Affected person is possessed by a demon or has become subject to displeasure of the gods

Dorothea Dix discovers that mentally ill people in Massachusetts are jailed with criminals, denied clothing, left in unlit, unheated, windowless rooms

Over a 40-year period, she crusades on behalf of the mentally ill and succeeds in establishing 32 state hospitals as asylums for the mentally ill

German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin develops distinctions among mental disorders, particularly between manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia

• German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin develops distinctions among mental disorders, particularly between manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia

State mental hospitals become very popular, then very crowded

• State mental hospitals become very popular, then very crowded

• Original conditions of low staff-patient ratio and humane treatment are replaced by overwhelmed staff and warehouse conditions

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