An essay in universal history from an Orthodox Christian Point ofView part the age of revolution

424

^ Tolstoy, Sebastopol Sketches; quoted in Figes, op. cit., p. 445.

425

^ Fet, in Figes, op. cit., p. 446

426

^ C. Aksakov, in E.N. Annenkov, "'Slaviano-Khristianskie' idealy na fone zapadnoj tsivilizatsii, russkie spory 1840-1850-kh gg." ("'Slavic-Christian' ideas against the background of western civilization, Russia quarrels in the 1840s and 50s"), in V.A. Kotel'nikov (ed.), Khristianstvo i Russkaia Literatura (Christianity and Russian Literature), St. Petersburg: "Nauka", 1996, pp. 143-144. Cf. Yury Samarin: “We were defeated not by the external forces of the Western alliance, but by our own internal weakness… Stagnation of thought, depression of productive forces, the rift between government and people, disunity between social classes and the enslavement of one of them to another… prevent the government from deploying all the means available to it and, in emergency, from being able to count on mobilising the strength of the nation” (“O krepostnom sostoianii i o perekhode iz nego k grazhdanskoj svobode” (“On serfdom and the transition from it to civil liberty”), Sochinenia (Works), vol. 2, Moscow, 1878, pp. 17-20; quoted in Hosking, op. cit., p. 317).

427

^ Simms, Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy, London: Allen Lane, 2013, pp. 223-224, 222.

428

^ At least one Saint worked on the Chinese mission-field in this period: Archbishop Gurias of Tauris, who worked for twenty years in the Peking Spiritual mission, translating into Chinese the Gospels, Service Book, Lives of the Saints, as well as other religious works. In 1929 his body was found to be incorrupt (http://orthodox.cn/saints/20080421gurykarpov_en.htm).

429

^ Lebedev, Velikorossia, pp. 324, 325.

430

^ Lieven, Empire, London: John Murray, 2000, pp. 212-213.

431

^ Lebedev, op. cit., p. 324.

432

^ S.M. Kaziev (ed.), Shamil, Moscow: Ekho Kavkaza, 1997, p. 31.

433

^ Kaziev, op. cit., p. 53.

434

^ Snychev, op. cit., p. 325.

435

^ Lieven, op. cit., pp. 213-214. The historian referred to is David Gillard.

436

^ Sand, The Invention of the Jewish People, London: Verso, 2009, pp. 46-47.

437

^ Payne, “Nationalism and the Local Church: The Source of Ecclesiastical Conflict in the Orthodox Commonwealth”, Nationalities Papers, Vol. 35, No. 5, November 2007.

438

^ Payne, op. cit.

439

^ Beaton, “Romanticism in Greece”, in Roy Porter and Mikulas Teich, Romanticism in National Context, Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 95.

440

^ Kolettis, in Glenny, op. cit. Italics mine (V.M.).

441

^ Runciman, The Great Church in Captivity, Cambridge University Press, 1968, pp. 407-410.

442

^ Leontiev, "Natsional'naia politika kak orudie vsemirnoj revoliutsii" (National Politics as a Weapon of Universal Revolution), in Vostok, Rossia i Slavianstvo, op. cit., pp. 513, 514-515.

443

^ Leontiev, "Plody natsional'nykh dvizhenij na pravoslavnom Vostoke", op. cit., pp. 536-537, 538.

444

^ Adrian Fortescue, The Orthodox Eastern Church, London: Catholic Truth Society, 1920, p. 308. Originally, the Karlovtsy metropolitanate had jurisdiction over the Romanians of Hungarian Transylvania. However, in 1864 the authorities allowed the creation of a separate Romanian Church in Hungary, the metropolitanate of Hermannstadt (Nagy-Szeben) (Fortescue, op. cit., p. 316). From 1873 there was also a metropolitanate of Černovtsy with jurisdiction over all the Orthodox (mainly Serbs and Romanians) in the Austrian lands (Fortescue, op. cit., pp. 323-325). Significantly, when the Russian Church in Exile sought refuge in Serbia in the 1920s, their administration was set up in the former capital of the Serbian Church's exile, Karlovtsy.

445

^ The Serbian Pe

Patriarchate was founded as an autocephalous archiepiscopate by St. Savva in 1218-19, raised to the rank of a patriarchate with its see in Pe

in 1375, and abolished in 1766. It should not be confused with the Bulgarian Ochrid archiepiscopate, which was founded by Emperor John Tsimiskes in Preslava in 971, moved to Sophia, Voden, Prespa and finally Ochrid, and was abolished on January 16, 1767.

446

^ Winder, Danubia, London: Picador, 2013, p. 286.

447

^ Judah, The Serbs, London: Yale University Press, 1997, pp. 51-52, 52-54.

448

^ Mazower, op. cit., p. 95.

449

^ Glenny, op. cit., p. 17.

450

^ Misha Glenny, The Balkans, 1804-1999, London: Granta Books, 2000, p. 46.

451

^ Etty, “Serbian Nationalism and the Great War”, History Today, February 27, 2014.

452

^ Adrian Fortescue, The Orthodox Eastern Church, London: Catholic Truth Society, 1920, p. 309.

453

^ He is not to be confused with is uncle, St. Peter of Cetinije, Metropolitan-Prince of Montenegro, who died on October 18, 1830. He became a monk at the age of twelve, and in 1782, at the age of twenty-three, succeeded Metropolitan Sabas. He brought peace to the land, defeated Napoleon's forces at the battle of Boka in Dalmatia, but always lived in a narrow monastic cell. His incorrupt relics and many healings are a witness to his sanctity. See https://oca.org/saints/lives/2015/10/18/108067-st-peter-of-cetinje.

454

^ Quotations in Anzulovi

, Heavenly Serbia, London and New York: New York University Press, 1999, pp. 51-52, 55.

455

^ Velimirovi

, Religija Njegoševa (The Religion of Njegoš), p. 166, quoted in Anzulovi

, p. 55.

456

^ Zamoyski, Holy Madness, p. 318.

457

^ Glenny, op. cit., pp. 58-59.

458

^ Glenny, op. cit., pp. 58-60.

459

^ Glenny, op. cit., pp. 62-63.

460

^ Glenny, op. cit., p. 64.

461

^ Jelavich, History of the Balkans: vol. 2, Twentieth Century, Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 4.

462

^ Patriarch Justinian of Romania, "St. Callinicus: Abbot, Bishop, Man of God", in A.M. Allchin (ed.), The Tradition of Life: Romanian Essays in Spirituality and Theology, London: Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius, 1971, p. 15.

463

^ Glenny, op. cit., p. 68.

464

^ Fr. Dumitru Staniloae, "St. Callinicus of Cernica", in Allchin, op. cit., p. 29.

465

^ Zhukov, Russkaia Pravoslavnaia Tserkov' na Rodine i za Rubezhom (The Russian Orthodox Church in the Homeland and Abroad), Paris, 2005, pp. 18-19.

466

^ Fomin & Fomina, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 331-333.

467

^ Hieromonk Anthony of the Holy Mountain, Ocherki Zhizni i Podvigov Startsa Ieroskhimonakha Ilariona Gruzina (Sketches of the Life and Struggles of Elder Hieroschemamonk Hilarion the Georgian), Jordanville, 1985, p. 95.

468

^ St, Macarius, Letter 165 to Monastics, in Fr. Leonid Kavelin, Elder Macarius of Optina, Platina, Ca.: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood Press, 1995, pp. 309-310.

469

^ Neale, in Christopher K. Birchall, Embassy, Emigration, and Englishmen: The Three-Hundred Year History of a Russian Orthodox Church in London, Jordanville, N.Y.: Holy Trinity Publications, 2014, pp. 98-99.