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CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction

This chapter describes the methods used in this study which include the research design, population, sample size determination, sampling technique and procedure, sampling frame, sources of data, data collection techniques, research instruments, validity and reliability of research instruments and method of data analysis. It describes the methods adopted by the researcher in terms of quantifiable and qualitative techniques to collect and analyze data. This section also include the study area which gives a brief description of the areas used as the case study of this reseaech. Three states; Lagos, Ogun and Oyo States were used as the case study of the research.

3.1 Study Area

Looking at Lagos State, it was created on 27^th May, 1967 by Decree No 14 of 1967. Lagos State was founded in the fifiteen century as a Portuguese trading post exporting ivory, peppers and slaves. Among the other six states in the South-West Nigeria, Lagos is the most populous city in Nigeria. It has twenty local Government area which include; Agege, Mushin, Alimosho, Oshodi-Isolo, Ikeja, Lagos Mainland, Lagos Island, Epe and others. Its metropolitan area is estimated at 300 square kilometers and it is endowed with creeks and a Lagoon. It has been recognized for its highly populated business activities. In Nigeria, Lagos is known as one the higly industrialized states. It has over 2000 manufacturing industries and all the financial instutions has their headquarters in Lagos State. All the sectors of the economy such as agricultural, oil and gas, trade, service, insurance, transportation and others have their industries fully represented in Lagos State. It provides the platform for exploring the activities of women entrepreneurship in Nigeria (http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng).

Ogun State was created in February 1976 with Abeokuta as the state capital, comprises the old Abeokuta and ljebu provinces. It was one of the nineteen states created out of the former twelve state structure of 1967. Ogun State had a total population of 2,338,570 according to the Census figures of 1991. The Abeokuta group of LGAs had the highest population density of 480 persons per sq. km., followed by Sagamu group with 288 persons/sq. km. in 1991, followed by AdoOdo/Ota and ljebuOde, groups with each having 271 persons/sq. km., while Egbado South had a density of 234 persons/sq. km. The state shares an international boundary with the Republic of Benin to the West and interstate boundaries with Oyo State in the north, Lagos State in the south and Ondo State in the east. As at March, 1997 Ogun State had twenty Local Government Areas (LGAs). These include; AbeokutaNorth and AbeokutaSouth, lfo, AdoOdo/Ota, Ewekoro, ljebu Remo, Sagamu, Ikenne, Egbado North, EgbadoSouth, ljebuOde and Odogbolu LGAs and ljebuEast and others .

The locational advantage of the state, in being between the Lagos and lbadan commercial centres, has provided accessibility to sources of finance and the market for the manufactured products. All these advantages have made Ogun state one of the growing industrial states in the country. Most of its industries concentrate more in some LGAs such as AbeokutaNorth, AbeokutaSouth, lfo, AdoOdo/Ota, Ewekoro, Sagamu, ljebuOde and Owode LGAs. Availability of forest, agricultural and mineral resources in the state, access to a large pool of skilled manpower, the presence of water and electric power supply, incentives by successive governments and the locational advantage of the state, all make it a favoured location for several kinds of industrial establishments.

At present, there are about 158 manufacturing plants in the state and AdoOdo/Ota LGA has forty five percent (45%) of the total, while Abeokuta, Sagamu and ljebuOde LGA; groups together have about forty percent (40%) of the total. The remaining plants are in some rural centres (i.e, Remo North, ljebuNorth, lfo and Ewekoro LGAs). Among these are Cement manufacturing plants at Ewekoro and Sagamu, Paper Mill which produces fine paper in large quantities and four government agencies which facilitate the extension of modem agricultural techniques and practices to all the rural areas of the state, namely: Agricultural Development Agency (ADA), Agro Services Corporation (ASC), Ogun State Agricultural Development Project (OGADEP) and Ogun State Forestry Plantation and so many others (http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/ogunstateadv.asp)

Oyo State is a highly urbanized and cosmopolitan State located in the South West Region of Nigeria. It occupies a land area of 27,405 square kilometers with 26190.835 Km2 of wet/plain land and 1214.852 km2 of high land. The topography is of gentle rolling lowland in the South rising to a plateau, 40 meters and above in the North. The actual population of figure of Oyo State in 1991 was 3,452,713 while the estimated figures for the state in 2005 was 5,103,148 as shown in table 2.3. The sex ratio was low as there was more female population in the state. Considering the growth rate of 2.83%, the estimated male and female populations were projected to be 2,529,497 and 2,573,651 respectively. The highest population figure was projected to be 446,760 people in Ibadan North Local Government Area. Population density of more than one thousand persons per square kilometer was reported for six Local Government Area of Egbeda, Ibadan North, Ibadan North East, Ibadan North West, Ibadan South East and Ibadan South West. Oyo State is highly concentrated with various business activities fully representing all the sectors of the economy such as agriculture (fisheries, production of cash crops, poultry, and animal husbandry); trade, service, manufacturing, financial instutions and others (Oyo State of Nigeria, 2005).

3.2 Research Design

There are three (3) types reseach design that are commonly in use. They include the survey research, participant observation and ex-post facto methods. The nature of this research necessitates the use of mixed approaches. For this study, the adoption of the three methods is most applicable, because of their capacity in collecting large and standardized data. This standardized data provides information that helps in providing answers to the research questions. The survey method addresses the social, financial, psychological and environmental implications of women entrepreneurial motivational variables. This was actually precedented by the adoption of exploratory research method to obtain preliminary information on the subject matter of the study from the respondents. The respondents for this work are all the women entrepreneurs drawn from the sample of SMEs from different sectors in the South-West Nigeria which is the population of this study. These sectors are the agricultural, manufacturing, service and trade sectors. A cross sectional type of survey method was also adopted because of the involvement of different sectors and states in this study. The participant observation was used to introduce some intervening variables on the field of data collected. The ex post facto was used to assist in the use of past data and records particularly from the works of previous of scholars.

3.3 Population of the Study

To establish the population of this study, the researcher adopted deliberate non probality sampling method in selecting the states of coverage. These are Lagos, Ogun and Oyo states within South-West Nigeria and four producing sectors; agricultural, manufacturing, service and trade trade were equally selected based on the ISTC scale. This covered over 92 percent of the activities of Nigerian operational system (Bailey, 1987; Otokiti, 2005). Consequently, published documents that contains information on the number of women entrepreneurs in agricultural, manufacturing, trade and service sectors in the South-West Nigeria were obtained from the States’ (Lagos, Ogun and Oyo) membership directories of Nigerian Association of Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture (NACCIMA), Nigerian Association of Small and Medium Enterprises (NASME), Nigerian Association of Small Scale Industrialists (NASSI), some Local Government Areas and other related associations. Two thousand, one hundred and fifty (2,150) women entrepreneurs were extracted from these lists. This study equally took cognizance of the fact that there may be many of these enterprises not actually registered and uncaptured in our frame.

3.4 Sample Size Determination

The Sample size of this study was determined from the population using the Minimum Returned Sample Size Table for Continuous and Categorical data propounded by Bartlett, Kotrilik and Higgins (2001). Among all the methods of sample size determination, the Minimum Returned Sample Size Table was considered to be more appropriate for this study because the information involved has to do with quantitive survey design and categorical data. Quantitive survey design gives researchers the opportunity to use smaller groups of people to make inferences about larger groups that would be prohibitively expensive to study (Holton & Burnett, 1997).

As earlier mentioned, the report from the study population shows that the estimated population of registered number of women entrepreneurs in different sectors in South-West Nigeria is put at 2,150. Going by the table of the sample size, developed by Bartlett, Kotrilik and Higgins (2001), five hundred and seventy (570) was used as the sample size of this study. To arrive at 570, the closest number to the population of this study was selected from the table below (from the column of the population size) which is around four thousand (4000), this was then traced down to 570 under the categorical data. The reason for choosing categorical data at a margin of error of probability of 0.05 is because the margin of error shown is appropriate for this study; however, the appropriate sample size must be calculated if these error rates are not appropriate.

Table 31: Minimum Returned Sample Size Table for Continuous and Categorical Data

S/N	Population Size	Continuous Data			Categorical Data
		Margin of Error = 0.03			Margin of Error = 0.05
		Alpha=.10	Alpha=.05	Alpha=.01	p.50	p.50	p.50
		T=1.65	T=1.96	T=2.58	t=1.65	t=1.96	t=2.58
6	600	73	100	155	187	235	316
7	700	75	102	161	196	249	341
8	800	76	104	166	203	260	363
9	900	76	105	170	209	270	382
10	1000	77	106	173	213	278	399
11	1500	79	110	183	230	306	461
12	2000	83	112	189	239	323	499
13	4000	83	119	198	254	351	570
14	6,000	83	119	209	259	362	598
15	8,000	83	119	209	262	367	613
16	10,000	83	119	209	264	370	623

Source: Bartlett, Kotrilik and Higgins (2001)

5. 
   Sampling Procedure
   

The researcher used a two-stage methods in selecting the sample size. Due to the large size of the population of this research work, the researcher decided to select a sample size that adequately represents the population of women entrepreneurs in South-West Nigeria using both probability and nonprobability sampling methods. This combination is necessary because the study was carried out in stages(Chein, 1981). A nonprobability sampling method was used at the first stage to select the areas of the study while a probability sampling method was used in selecting the women entrepreneurs as respondents at the final stage. A sample size of five hundred and seventy (570) women entrepreneurs that are involved in the SMEs of agriculture, manufacturing, trade and service sectors were randomly selected. This is in confirms with Nunally (1978) who suggested a minimum of three hundred (300) respondents for acceptable construct validity. The sample included respondents drawn from three States out of the six States within the South-West of Nigeria. These States (Lagos, Ogun and Oyo) were selected because they been considered as the most commercialized stated in South-West Nigeria (Soetan, 1997).
Stratified, cluster and simple random sampling methods were used in selecting the sample size. Stratified sampling method helped the researcher to group the population into three states and four sectors. The clustering sampling method helped the researcher to choose those local government areas where the respondents have been identified to live in clusters. These local government areas have been listed in Table 32. Random sampling method on the other hand helped the researcher to use the principles of randomization which is a procedure of giving every respondent in the study population an equal chance of appearing in the selection(Asika, 2000). Using these sampling techniques, helped the study to increase the precision and efficiency of the estimates, guarantee that variable categories are adequately represented in the sample and to save costs. This is neccessry considering the the fact that the study involved three states and four different sectors in the Nigerian economy. namely; agricultural, manufacturing, service and trade sectors.
A list of women entrepreneurs from these sectors was drawn with validation and verification from documents made available by the Nigerian Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture (NACCIMA), National Association of Small and Medium Enterprises (NASME), Nigerian Association of Small Scale Industries (NASSI), other related associations of Nigerian Women Entrepreneurs of the states involved and some Loal Government Areas. The three states was purposively selected out of the six states in the south-west Nigeria (Bailey, 1987; Singleton, 1992; Asika, 1991; Otokiti, Olateju and Adejumo, 2007). The reasons for choosing these states are because (i) most businesses are situated in these states, (ii) the issue of the proximity of these states to the researcher’s point of contact was considered, (iii) all Nigerian tribes are fully represented in these states, (iv) high financial income of the consumers in these states which serves as motivating factor for establishing business in a location (Soetan, 1997).
The respondents also went through a two-stage selection process. These respondents were first selected as entrepreneurs that are involved in agriculture, manufacturing, trade and service sectors from the three states in the South-West Nigeria. The second set of criteria for selecting the respondents included any of the following: (a) having initiated the business (i) having up to ten employees or (ii) having an asset base that is not less than N1m or (b) being a joint owner of the business with the husband that met any of the two criteria stated in (i) and (ii) above. Some of the respondents were contacted through telephone call by the researcher to ensure their availability during the visitation. Some of the respondents were inquisitive to know the contents of the questionnaire so as to know what and how to answer the questions. To be able to cover the areas selected as the scope of the study, six (6) research assistants were used. Two research assistants each were assigned to the three States after they have been properly trained and instructed on how to go about their assignment. The researcher ensured a close supervision on them while they were on the field.

3.6 Sampling Frame

In this study, sampling frame consists of women involved in entrepreneurial activities in the four selected economic sectors used as the case study, their states, local government areas and addresses. The local government areas used as the sample frame of this study were purposively selected selected based on the issue of proximity to the researcher’s contact point, for effective management of the respondents and costs efficency (given the limits of fund available) Bailey, 1987; Singleton, 1992). Out of the twenty local government areas, twenty local government areas and thirty-three local government areas in Lagos, Ogun and Oyo States respectively the LGAs in Table 32 were purposively selected.

Table 32: Sample Size: Local Government Areas Covered in Lagos, Ogun and Oyo States

S/N	Lagos State	Ogun State	Oyo State
1.	Agege	Abeokuta-North	Ibadan Central
2.	Mushin	Abeokuta-South	Ibadan North
3.	Alimosho	Ado Odo/Ota	Ibadan North West
4.	Oshodi-Isolo	Ewekoro	Ibadan South East
5.	Ikeja	Ifo	Ibadan South West