that could serve as dispensers of important biochemicals that are lacking in some individuals, for example. Nano-scale devices implanted in a human body might dispense insulin to diabetics or neurotransmitters (the chemicals that serve as the basis of brain function) to victims of Alzheimer�s disease.[19] Nanorobots in the body could serve a wide array of other functions. They could enter arteries and remove fat deposits clogging the cardiovascular system. They could function as artificial red blood cells, delivering additional oxygen to body tissues and increasing gas exchange in the lungs. A human body with these devices implanted could hold its breath underwater for hours at a time or run 15 minutes without taking a breath. [20]¶ Nanorobots could also serve as artificial immune devices, attacking the viruses and bacteria that cause so many human health problems. Their onboard computers could be programmed to seek out and destroy the plaque causing tooth decay, the virus causing AIDS, or the tumors associated with cancer. They could do so with far deadlier accuracy than any drug or other treatment option available today, because they would do something today�s methods can�t. Drug molecules and radiation particles presently used to treat disease are �dumb� � they bounce around the body randomly until they hit a disease organism, frequently failing to kill that organism or killing healthy, benign cells instead. Anti-disease nanomachines, in contrast, would be �smart� devices, able to recognize specific microbes or cells and then target them for destruction with close to absolute, one hundred percent precision. That precision would allow them to avoid damage to healthy body tissues. It�s the difference between a howitzer shell that kills indiscriminately and a high powered rifle with a telescopic sight that kills only a specific target. [21]¶ The �holy grail� of nanomedicine is to construct general purpose cell repair nanomachines. Thousands of them would be stationed at each of the body�s 100 trillion or so cells. Their onboard computers would hold databases containing information on exactly what each of a healthy human body�s cells should look like. Whenever a nanomachine detected a molecule that didn�t fit the profile of a healthy human cell, the nanomachine would seize the flawed molecule and either repair it or destroy it. In this way, nanotechnologists hope their work will one day allow human beings to remain healthy indefinitely. Once an individual accepts cell repair nanomachines into his or her body, the nanotechnology community believes, any kind of disease or dysfunction in that person would become physically impossible � including aging.

Nanotech eliminates disease—removes age restrictions on humans

Nanotech key to disease diagnostics

The building of molecular computers, when and if it occurs, could pave the way for other nano-scale devices � with biomedical science among the earliest likely applications. The ability to construct machines operating at a molecular level could, according to researches in the infant field of nanomedicine, revolutionize the field of medical imaging and diagnostics. Instead of using x-rays, magnetic resonance imaging, biopsies, or exploratory surgery to diagnose a patient�s condition, doctors would inject the patient with a fluid containing trillions of molecule-sized nanomachines. Each one would be equipped with light or sound-based imaging systems to scan the patient�s physiological and biochemical processes down to the level of individual lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids within cells. The nanomachines would then transmit this information to a computer outside the patient�s body for viewing and analysis by health care personnel. Nanomedicine advocates such as Dr. Robert Freitas, M.D., believe such information would be far more detailed and precise than anything provided by today�s diagnostic equipment. It would, say Freitas and his colleagues, provide something we cant obtain today � complete characterization of all cellular and biochemical processes occurring within the human body. Much of the guesswork of medical diagnosis would, in theory, be eliminated.

Solvency: Disease (Diagnostics)

Nanotechnology is key to disease diagnostics—the impact is global infections

Infectious diseases are prevalent in the developing world and are one of the developing world's major¶ sources of morbidity and mortality. While infectious diseases can initiate in a localized region, they can¶ spread rapidly at any moment due to the ease of traveling from one part of the world to the next. This could¶ lead to a global pandemic. One key to preventing this spread is the development of diagnostics that can¶ quickly identify the infectious agent so that one can properly treat or in some severe cases, quarantine a¶ patient. There have been major advances in diagnostic technologies but infectious disease diagnostics are¶ still based on 50-year technologies that are limited by speed of analysis, need for skilled workers, poor¶ detection threshold and inability to detect multiple strains of infectious agents. Here, we describe advances¶ in nanotechnology and microtechnology diagnostics for infectious diseases. In these diagnostic schemes, the¶ nanomaterials are used as labels or barcodes while microﬂuidic systems are used to automate the sample¶ preparation and the assays. We describe the current state of the ﬁeld and the challenges.

Solvency: Only Nano Solves

Status quo disease diagnosis fails—nanotech solves—reject their generic defense—nanotech overcomes current barriers to disease prevention

Although these diagnostic technologies are commonly used in the¶ developed world, they are often poorly suited for the developing¶ world, where infectious diseases are a major source of morbidity and¶ mortality and where the availability of clinical and laboratory facilities¶ may be limited. Consequently, the developing world presents novel¶ engineering challenges for diagnostics. The ideal diagnostic device for¶ the developing world would need to be a cost-effective, portable,¶ point-of-source or point-of-care detection system that would be¶ highly sensitive, accurate and could differentiate multiple pathogens.¶ The World Health Organization has highlighted the major design¶ criteria for engineering infectious disease diagnostics for the developing world (see Table 1). In this review article, we focus on the¶ recent developments in nanotechnology-based molecular diagnostics.¶ These emerging technologies could overcome a number of the¶ engineering challenges associated with infectious disease diagnostics¶ in the developing world.

Solvency: NTDs (Nano)

Effective diagnosis is critical to eradicate neglected diseases

While tuberculosis, HIV and malaria represent critical pathogenic¶ threats in the developing world today [5] other infectious diseases are¶ also causing considerable morbidity and mortality. These so-called¶ neglected diseases include African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease,¶ leishmaniasis, dengue fever, schistosomiasis, diphtheria, inﬂuenza,¶ measles, cholera and leprosy [32,33]. Rapid POCT for these diseases¶ would improve access to treatment in resource-poor settings and¶ allow clinicians to effectively treat and isolate patients without the¶ need for follow-up visits or expensive laboratory facilities. The ability¶ to correctly identify and differentiate diseases with similar symptoms¶ would reduce pathogen spread and alleviate morbidity and mortality.

Solvency: Disease Prevention

Nanotech is key to disease prevention

Hauck et al 10

(T. Hauck*, S. Giri**, Y. Gao***, W. Chan****, * Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, ** Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, *** Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, **** Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto, “Nanotechnology diagnostics for infectious diseases prevalent in developing countries”, 03/2010, http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/science/article/pii/S0169409X09003561//VS)

Nanotechnology research and development involves the creation¶ and design of structures with at least one dimension below 100 nm. In¶ this size range, researchers can manipulate the optical, magnetic, and¶ electrical properties of nanostructures by altering their size, shape, or¶ atomic composition [34–36]. Currently, a vast library of nanostructures¶ has been synthesized and documented, with a wide variety of properties¶ and applications [37,38]. Fig. 3illustrates a variety of nanoparticles with¶ potential biomedical applications.¶ In addition, nanostructure surfaces can be modiﬁed with polymers or¶ other functional groups to improve nanostructure monodispersity or¶ reduce non-speciﬁc binding of environmental or biological contaminants¶ (e.g. serum proteins). Surfaces can also be modiﬁed with molecules such¶ as antibodies, aptamers, or peptides [39] which allow nanoparticles to¶ target a particular gene, protein, cell or organin vivo. Thus far, researchers¶ have primarily exploited nanostructures in cancer applications where¶ they can act as probes for imaging, as delivery vehicles for cancer drugs¶ [40] and as therapeutics for the removal of tumor cells [41,42]. An¶ important area of focus for current and future nanotechnology research is¶ the development of nanotechnology-based molecular diagnostic platforms. Although only a handful of nanotechnology studies are focused on¶ infectious disease applications, many existing nanotechnology platforms¶ could be adapted for infectious disease diagnostics.

Nanotech solves disease—rapid detection and effective diagnostics

Hauck et al 10

(T. Hauck*, S. Giri**, Y. Gao***, W. Chan****, * Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, ** Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, *** Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, **** Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto, “Nanotechnology diagnostics for infectious diseases prevalent in developing countries”, 03/2010, http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/science/article/pii/S0169409X09003561//VS)

For the three critical diseases identiﬁed, speciﬁc aspects of nanotechnology research must be developed. For TB, rapid multiplexed¶ tests are needed to detect simultaneous HIV infections, and the¶ sensitivity of nanotechnology assays must be exploited for the identiﬁcation of latent infections. For HIV, extremely rapid detection,¶ ideally based on viral RNA, would aid in stemming the spread of the¶ virus, and knowledge of viral load would assist treatment. Finally, for¶ malaria, differentiation of strain and multiplexed detection of other¶ diseases with similar presentation would permit targeted treatment¶ and prevent the emergence of parasites resistant to anti-malarials.¶ Although the advances of nanotechnology have not been fully applied¶ to infectious disease detection in the developing world, nanotechnology can potentially address many of the challenges outlined by the¶ World Health Organization for the delivery of rapid and effective¶ point-of-care diagnostics.

Effective diagnostics are critical to ever level of disease prevention—nanotech solves

Hauck et al 10

(T. Hauck*, S. Giri**, Y. Gao***, W. Chan****, * Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, ** Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, *** Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, **** Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto, “Nanotechnology diagnostics for infectious diseases prevalent in developing countries”, 03/2010, http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/science/article/pii/S0169409X09003561//VS)

Infectious diseases cause millions of deaths a year around the¶ world, especially in developing regions. Appropriate interventions¶ such as targeted treatments are critical, and will only be possible with¶ context-relevant diagnostics, which can economically and effectively¶ identify infected persons. Innovative technologies are needed to make¶ novel advances and permit rapid, multiplexed disease detection, an¶ area in which nanotechnology could play a leading role. Through the¶ use of quantum dots, metallic nanostructures, other nanoparticles,¶ and their integration with lab-on-a-chip technologies, promising¶ diagnostic alternatives are already in development.¶ The current advances we have discussed include highly sensitive¶ nanoparticle tests, multiplexed homogeneous and heterogeneous¶ systems and lab-on-a-chip platforms.

Nanotech solves disease

Nano 12

(Nano Magazine, “Nanotechnology in the developing world”, 10/27/2012 http://www.nanomagazine.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=168%3Aeditorial--nanotechnology-in-the-developing-world&Itemid=149//VS)

Advances in medicine, aided by an ever-evolving ability to explore and investigate disease thanks to new, more powerful technologies, are leading to new understandings of already well-studied diseases. As nanotechnologies continue to develop, our ability to investigate, manipulate and treat diseases is also set to improve.¶ Using advanced microscopy, researchers at Imperial College London and Oxford University recently discovered previously unknown nanotunnels between human immune cells that HIV was able to travel down to move from cell to cell. The discovery, featured in this issue, opens new doors for drug treatment and combating the disease and is an excellent example of the improved understanding of diseases that we are set to gain from new technologies.¶ Professor James Gimzewski was one of the first scientists ever to image molecules with the Scanning Tuneling Microscope and has led research for many years in the manipulation of molecules on the nanoscale.

Solvency: Tech/Coop Key

New forms of technology key to prevent neglected diseases

Salicrup et. al 4 (Luis A., Senior Advisor for International Technology Transfer Activities, Office of Technology Transfer, National Institutes of Health, U.S.A., Mark L. Rohrbaugh, Director, Office of Technology Transfer, National Institutes of Health, U.S.A., “Partnerships for Innovation and Global Health: NIH International Technology Transfer Activities,” 2004, http://www.iphandbook.org/handbook/ch17/p12/)
Technological innovation is increasingly recognized as an important tool for improving global health. The Office of Technology Transfer of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH OTT) has increased its licensing of technologies for the prevention and treatment of neglected diseases to partner institutions in developing regions of the world. Other efforts have focused on providing assistance to indigenous institutions in building their technology transfer capacity. In addition to helping to achieve the primary objectives of meeting global public health needs and strengthening local R&D capacities, NIH OTT expects such efforts to have a positive impact on national policies on intellectual property rights, and, ultimately, to increase multinational investments in developing countries, which will likely result in an even greater effort to develop accessible therapies for those in need.

Increased disease tech sharing prevents disease worldwide and increases economic growth

Salicrup et. al 4 (Luis A., Senior Advisor for International Technology Transfer Activities, Office of Technology Transfer, National Institutes of Health, U.S.A., Mark L. Rohrbaugh, Director, Office of Technology Transfer, National Institutes of Health, U.S.A., “Partnerships for Innovation and Global Health: NIH International Technology Transfer Activities,” 2004, http://www.iphandbook.org/handbook/ch17/p12/)
By necessity, the NIH mission of NIH extends beyond U.S. borders. The U.S. works to improve health worldwide not only for humanitarian reasons but also because diseases do not observe national boundaries. Moreover, improved public health allows nations to better maintain economic growth and political stability.¶ One specific NIH goal for technology transfer is to “strengthen the capacity of developing countries to identify technologies and pursue their development into products, through education and technical assistance.”4 By extending R&D activities outside U.S. borders, we transfer technological know-how to developing countries. This learn-by-doing approach enhances technological capabilities5 and facilitates the development of technologically capable partners, which, in turn, better leverages the value of technologies and extends scientific knowledge and practice. Overall, such technology transfer activities are likely to add value and provide social returns on existing inventions,6 either by addressing U.S. market needs or by improving the health of people worldwide and preventing the spread of disease across U.S. borders.

Tech sharing with underdeveloped countries solves the negative impacts of globalization and contains the spread of new diseases

Salicrup et. al 4 (Luis A., Senior Advisor for International Technology Transfer Activities, Office of Technology Transfer, National Institutes of Health, U.S.A., Mark L. Rohrbaugh, Director, Office of Technology Transfer, National Institutes of Health, U.S.A., “Partnerships for Innovation and Global Health: NIH International Technology Transfer Activities,” 2004, http://www.iphandbook.org/handbook/ch17/p12/)
Globalization also exacerbates existing public health challenges that in turn impact the national interests of industrialized nations. These challenges, though not limited to the developing world, can be addressed in part by the transfer of technologies to developing countries. Indeed, the international community now widely recognizes that some diseases that once were contained within regional borders now threaten the United States in two ways:¶ Emerging and reemerging infectious disease epidemics: With increased movement of goods, animals, and people, diseases spread rapidly across borders, posing direct threats to U.S. citizens. It suffices to mention epidemics of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, influenza, tuberculosis, cholera, and SARS, which threaten not only the regions where they originated but also the entire globe.8¶ Risks from civil unrest: The spread of disease often fuels a cycle of poverty, suffering, and civil disorder. (Gaining access to drugs and medical technologies are genuine public welfare concerns in many developing countries.9, 10 Providing access to these countries will reduce the burden of disease and help improve the quality of life, thus diminishing the threat of unrest in volatile areas of the globe.)

Assistance from developed countries key to spread R&D to cure diseases

Possible 1AC Impact: State Fail

A. Neglected diseases lead to state failure – trigger political instability in nuclear-weapons states

The people at highest risk for acquiring these NTDs also live in areas of greatest concern to the global security interests of the United States. As much as one half of the world's poor who suffer from NTDs live in the nations that comprise the Organization of the Islamic Conference, including Yemen, Sudan, Somalia, and Afghanistan. Almost as many live in pockets of poverty in middle-income countries that either hold and maintain nuclear weapons stockpiles or aspire to produce them, including India, Pakistan, China, Iran, and North Korea. In these countries, people are not only trapped in poverty because of their health conditions, they are also trapped in conflict.

As NTDs spread throughout impoverished areas of Islamic countries and nuclear weapons states, they can promote global insecurity by increasing poverty and the possibility for radicalization. The security risks created by high endemic rates of NTDs argue strongly for seeking low-cost solutions for their control and elimination.

B. Extinction

Toon et. al, 7

[ Owen B. Toon,1* Alan Robock,2* Richard P. Turco,3 Charles Bardeen,1 Luke Oman,2,4 Georgiy L. Stenchikov2 1Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado,. 2Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick,. 3Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles,. 4Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA. “Consequences of Regional-Scale Nuclear Conflicts,” 2 MARCH 2007 VOL 315 SCIENCE, http://bilge.pyrate.mailbolt.com/20070313ConsequencesOfRegionalNuclearConflicts.pdf]

The world may no longer face a serious threat of global nuclear warfare, but regional conflicts continue. Within this milieu, acquiring nuclear weapons has been considered a potent political, military, and social tool (1–3). National ownership of nuclear weapons offers perceived international status and insurance against aggression at a modest financial cost. Against this backdrop, we provide a quantitative assessment of the potential for casualties in a regional-scale nuclear conflict, or a terrorist attack, and the associated environmental impacts (4, 5). Eight nations are known to have nuclear weapons. In addition, North Korea may have a small, but growing, arsenal. Iran appears to be seeking nuclear weapons capability, but it probably needs several years to obtain enough fissionable material. Of great concern, 32 other nations—including Brazil, Argentina, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan—have sufficient fissionable materials to produce weapons (1, 6). A de facto nuclear arms race has emerged in Asia between China, India, and Pakistan, which could expand to include North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan (1). In the Middle East, a nuclear confrontation between Israel and Iran would be fearful. Saudi Arabia and Egypt could also seek nuclear weapons to balance Iran and Israel. Nuclear arms programs in South America, notably in Brazil and Argentina, were ended by several treaties in the 1990s (6). We can hope that these agreements will hold and will serve as a model for other regions, despite Brazil’s new, large uranium enrichment facilities. Nuclear arsenals containing 50 or more weapons of low yield [15 kilotons (kt), equivalent to the Hiroshima bomb] are relatively easy to build (1, 6). India and Pakistan, the smallest nuclear powers, probably have such arsenals, although no nuclear state has ever disclosed its inventory of warheads (7). Modern weapons are compact and lightweight and are readily transported (by car, truck, missile, plane, or boat) (8). The basic concepts of weapons design can be found on of the Internet. The only serious obstacle to constructing a bomb is the limited availability of purified fissionable fuels. There are many political, economic, and social factors that could trigger a regional scale nuclear conflict, plus many scenarios for the conduct of the ensuing war. We assumed (4) that the densest population centers in each country—usually in megacities—are attacked. We did not evaluate specific military targets and related casualties. We considered a nuclear exchange involving 100 weapons of 15-kt yield each, that is, ~0.3% of the total number of existing weapons (4). India and Pakistan, for instance, have previously tested nuclear weapons and are now thought to have between 109 and 172 weapons of unknown yield (9). Fatalities were estimated by means of a standard population database for a number of countries that might be targeted in a regional conflict (see figure, above). For instance, such an exchange between India and Pakistan (10) could produce about 21 million fatalities—about half as many as occurred globally during World War II. The direct effects of thermal radiation and nuclear blasts, as well as gamma-ray and neutron radiation within the first few minutes of the blast, would cause most casualties. Extensive damage to infrastructure, contamination by long-lived radionuclides, and psychological trauma would likely result in the indefinite abandonment of large areas leading to severe economic and social repercussions. Fires ignited by nuclear bursts would release copious amounts of light-absorbing smoke into the upper atmosphere. If 100 small nuclear weapons were detonated within cities, they could generate 1 to 5 million tons of carbonaceous smoke particles (4), darkening the sky and affecting the atmosphere more than major volcanic eruptions like Mt. Pinatubo (1991) or Tambora (1815) (5). Carbonaceous smoke particles are transported by winds throughout the atmosphere but also induce circulations in response to solar heating. Simulations (5) predict that such radiativedynamical interactions would loft and stabilize the smoke aerosol, which would allow it to persist in the middle and upper atmosphere for a decade. Smoke emissions of 100 lowyield urban explosions in a regional nuclear conflict would generate substantial globalscale climate anomalies, although not as large as in previous “nuclear winter” scenarios for a full-scale war (11, 12). However, indirect effects on surface land temperatures, precipitation rates, and growing season lengths (see figure, page 1225) would be likely to degrade agricultural productivity to an extent that historically has led to famines in Africa, India, and Japan after the 1783–1784 Laki eruption (13) or in the northeastern United States and Europe after the Tambora eruption of 1815 (5). Climatic anomalies could persist for a decade or more because of smoke stabilization, far longer than in previous nuclear winter calculations or after volcanic eruptions. Studies of the consequences of full-scale nuclear war show that indirect effects of the war could cause more casualties than direct ones, perhaps eliminating the majority of the world’s population (11, 12). Indirect effects such as damage to transportation, energy, medical, political, and social infrastructure could be limited to the combatant nations in a regional war. However, climate anomalies would threaten the world outside the combat zone. The predicted smoke emissions and fatalities per kiloton of explosive yield are roughly 100 times those expected from estimates for full-scale nuclear attacks with high-yield weapons (4). Unfortunately, the Treaty on NonProliferation of Nuclear Weapons has failed to prevent the expansion of nuclear states. A bipartisan group including two former U.S. secretaries of state, a former secretary of defense, and a former chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee has recently pointed out that nuclear deterrence is no longer effective and may become dangerous (3). Terrorists, for instance, are outside the bounds of deterrence strategies. Mutually assured destruction may not function in a world with large numbers of nuclear states with widely varying political goals and philosophies. New nuclear states may not have well-developed safeguards and controls to prevent nuclear accidents or unauthorized launches. This bipartisan group detailed numerous steps to inhibit or prevent the spread of nuclear weapons (3). Its list, with which we concur, includes removing nuclear weapons from alert status to reduce the danger of an accidental or unauthorized use of a nuclear weapon; reducing the size of nuclear forces in all states; eliminating tactical nuclear weapons; ratifying the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty worldwide; securing all stocks of weapons, weaponsusable plutonium, and highly enriched uranium everywhere in the world; controlling uranium enrichment along with guaranteeing that uranium for nuclear power reactors could be obtained from controlled international reserves; safeguarding spent fuel from reactors producing electricity; halting the production of fissile material for weapons globally; phasing out the use of highly enriched uranium in civil commerce and research facilities and rendering the materials safe; and resolving regional confrontations and conflicts that give rise to new nuclear powers. The analysis summarized here shows that the world has reached a crossroads. Having survived the threat of global nuclear war between the superpowers so far, the world is increasingly threatened by the prospects of regional nuclear war. The consequences of regional-scale nuclear conflicts are unexpectedly large, with the potential to become global catastrophes. The combination of nuclear proliferation, political instability, and urban demographics may constitute one of the greatest dangers to the stability of society since the dawn of humans.

Impacts: Malaria

Malaria destroys the global economy and locks underdeveloped countries into a cycle of state failure and poverty

Brundtland 2000 (Dr. Gro Harlem, M.D, Director General at the WHO, Master of Public Health at Harvard University, Statement at the Summit on Roll Back Malaria in Africa, April 25, http://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/2000/english/20000425_nigeria.html)
Professor Jeffrey Sachs has just presented to us his report on the economic effects of malaria. As I listened to him, I was struck by the enormity of the damage caused by this ancient disease. A loss of economic growth of more than one percentage point per year. A 20% reduction in GNP after 15 years. Short term benefits from malaria control of up to $12 billion each year. These are staggering numbers. I conclude that Malaria is taking a big bite out of Africa’s economic growth. For every year that malaria is left unchecked, it will cause African nations to fall further behind the rest of the world. But malaria is not just an African issue. Malaria and its economic impact threaten our stability as a global community and threaten the future of our increasingly global economy. I do not accept a future with ever widening differences in the growth of nations. Together we must fight for a future free from the burdens of malaria If we can control malaria, we will see an acceleration of Africa's development If malarious areas are free of the disease, family incomes will rise If there is less malaria in homes, school attendance will increase – sometimes dramatically. At yesterday's technical meeting, Africa's scientists told us of the tools needed to roll back this cause of suffering and poverty, to banish this obstacle to economic growth. Insecticide treated nets in the home reduce transmission and prevent infection. Indoor spraying with safe insecticides prevents infection. Treatment during pregnancy protects the mother's health and improves birth weight. Rapid diagnosis and early treatment of someone with malaria shorten the illness and reduce death rates. These interventions appear simple. Ensuring their success is not. To be effective they must reach all at risk. In many countries malaria has been a fact of life and death for so long that individuals, families, communities and institutions tolerate its burden. Outspoken commitment, vision and energy are essential to overcome this sense of fatalism and resignation surrounding malaria. Your excellencies: I am delighted that you have come here today to turn the tide. Over the last two years, your Governments have joined forces with the WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, the World Bank, the African Development Bank, with development agencies, research groups, non-governmental organisations and private corporations in starting to build a powerful movement. This is the movement to Roll Back Malaria. The spearhead for this movement is in Africa. In more than 20 countries, malaria is now being tackled through all branches of government and with increasing involvement of the private sector. However, much more remains to be done. Malaria needs a high profile throughout African society. Everyone needs to realise the full impact of this disease, to agree on the goals, and to know how they can be realised in different settings. We – the partners supporting the Roll Back Malaria Movement – must continue to support applied research to identify and apply the best anti-malaria therapies. This will help to counter the development of drug resistance. We need to find better ways to improve access to drugs, and to prevent counterfeiting. We need to work together to review taxes and tariffs on mosquito nets and other commodities. We need to coordinate the many contributions — financial and technical — of the Roll Back Malaria partners at country level. And, most importantly, we need to monitor achievements. We need to involve the parts of the private sector that can help get goods and services to people. It has the distribution networks, the communications skill and the marketing resources. We would like private entities to be true partners in the movement. Several are already involved in the Medicines for Malaria venture. In all this work, we count on you, the Heads of State and Governments, to lead us, so that we work together effectively in Rolling Back Malaria. Mr President, The turn of the century coincides with a remarkable shift in thinking about human development. I sense a growing realisation among decision-makers that to reduce poverty we must improve health. Illness – particularly malaria – keeps Africa's people and their nations poor. Bad health locks people into poverty. Healthy populations have better school attendance, higher incomes and more rapid economic development. I anticipate that today we will agree an approach on rolling back malaria that also applies whether we are tackling tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, maternal ill-health, tobacco-related ill-health or other priority problems. It means: Information campaigns, to increase knowledge and understanding and empower people to act to improve their health Access to essential drugs, vaccines, and other commodities; Effective health services – close to the home; and A healthy environment – with clean water and sanitation It certainly includes actions within communities, responsive to the needs of poor people, supported by all sectors of society. We partners are working together to mobilise large increases in resources for health, to reduce the prices of drugs and commodities, to minimise tariffs and taxes on these goods, to support the discovery and development of effective drugs and vaccines, and to back-up effective action at country level.. These are all concrete and target-oriented actions. They bring results.

Impacts: Econ

Neglected diseases trap people in poverty and destroy the economies of developing countries

Hotez 10 (Peter J. Hotez, distinguished research professor and chair of the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine at George Washington University. He is also president of the Sabin Vaccine Institute, January 21, 2010, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/21/gandhis_hookworms?page=0,1, “Gandhi’s Hookworms”)

Toward the end of his life, Mohandas Gandhi suffered from a hookworm infection. This disease, caused by blood-feeding worms in his intestine, is associated with severe anemia, lethargy, and fatigue. The fact that Gandhi's vigorous efforts to wage peace in India may have been slowed because of hookworms is only one of the more dramatic examples of the deep connection between medical health and the promotion of international peace and security.¶ Today almost all of the 1.4 billion people who live below the World Bank's poverty line are infected with hookworms or related parasites. Taken together, there are seven high-prevalence Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) that particularly afflict low- and middle-income countries: six parasitic worm infections, which each afflict up to 1 billion people, and a bacterial infection known as blinding trachoma, which infects 60 to 80 million people.¶ In addition to their disproportionate impact on the poor, NTDs differ from the type of infections common in the developed world because, in the absence of treatment, they can persist for years or decades. NTDs produce chronic and disabling effects on child development and farm worker productivity, and they increase the risks of pregnancy. In doing so, these infections actually trap people in poverty -- chronic hookworm infections in childhood reduce cognition, school performance, and future wage-earning potential by 40 percent or more.¶ India loses almost $1 billion annually in worker productivity because of elephantiasis, which is caused by filarial worms in the lymphatic system and genitals. Africa suffers similar economic losses from elephantiasis -- as well as river blindness caused by larval worms in the eyes and skin, and schistosomiasis from worm eggs in the intestines, liver, bladder, or female genitals.

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