Annex 65 Long-Term Performance of Super-Insulating Materials in Building Components & Systems

International Energy Agency Annex 65

Annex 65

Long-Term Performance of Super-Insulating Materials

in Building Components & Systems

Kick-Off Meeting - GRENOBLE – France

September Thursday 11 & Friday 12 - 2014

Minutes

1: Participants

At the Kick-Off meeting 11 countries were represented, yielding 57 participants from 38 different institutes or companies. It's important to quote that 16 industrial companies contribute to this Annex.

1. Manager Representatives

Daniel Quenard	CSTB	FRANCE
Ulrich Heinemann	ZAE	GERMANY
Andreas Holm	FIW	GERMANY
Bijan Adl Zarrabi	Chalmers Univiversity	SWEDEN

1.2 Participants attending the Meeting

First-Name NAME	INSTITUTE/COMPANY	COUNTRY
Samira Kherrouf	ADEME	FRANCE
Charline Malengreaux	ArcelorMittal	FRANCE
Michael O'Connor	Aspen Aerogel	GERMANY
Milto Vlachos	Cabot	GERMANY
Thierry Braine-Bonnaire	CNEES	FRANCE
Chuan Wei Zhai	Creek	CHINA
Tao Zhang	Creek	CHINA
Yi He	Creek	CHINA
Sara Hadji Rezai	CSTB	FRANCE
Géraldine Garnier	CSTB	FRANCE
Claude Pompeo	CSTB	FRANCE
Hébert Sallée	CSTB	FRANCE
Barbara Milow	DLR	GERMANY
Frédéric Gubbels	Dow Cornings	BELGIUM
Patrick Achard	Ecole des Mines	FRANCE
Emmanuelle Pons	EDF	FRANCE
Bernard Yrieix	EDF	FRANCE
Thierry Duforestel	EDF	FRANCE
Mathilde Colmet Daâge	EDF	FRANCE
Samuel Brunner	EMPA	SWITZERLAND
Pierre-Andre Marchal	ENERSENS	FRANCE
Hark-Oluf Asbahr	Evonik	GERMANY
Matthias Geisler	Evonik	GERMANY
Christoph Sprengard	FIW	GERMANY
Esra Kucukpinar	Fraunhofer IVV	GERMANY
Yoash Carmi	Hanita	ISRAEL
Genevieve Foray	INSA Lyon	FRANCE
Atsushi Iwamae	Kindai Univ. Architecture	JAPAN
Justin Davies	Kingspan	UK
Jun-Tae Kim	Kongju National Univ.	KOREA
Emilie Planes	LEPMI - Grenoble Univ.	FRANCE
Florence Dubelley	LEPMI - Grenoble Univ.	FRANCE
Erol Serpil	Metra Group	GERMANY
Taner Karaaslan	Metra Group	GERMANY
Guifang Han	NUAA	CHINA
Shinya Kojima	PANASONIC	JAPAN
Akio Kurobe	PANASONIC	JAPAN
Bruno Daniotti	POLIMI	ITALY
Rosanna Galliano	POLIMI	ITALY
Marco Perino	POLITO	ITALY
Bart Haelterman	Recticel	BELGIUM
Pascal Rousset	Rexor	FRANCE
Michel Chauvois	Rexor	FRANCE
Uli Passon	Saint Gobain	GERMANY
Alice Morcrette	Saint Gobain	FRANCE
Francisco Ruiz	SEPAREX	FRANCE
Bjorne Peter Jelle	SINTEF	NORWAY
Eunate Goiti	TECNALIA	SPAIN
Shinji Nakanishi	TOPPAN	JAPAN
Guy Veyrier du Muraud	Toray	NORWAY
Roland Caps	vaQtec	GERMANY

1.3 Apologies

Yusuf Yusufoglu	ARCELIK	TURKEY
Wim Malfait	EMPA	SWITZERLAND
Haechung Wang	SILTHERM	CHINA
Antoine Batard	EDF	FRANCE

Thursday September 11, 2014

1: Opening-Welcome

Daniel Quenard (DQ - Operating Agent) welcomed the attendees at CSTB in Grenoble and started the meeting.

1.1 Agenda

Provisional Agenda:

Thursday - September 11, 2014

9⁰⁰ – 9¹⁵ Welcome

9¹⁵ – 9⁴⁵ Introduction by Operating Agent : feed-back from ExCo meeting
Overview of the whole Annex

9⁴⁵ – 10³⁰ Objectives of Subtask 1 : ZAE/EMPA

10³⁰ – 11¹⁵ Morning Break

11¹⁵ – 12³⁰ Objectives of Subtask ST2, ST3 & ST4 : FIW & Chalmers Univ.

12³⁰ – 14 Lunch

14⁰⁰ – 15³⁰ Presentation of CEN & ISO activities about VIP

(Ulrich Passon & Jun-Tae KIM) - Discussion

15³⁰ – 16⁰⁰ Afternoon Break

16⁰⁰ – 18h⁰⁰ Free presentations & Discussion
Frederic Gubbels (DowCorning) : Durability of VIP in the cavity of insulating glass units (15 min+5)
Yoash Carmi (Hanita Coatings) : Activites planned for Annex 65 (15 min+5)
Erol Serpil( Metra Group) : PUVIP (15 min+5)
Atsushi Iwamae et al. : VIP in Japan (30 min+10)
Marco Perino (Polito): Practical applications of VIP in the building envelope components (15 min+5.)

19³⁰ Dinner

Friday - September 12, 2014

09⁰⁰ - 10³⁰ Sessions : ST1 & ST2

Discussion & Decision on the Work to Do

10³⁰ - 11⁰⁰ Morning break

11⁰⁰ - 12³⁰ Sessions : ST3 & ST4
Discussion & Decision on Work to Do

12³⁰ - 14⁰⁰ Lunch

14⁰⁰ – 15³⁰ Conclusions of the morning sessions by each subtask leaders.

Detailed Action Plan - Who is doing What, When

Filling of the Task Table

15³⁰ – 16³⁰ Presentation for the next ExCo meeting in Helsinki (6-7 November)

Invitation, action points and commitments towards next meetings
The provisional agenda has been modified due to additional presentations from new participants. Indeed, the kick-off meeting is the place to give an overview of the activities of each participant in order to build the working groups committed in each subtask. Therefore, the discussion time has been reduced.
Realized Agenda

9⁰⁰ – 9¹⁵ Welcome

9¹⁵ – 9⁴⁵ Introduction by Operating Agent: feed-back from ExCo meeting

Overview of the whole Annex

9⁴⁵ – 10³⁰ Objectives of Subtask 1 : ZAE/EMPA

10³⁰ – 11¹⁵ Morning Break

11¹⁵ – 12³⁰ Objectives of Subtask ST2, ST3 & ST4 : FIW & Chalmers Univ.

12³⁰ – 14 Lunch

14⁰⁰ – 15³⁰ Presentation of CEN & ISO activities about VIP

Ulrich PASSON & Jun-tae KIM - Discussion

15³⁰ – 16⁰⁰ Afternoon Break

16⁰⁰ – 18h⁰⁰ Free presentations & Discussion

Marco Perino (Polito): Practical applications of VIP in the building envelope components

Atsushi Iwamae (Univ. Kendai) : Some experience of architectural VIP in Japan

Shinya Kojima (Panasonic) : Development of VIP and the activities for housing insulation

Erol Serpil (Metra Group) : PUVIP

19³⁰ : Dinner : We all warmly thank Saint-Gobain/ISOVER, EDF, TORAY, ARCELORMITTAL and SEPAREX, for their financial support for the lunches and dinner
Friday, September 12, 2014

9⁰⁰ – 10h³⁰ Free presentations & Discussion

Frederic Gubbels (DowCorning) : Durability of VIP in the cavity of insulating glass units

Roland Caps (va-Q-tec) : Mean thermal conductivity of VIPs during service life time

Yi He (Qingdao Creek) : Application and Standardization of VIP for Buildings in China

10³⁰ - 11⁰⁰ : Morning break

Yoash Carmi (Hanita Coatings) : Activites planned for Annex 65

Rosanna Galliano (POLIMI) : Contribution to Annex 65 - EASEE Project

12³⁰ - 14⁰⁰ : Lunch

14⁰⁰ – 15³⁰ : Sessions : ST1, ST2 & ST3 - Discussion & Decision on Work to Do

Conclusions of the morning sessions by each subtask leaders.

Detailed Action Plan - Who is doing What, When, Filling of the Task Table

15³⁰ – 16³⁰ : Presentation for the next ExCo meeting in Helsinki (6-7 November)

Invitation, action points and commitments towards next meetings

1.2 The Annex Process

As an introduction DQ uses some slides from the presentation given by Peter CUNZ at the ExCo meeting in Dublin in November 2013.

In this presentation Peter CUNZ gives advices to make the annex fruitful for each participant, and to take advantage of this annex for exchange information, despite language barriers, backgrounds and knowledge levels of each one about the Annex's issues.

The kick-off meeting is a first step in these directions.

DQ also informs the participant that QUANTIS, the Swiss Company, who should be the leader of Subtask 4, did not get funding from the Swiss government and therefore withdrew from the Annex (Annex 1).

Fortunately, Bijan Adl-Zarrabi (Leader of Subtask 3) discussed with his colleague Holger Wallbaum (Professor in Sustainability). He showed interest on the subject and he mentioned that he supervises a PhD student who works with LCC and LCA of insulation material. Prof. Holger Wallbaum sent an e-mail to the OP to confirm his agreement. Good news.

1.3 Activities since the launching of the Annex

DQ reminds some milestones since the International Symposium organised by INIVE (BBRI, EMPA & U.Gent) in Brussels on April 27 – 2012

• 
  1^st Expert Meeting in Paris on 18-19 of April 2013. The initial Annex Text was presented at the ExCo meeting in Rome (June 2013). The ExCo asked to deeply revised the proposal.
  
• 
  2^nd Expert Meeting in Zurich on Sept. 2013. The revised Annex Text is presented at the ExCo meeting in Dublin Nov. 2013. The proposal was approved by a majority decision as Annex 65 with CSTB as Operating Agent (OPA) for a one year preparation phase. Major revisions of the Annex Text are requested.
  
• 
  Finally ate the meeting in Rostock, the ExCo unanimously agreed to proceed with the working phase subject to revision and approval of the Annex Text.
  
• 
  The kick-off meeting is organized by CSTB in Grenoble on 11-12 September of 2014.
  

1.4 Objectives of the Annex

DQ reminds the scope of the Annex65. The following topics will be covered by this Annex :

Two Product Types :

• 
  Vacuum Insulation Panel
  
• 
  Advanced-Porous Materials, such as Porous Silica and Aerogel
  

Three main Issues

• 
  Performance & Durability
  
• 
  Installation Techniques
  
• 
  Sustainability (LCA, Embodied Energy, LCC)
  

The Annex is organized into 4 Subtasks:

SUBTASK 1: State of the Art on Materials & Components - Case Studies

SubTask Leader: ZAE Bayern (Ulrich Heinemann)

Action 1A : Materials, Components & Systems

Action 1B : Characterization Methods

Action 1C : Case Studies at the Building Scale

The titles of Action A1 & Action 1B have been changed
SUBTASK 2: Characterization of materials & components - Laboratory Scale

SubTask Leader: FIW Munich

Action 2A : Materials Assessment & Ageing Procedures (Experiments & Simulation)

Action 2B : Components & Systems Assessment (Experiments & Simulation)

Rem : the word Testing has been changed by Assessment
SUBTASK 3: Practical Applications – Retrofitting at the Building Scale

Subtask Leader: Chalmers University (Bijan Adl-Zarrabi)

Action 3A : Mapping of the Use Conditions (Components & Systems)

Action 3B : Performance at the Building Scale (Experiments & Simulation) (link with Annex 58)

Action 3C : Practical Applications focused on Retrofitting (link with Annex 61)
SUBBASK 4: Sustainability (LCC, LCA, EE – Risks & Benefits)

Subtask Leader: Chalmers University (Holger Wallbaum)

Action 4A: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), including Embodied Energy (EE) (link with Annex 57)

Action 4B: Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCC)

2: Presentation of Each Subtask

Ulrich Heinemann outlines his vision of Subtask 1.

The main objective of Subtask 1 is to deliver a comprehensive State of the Art about SIM manufacturing, characterization & applications during the last decade. The main activities will be to collect data & information form materials & products manufacturers. To collect these data, questionnaires or datasheet templates will be sent to the manufacturers.

Andreas Holm & Christoph Sprengard summarize the objectives of the Subtask 2 and gives some ideas to guide the work to be performed. They highlight the main issues to be discussed: material characteristics to be measured, measurement methods, ageing methods, simulation Methods …

They propose a "loop approach" based on the current practice, its evaluation and then its improvement. They remind also that in the Annex only hygro-thermal & mechanical properties will be considered. The fire behaviour, the acoustic performances and VOC emission will not be investigated in the Annex65.

Bijan Adl Zarrabi invites the participants to keep in mind the Annex title: "Long term performance of SIM". He recommends to start Subtask 3 by a pre-study to deeply analyse existing works & case studies in order to identify the gaps which have to be filled in. Then, complementary work will be clearly defined to reach to goal of Subtask 3 which is to deliver Guideline for Safe Installation of SIM.

Bijan suggests to create a group in order to collect information about finished, ongoing and upcoming project at the field scale. Finally, Bijan presents a set of new & existing buildings where SIM have been installed.

3: Standardization activities of CEN

Ulrich Passon (Saint Gobain) gives an overview of CEN activities dealing with VIP. He reminds the objective and the mission of CEN.

Ulrich indicates that there is a Working Group (WG11) devoted to VIP within the Technical Committee (TC88) in charge of Thermal Insulating Materials and Products. The WG11 is working closely with the ISO group ISO /TC 163/SC N. Prof. Jun Tae KIM is the convenor of the ISO Group.

A first draft for an EN/ISO document has already been established by experts, most of them are also involved in the Annex.

4: Presentations

The 10 presentations given during the workshop are listed and summarized in the following paragraph:
Marco Perino (Polito) presents the research activities of Politecnico of Torino dealing mainly with VIP characterization (centre of panel, bridge) and practical applications. He points out the huge difference of thermal conductivities between brands and type.
Atsushi Iwamae (Univ. Kendai) indicates that a Committee for Annex 65 has been created in Japan and some experiences using VIP are ongoing in Japan
Shinya Kojima (Panasonic) explains the activities carried out at Panasonic to develop VIP : for housing insulation. He highlights the impact of surface temperature on human comfort and insulation can contribute to decrease this surface temperature.
Erol Serpil (Metra Group) presents a product based on a VIP embedded in a polyurethane foam. Named PUVIP, this product seems to be easier to handle and to install.
Frederic Gubbels (DowCorning) discuss the durability of VIP in the cavity of insulating glass units which is also an efficient technique to protect VIP from aggressive environment.
Roland Caps (va-Q-tec) describes a simplified method to assess the service life time of VIP. This method takes into account the pressure & moisture effects on thermal conductivity of VIP.
Yi He (Qingdao Creek) gives an overview of VIP in China. Around 1000 projects using VIP are now completed. He also introduces a standard developed in China to assess VIP durability. He concludes that a Handbook for Design is expected.
Samuel Brunner (EMPA) summarises the IVIS2013. According to the data he collected, the total global market for vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) is estimated as >20M in m2. The main VIP producers are in Japan, China and Germany but there are also interesting activities in Korea and Belgium ongoing. He also points out the expected rise of the VIP market for refrigerators and freezers, up to 2100 mio €.
Yoash Carmi (Hanita Coatings) introduces the Life Time Calculator and the mVIP method to measure the internal pressure of VIP, both tools developed at Hanita
Rosanna Galliano (POLIMI) describes the research works done at POLIMI. These activities are mainly carried out within the European EASE project. POLIMI is strongly involved in research dealing with service life planning.
The presentations can be downloaded from the following ftp site:

ftp://ftp.grenoble.cstb.fr/Public/IEA-EBC-ANNEX65/

A website should be open very soon.

5: Discussion & Decision about Work to Do

Subtask 1 :

Ulrich Heinemann proposes a preliminary content for the SoA. The main chapters will cover the different level:

• 
  the material level : properties of porous materials (porous silica, aerogel, core materials for VIP), film …
  
• 
  the product or component level : as "placed on the market" - VIP, protected VIP with EPS, XPS, PU, aerogel embedded in a fibre mat, a foam … , VIP in a double glazing, granular aerogel in a polycarbonate board …
  
• 
  the system scale (wall, roof, floor) : the product within the environment where it is used – e.g. in a building – with fasteners; gasket strips; additional layers; boundary conditions – severe or less severe environment … etc
  
• 
  the building scale : especially to evaluate the whole thermal performance taking into account the thermal bridges and the interfaces between panels and /or between windows & panels …
  

In order to collect data and information from the manufacturers, datasheet templates will be prepared and sent to the participants.

Subtask 2 & 3:

The discussion about subtask 2 & 3 was more difficult and confusing because the levels and areas of knowledge of each were very different and varied. It can be considered as a normal situation at the beginning of an Annex.

As a preamble, the OP proposes several actions:

- To make a round robin test on the measurement of the VIP's thermal conductivity, as a common exercise before the next meeting.

- To gather information, particularly regarding the sustainability of the APM (porous silica aerogel …).
In order to organize this Round Robin Test (RRT) a Table in presented in Annexe 4 in order to describe the methods used, the number of needed samples and their geometric characteristics.

The list of VIP manufacturers who gave their agreements to participate to the RRT is also given.

After the meeting, EDF has contacted FIW in order organise a working meeting dealing with the content of Subtask 2 and they will present a comprehensive program at the next meeting.
Furthermore, in coordination with Ulrich Heinemann, Bijan Adl-Zarrabi will continue to list case studies and he will try to identify ongoing or upcoming projects with monitoring.

6: Some comments from the OP

As the number of presentations, especially dealing with VIP, was higher than initially planned the discussion time has been shortened and some participants felt frustrated by the lack of exchange and because important issues were not addressed during the kick-off meeting.

Indeed, as the participants do not have the same background and the levels of knowledge are different among them, the kick-off meeting is a real opportunity to share information and to bring the different interests together.

Among the important issues to address at the next meeting are the following:

• 
  the advanced porous materials (porous silica, aerogel …)
  
• 
  the degradation processes (gas permeation, gas adsorption, shrinkage …) at the material & component
  
• 
  The service life planning : an analysis according to the ISO stand ard15686-2 Buildings and constructed assets — Service life planning — Part 2: Service life prediction procedures is certainly needed.
  

Of course, a very poor ambition has been put forward dealing with the initial work to do before the second plenary meeting in Germany and the potential contributors have not been clearly identified but the OP is convinced that we will all improve ourselves and at the end wonderful outputs will be delivered.

7: Planned Plenary Meetings

1^st Plenary Meeting Germany End of February/March 2015 (DOODLE survey to be send by FIW)

2^nd Plenary Meeting Torino, Italy June 2015 (6th IBPC)

2^nd Plenary Meeting Nanjing, China Sept. 2015 (IVIS)

3^rd Plenary Meeting Sweden March, 2016 (to be confirmed)

5^th Plenary Meeting Japan Sept 2016

6^th Plenary Meeting Norway March, 2017 (to be confirmed)

7^th Final Meeting Paris, France Sept, Oct. , 2017 (IVIS)
Between each Plenary Meeting, some working group meetings (teleconference) might be organized depending on the need in each Subtask. 

8: Additional information

At the end of the meeting Marco Perino invited the participants to submit summaries to the next IBPC in Torino. http://www.ibpc2015.org/

He added that if 5 to 6 papers are submitted, he could organise a special session about "SIM in Building" during the conference.

Therefore, you are all invited to submit a summary before the end of October

http://www.ibpc2015.org/abstract_submission.php

ANNEX 1: Message from Rainer ZAH

Dear Daniel,

as the Ministry of Energy declined our whole project proposal and we currently have no other projects on superinsulation, I cannot participate on Annex 65 in general.

Greetings

Rainer

Rainer Zah Dr. sc. nat. ETH
Managing Director
Quantis Switzerland/Germany
[e-mail]	quantis-intl.com
Tél.[phone] Mobile[phone] Skype rainer_zah	Reitergasse 11 8004 Zürich Switzerland

ANNEXE 2: Message from Holber Wallbaum.

Cher Daniel Quenard,

Thanks for your kind email and the invitation to join the Annex 65 as a subtask-leader that I am very happy to accept. As a subject editor for building materials and buildings at the International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, I have a special interest in the topics addressed in subtask 4. I have already checked the website of Annex 57, led by Prof. Oka and I will be happy to discuss with him as well how to align the efforts in the two annexes. Actually, I do know Prof. Lützkendorf very well, who is a member of the annex 57, too. Hopefully we can benefit from some work that is currently done by one of my PhD students, Jun Kono, who is funded by the European Climate-KIC and working on the environmental performance of building materials. Jun is from Japan, did his Master at ETH in Zurich/Switzerland at the same time, when I have been at ETH and he fortunately joined us now in Sweden. Thus, I expect him as a very qualified person to support the efforts in both annexes.
Finally I am looking forward to reading from your side about next steps in Annex 65.
Avec mes sincères salutations distingues de la Suede,

Holger

______________________________

Holger Wallbaum Prof. Dr. Professor in Sustainable Building Civil and Environmental Engineering

Chalmers University of Technology SE - 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden Tel: [phone] Mobile: [phone] [e-mail] www.chalmers.se

ANNEXE 3:
SoA provisional content

1 : Introduction

• 
  Two types of SIM
  
  • 
    VIP
    
  • 
    Advanced Porous Materials
    
• 
  Heat transfer in porous media
  

2 : VIP

Films : Hanita, Toray, Toppan …

Core Materials : Porextherm, Microtherm, Evonik, Creek,

Panels : Porextherm, Microtherm, vaQtec, Creek, Siltherm, Saint Gobain, Panasonic …
3 : APM

Porous Silica: Evonik …

Aerogel : Cabot, Enersens, Separex …

…
4 : COMPONENTS

• 
  DowCorning
  
• 
  Saint Gobain
  
• 
  Metra Group
  
• 
  …
  

5 : SYSTEMS

• 
  
  

6 : CASE STUDIES - BUILDING

7 : METHODS of CHARACTERIZATION

• 
  Material Level
  
• 
  Component level
  
• 
  Systems level
  

8 : DEGRADATIONS PROCESSES & AGEING

ANNEX 4: Round Robin Test – to be confirmed by FIW
Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity of VIP
COP : Center of Panel VIP



Measurement Area

Size of the sample

Thermal Bridges : VIP

Method 1

Method 2

Table I : Description of samples needed for the Round Robin Test

Laboratory Institute Company	Equipment	Sample size COP : Center of Panel	Sample	Sample Size Thermal Bridges – Method 1
FIW (DE)
NUAA (CH)
HANITA
vaQtec
POLITO
EMPA (CH)
CSTB (FR°	HFM	Min : 600 x 600 mm Max : 800 x 800 mm Thickness : up to 100 mm	At least 3 samples per manufacturer	Min : 600 x 300 mm Max : 800 x 400 mm Thickness : up to 100 mm	At least 6 samples per manufacturer
KONGJU University (KR)

HFM : Heat Flow Meter

GHP : Guarded Hot Plate

VIP Manufacturers

CREEK

KINGSPAN

vaQtec

PANASONIC

The VIP manufacturers will send the samples listed in Table I to the participants (addresses in the next Table II), volunteer for carrying out the measurements.

FIW will collect all the data

Deadline : Next meeting in Munich

Table II : Addresses of the participants volunteers to measure the COP thermal conductivity of VIP and to evaluate the Thermal Bridge effect.

Laboratory Institute Company	Address
FIW (DE)	Andreas Holm/Christoph Sprengard FIW - Lochhamer Schlag 4 - DE-82166 Gräfelfing
NUAA (CN)	Prof. Dr. Zhaofeng Chen Super Insulation Composites Laboratory - College of Material Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 29 Yudao Street - Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
HANITA (IS)	Yoash Carmi - Hanita Coatings Kibbutz Hanita - 22885, Israel
vaQtec (DE)	Dr. Roland Caps va-Q-tec AG - Karl-Ferdinand-Braun-Str. 7 - 97080 Würzburg, Germany
POLITO (IT)	Marco Perino – Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 - 10129 Torino, ITALY
EMPA (CH)	Samuel Brunner – EMPA Dübendorf Überlandstrasse 129 - CH-8600 Dübendorf
CSTB (FR°	CSTB - Daniel Quenard 24, Rue Joseph FOURIER - 38400 Saint Martin d'Heres - FRANCE
KONGJU University (KR)	Jun Tae KIM, Professor Department of Architectural Engineering - Kongju National University   275 Budae-Dong, Cheonan - Chungnam 330-717, KOREA (South)