Associate professor of church history princeton theological seminary baker book house

BiBLz06HAPHT: Early material is found in J. Usher, De Gotteaehaiei et prodestinatione . . . Aietoria, Dublin, 1631; G. Manguin, Veterum auctorum qui ix. aceculo de prades­tinatione . . . 1scripserunt opera, 2 vole., Paris, 1650; L. Cellot, Historia Gothucalei pradestinatiani, ib. 1655; Histoire littfiraire de la France, vole. iv. v. Modern treat­ments are: F. Monnier, De Gothescalci et Johannis Sroti Bripena contraveraia, Paris, 1853; V. Borrasch, Der Msndh Gottschalk von Orbais, Thorn, 1869; E. DiAmmler, in NA, iv (1879), pp. 320 321; idem, Gewhichte des oeh frankisehen Reichs, i. 327 386, 405 409, Berlin, 1887; A. Ebert, Ailgemeine Gesckichte der Literatur des Mittel­altera, ii. 166 169, Leipsie, 1880; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 472 492; Schaff; Christian Church, iv. 522 sqq., 530 aqq.

2. Ruler of the Wendish tribes on the Elbe and champion of Christianity in that region; d. June 7, 1066. The son of the Wendish Prince Uto, he was educated at the monastery of St. Michael in Liine­burg. Upon the assassination of his father by a Saxon, Gottschalk abjured his faith, and placing him­self at the head of the Wendish forces, engaged in a sanguinary struggle with the Saxon Duke Bernard, by whom he was finally defeated and taken prisoner. Restored to liberty after some years, he betook him­self to the court of Ding Canute in England, where he became once more a Christian. As apostle of that faith and as claimant also to the royal power, he returned to his native land and, with the aid of the Danish Sing Magnus and Adalbert, the powerful archbishop of Hamburg Bremen (q.v.), he succeeded in making himself master of the modern Mecklen­burg and parts of Pommemnia, Holstein, and the Mark. The introduction of the new faith was zealously prosecuted; priests were summoned from abroad; churches and monasteries were founded at LUbeck, Oldenburg, Lenzen, and Ratzeburg; and the hierarchy of the Church was perfected by Adal­bert. Gottschalk preached the Gospel in person and effected the conversion of a third of his sub­jects, but no sooner had the fall of Adalbert deprived him of foreign help than a pagan reaction ensued and Gottschalk was assassinated at Lenzen with many Christian priests and laymen. Within a year Christianity had been extirpated in the region. (A. HAucg.)

BIBLIoosAPHT: Sources are: Adam of Bremen, Gesta Ham­manburpensis ecclesix pontifimm, ii. 64, 75, iii. 18 21, 49­50, ed. Ports, in MGH, Script., vii (1846), 280 389; .Hel­mold, Chronisa Slavorum, i. 19 22, in MGM, Script., m., 1869 (not nearly so valuable as Adam of Bremen). Consult: L. Giesebreeht, Wendische Geachichte, ii. 65, 85, Berlin, 1843; W. Giesebrecht, Geschichte der dsutechen %aiseraeit, ii. 460 eqq., iii. 130 131, Leipsic, 1888 90; ADB, ix. 489; Hauck, %D, iii. 854 857, 735.

GOTTSCHICg, JOHANNES: German Lutheran; b. at Rochau (a village near Altenburg, 26 m. a. of Leipsic) Nov. 23, 1847; d. at Tiibingen Jan. 3, 1907. He was educated at the universities of Erlangen and Halle from 1865 to 1868, and was a teacher in gymnasia successively at Halle (1871­1873), Wernigerode (187,3 76), and Torgau (1876­1878). He was then religious inspector at the Monastery of the Virgin at Magdeburg with the title of professor in 1878 82, and in the latter year was appointed professor of practical theology at the University of Giessen. Ten years later he was

87

RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA

called in the same capacity to Tilbingen, where he remained until his death. In theology he was an adherent of the school of Ritschl. He wrote, be­sides many minor contributions, Die Kirchlichkeit der sogenannten kirchlichen Theologie (Freiburg, 1890); and Abschiedapredigten (Tubingen, 1901).
GOUCHER, gau'cher, JOHN FRANKLIN: Meth­odist Episcopalian; b. at Waynesboro, Pa., June 7, 1845. He was educated at Dickinson College (B.A.,1868) and entered the ministry of his denomi­nation in 1869, holding successive pastorates in the Baltimore circuit (1869 72), Catonsville, Md. (1872­1875), Huntingdon Ave., Baltimore (1875 78), Harlem Park, Baltimore (1878 81), Strawbridge, Baltimore (1881,82), and City Station, Baltimore (1882 90). Since 1890 he has been president of The Woman's College, Baltimore, Md. He pro­jected the Princess Anne Training School and the Anglo Japanese College, Tokyo, and founded the West China Mission and the Korean Mission of the Methodist Episcopal Church. At the appointment of the Board of Missions of his denomination, he inspected the Methodist Episcopal missions in Italy (1886), Meldco (1892), and India (1897 98), and took an active part in founding and supporting primary and secondary vernacular schools in the latter country. He was a delegate to several gen­eral conferences of his church, and is president of the American Methodist Historical Society.
GOUDIMEL, gil"di"mel', CLAUDE: Church musician; b. at Besancon or Vaison near Avignon, c. 1505; killed at Lyons, in the massacre of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24, 1572. He was attracted to Rome, which at that time was the center of musical life, and in 1534 was a singer in the papal chapel. In 1540 he founded a school for music. His music formed an essential factor in the development of the classical style of Roman Catholic church music. For unknown reasons Goudimel went to Paris before 1549. It is uncertain at what time he embraced Protestantism, but he must have been a member of the Reformed Church when his first compilation of the complete Psalter appeared in 1564. By his majestically clear harmonization of the melodies to the translations of the Psalms by Marot and Beza, Goudimel has largely influenced Protestant church music, where they were only in part replaced, even in the Reformed churches of Germany and German Switzerland, by the tunes of the Basel cantor, Samuel Marschall. (E. F. KARL. Mt1ILER.)

BIBLIOaserar: E. and It. Haeg, La France proteatante, v.

308 eqq., Paris, 1855; G. Becker, in Bulietin hietoriyve de la aocikti de 1'hiatoire du proteetantieme trancair, 1885, pp. 337 eqq.; O. Douen, CUmsnt Marot at k psautier

huguenot. 2 vols., Paris, 1878 79; P. Wolfrum, Die Ent­atshunp . . . des deutachen evanpelirchen Kirchenliedes,

pp. 123 sqq., Leipsie, 1890; H. A. Ksstlin, Guchiehte der Musk, Pp. 145 146, 155, Berlin, 1899; Lichtenberger. ESR, v. 636 638.

GOUGE, gauge, THOMAS: English non conformist divine and philanthropist; b. in London Sept. 29, 1609; d. there Oct. 29, 1681. He studied at Eton and at King's College, Cambridge, where he became fellow in 1828; took orders, and accepted the appointment to Coulsdon, Surrey, 1635; became

0ottsol Qouge

vicar of St. Sepulcher's, London, 1638, where he distinguished himself by his catechetical instruction, and also by a system of relief of the poor by pro­viding work instead of giving alms. By the Uni­formity Act of 1662 (see UNIFORMITY, AcTs OF) he was compelled to leave his living, and his charitable endeavors were directed to the relief of the netress­sities of ejected London clergymen, giving largely of his own means to this and other charities and reserving a mere pittance for his own support. In 1672 he engaged in the work of education and evangelization in Wales, including the translation, publishing, and distribution of the Bible, catechism, and other religious works. His own writings, several of which were translated into Welsh, include: The Christian Householder (London, 1663); Christian Directions (1664); The Principles of Christian Religion Explained (1675); and The Surest and Safest Way of Thriving (1676); and many tracts which continued to be reproduced past the middle of the nineteenth century. His Works were collected with an Account of His Life by Archbishop J. Tillot­son (1706).

BIBLIoaBAP87: Besides the Life by J. Tillotson, ut sup., consult: Samuel Clarke, Lives of Sundry Eminent Persons, i. 202 203, London, 1683; T. Rees, Mist. of Pretestant Non­conformity in Wales, pp. 198 197, 203 204, ib., 1883; DNB, aOai. 289 271.

GOUGE, WILLIAM : Puritan and Presbyte­rian; b. at Stratford Bow (4 m. e.n.e. of London) Nov. 1, 1575 (so his son states, but others say Dec. 25, 1578); d. in London Dec. 12, 1653. He was educated in St. Paul's School, London, and at Eton, and entered King's College, Cambridge, in 1595, where he became fellow in three years, and subsequently lectured on logic and philosophy and taught Hebrew, which he had learned from a Jew. During his nine years at Cambridge he was so strict and careful in all his life and studies as to earn the title " an arch Puritan." Reluctantly he withdrew from his studies to enter upon the active work of the ministry. He was ordained in June, 1608, in the parish of Blackfriars, where he remained until his death, accounted " the father of the London divines, and the oracle of his time." In his early ministry he was brought into trouble with the gov­ernment by his publication of Sir Henry Finch on The World's Great Restaurntion, or Calling of the Jews, and with them of All Nations and Kingdoms of the Earth to the Faith of Christ (1621), and was thrown into prison because Finch's speculation that the Jews would soon set up a world wide empire was considered treasonable by King James. After nine weeks he was released, having given a state­ment of his own opinions, which were entirely orthodox. Several volumes of his sermons were issued: The Whole Armour of God (1616); Domes­tic Duties (1622, 3d ed., 1634); Guide to Go to God (1626); God's Three Arrows: Plague, Famine and Sword (1631); The Saint's Sacrifice (1632) and others. He was also distinguished for his method of catechizing, which was first published without his knowledge, but afterward revised and edited by himself in many editions; the eighth (1637) con­taining a larger and lesser catechism, with prayers, In 1643 he was made a member of the Westminster

Gough

Governor

THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG

Assembly and took an active part in the proceed­ings, in 1647 becoming one of the assessors. He was on the committee for the examination of min­isters, on that for drafting a confession of faith, and was chosen with others to write the Assembly's annotations on the Bible, his part being from I Kings to Job. He assisted in the conflict with the Separatists of the day. He was chosen prolocutor of the first Provincial Assembly of London, May 3, 1647, and was a recognized leader of the London ministers, uniting with them in protesting against the execution of Charles I. and the actions of Crom­well. His last work was his commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews, which he barely lived to finish, and which was published after his death, by his son, in 1655 (2 vols.). C. A. BRIGGS.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: His Life, by his son, is prefixed to the 1&55 edition of his Commentary, and in H. Clark's Lives of Thirty two English Divines, pp. 234 sqq., London, 1677. Consult further: A. i; Wood, Athence Oxonienaea, i. 807, ib. 1691; J. Reid, Memoirs of the Westminster Divines, Paisley, 1811; B. Brook, Lives of the Puritans, iii. 165, London, 1813; DNB, xxii. 271 273.

GOUGH, gef, JOHN BARTHOLOMEW: Con­gregational layman and temperance advocate; b. at Sandgate (14 m. s. of Canterbury), Kent, England, Aug. 22, 1817; d. at Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 18, 1886. When twelve years of age he emigrated to the United States and worked on a farm in Oneida County, N. Y., for two years. He then went to New York City, where he secured employment in the bookbindery of the Methodist Book Concern. He ultimately saved enough to bring his mother and sister to the United States. The family be­came reduced to poverty, however, and after the death of his mother in 1834 Gough began to drink heavily. In 1842 he was induced to sign the pledge, and quickly gained prominence as an advo­cate of total abstinence. Within two years he twice violated his pledge, but his earnest endeavors to keep it retained public confidence, and he be­came widely and favorably known as a temperance lecturer. In 1853 55 and again in 1857 60 he lectured in Great Britain under the auspices of the Scottish Temperance Association and the British Temperance Association. After his return to the United States he lectured on other than temperance topics, although he retained to the last his keen interest in the cause of total abstinence and fre­quently spoke in its behalf. He wrote Avtobwg­raphy (London, 1846); Orations (1854); Autobiog­raphy and Personal Recollections (Springfield, Mass., 1869); Temperance Lectures (New York, 1879); Sunlight and Shadow : or, Gleanings from my Life­Work (London, 1881); and Platform Echoes (Hart­ford, Conn., 1886; edited in the following year by Lyman Abbott, with a memoir of the author).
GOULART, gu"ldr', SIMON: French Reformed theologian and poet; b. at Senlis (32 m. n.n.e. of Paris) Oct. 20, 1543; d. at Geneva Feb. 3, 1628. He first studied law, then adopted the Reformed faith and became one of the pastors at Geneva (1566). He was called to Antwerp, to Orange, to Montpellier, and Nimes as minister, and to Lau­sanne as professor, but. the Genevese magistrates always refused to part with him. In 1595 he spoke

violently of Gabrielle d'Estr6es, the favorite of

Henry IV., in a sermon and was therefore put in

prison by order of the Council of Geneva, but after

eight days he was released, although the French am­

bassador had required a more severe punishment.

He wrote a number of books on history and theol­

ogy (for full list cf. Lichtenberger, ESR, v. 639­

641), the most important being his additions to

Crespin's Histoire ales Martyrs (Geneva, 1608);

Recueil contenant les ehoses les plus m6morables

advenues sows la Ligue (6 vols., 1590 99); RReueil

des chows m6morables soul le regne de Henri 11.

(1598). EUGibNE CHolsy.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: P. E. Godet, Hist. litE€raires de la Suisse franpaise, Paris, 1889; V. Rossel, Hist. littkraire de la Suisse romande, 2 vols., Geneva, 1889 91; E. Choisy, L'Ptat chrAtien h Gen~ve, ib. 1902.

GOULBURN, EDWARD MEYRICg: Church of England; b. at Chelsea (a suburb of London) Feb. 11, 1818; d. at Tunbridge Wells (30 m. s.e. of London), Kent, May 3, 1897. He was educated at Eton College and at Balliol College, Oxford (B.A., 1839). From 1839 to 1846 he was fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and tutor and dean from 1843 to 1845. He was ordered deacon in 1842 and priested in 1843. He was successively perpetual curate of Holywell, Oxford (1844 50), head master of Rugby (1850 58), minister of Quebec Chapel, now the Church of the Annunciation, St. Marylebone, Lon­don (1858 59), vicar of St. John's, Paddington, London (1859 66), and dean of Norwich (1866 89). He was also chaplain to the bishop of Oxford (1847­1849), and prebendary of Brownswood in St. Paul's Cathedral and chaplain to the queen (1859 66). In theology he advanced gradually from the Evan­gelical to the High church position, although he was never a ritualist. He was a strong opponent of lat­itudinarianism and rationalism. Of his voluminous writings the more important are: The Doctrine of the Resurrection of the Body (Bampton Lec­tures; London, 1851); An Introduction to the Devo­tional Study of Holy Scripture (1854); A Manual of Confirmation (3 parts, 1855); Thoughts on Personal Religion (2 vols., 1862); The Pursuit of Holiness (1869); The Holy Catholic Church (1873); A Com­mentary on the Order of the Administration of the Lord's Supper (1875); Everlasting Punishment (1880); Three Counsels of the Divine Master for the Conduct of the Spiritual Life (2 vols., 1888); and John William Burgon, late Dean of Chichester (2 vols., 1892).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: B. Compton, Edward Meyrick Goulburn, London. 1899.

GOULD, GEORGE PIERCE: English Baptist; b. at Exeter, England, July 13, 1848. He was educated at London University (1865 67), Glas­gow University (M.A., 1871), Glasgow University Divinity Hall (1871 73), and the universities of Berlin, GSttingen, and Leipsie (1873 76). After his return to England he was pastor of Baptist chapels at Bournemouth and Boscombe (1876 80), and at Cotbam Grove, Bristol (1880 85). He was then appointed professor of Hebrew, Old Testament exegesis, and church history in Regent's Park Col­lege, London, holding this position until he was chosen principal, substituting systematic theology

RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA

for church history, but retaining his chair of Hebrew.

GOVERNOR: The title of an administrative polit­ical officer. In the Old Testament the term " gover 

nor" is used almost exclusively for the Biblical Hebrew pehah, though the Hebrew

Use of word is not always translated by

Term. " governor." " Governor " is found in

the books of Ezra (v. 3 14, vi. .6, 13, viii. 36), Nehemiah (ii. 7, 9, iii. 7 etc.), Esther (iii. 12) etc.; but in other passages of the Old Testa­ment pehah is rendered " captain " (Jer. li. 23, 28; Ezek. xxiii. 6, 23; Dan. iii. 27, etc.), or " deputy " (Esther viii. 9, ix. 3). The Hebrew term is to be traced back to the Assyrian bel pihdtu, " ruler of a district," and denotes the civil ruler of a district who is dependent upon the sovereign and is en­trusted with the chief military command. The term is used in the Old Testament of Israelitic, Syriac, Assyrian, Chaldean, and Persian governors. Above the pehah stood, according to Ezra viii. 36, Esther iii. 12, the " king's lieutenants," but their mutual relation is not entirely clear; lower in rank stood the aeganim, " rulers " (Dan. iii. 2, 27; Jer. li. 23,28, 57; Ezek. xxiii. 6, 12, 23). The corresponding term hegem6n, hegemoneu6n, in the New Testament is rendered throughout by " governor," whether it refers to an imperial legate of Syria (Luke ii. 2), or a procurator of Judea (Matt. xxvii. 2, 11, 14 etc.; Luke iii. 1; Acts xxiii. 24, 26), or a Roman governor in general (Matt. x. 18; I Peter ii. 14). The Greek anthyPatos, which corresponds to the Roman title " proconsul," is translated in the Authorized Ver­sion by " deputy," in the Revised Version by" pro­consul."

The official position and authority which these three classes of Roman ,governors proconsuls,

legates, and procurators exercised in Appoint  New Testament times rested upon the

ment and regulations of Augustus for the admin 

Duties of istration of the Romanprovinces. The

Roman Provinces of the Roman empire were

Governors. divided into consular and pretorian,

and were entrusted to men of pro­consular rank with the chief command of an army onto propretors without such a command; but the office carried with it almost sovereign power. After Augustus, through the victory of Actium, 31 B.c., had become ruler, the senate conferred upon him the chief military command, and in this way he controlled all provinces that were endangered by external attacks or internal disturbances, while the peaceful provinces, i.e., mostly those nearest to Italy, remained under the direction of the senate; but even these were dependent upon the emperor in virtue of his dignity as general governor of all provinces. For the appointment of governors in the senatorial provinces, such as Baetica, Sicily, Africa, Crete, and Cyrene, the republican forms were preserved as far as possible, especially election by lot, duration of office one year, and the distinc­tion between Proconsular and pretorian provinces; but the distinction of title was removed the gover­nors of all senatorial provinces, whether of consular or pretorian rank, were without exception called proconsuls. In accordance with this principle, the

dough

Governor

New Testament designates the governors of the provinces of Cyprus and Achaia, Sergius Paulus (Acts xiii. 7, 8, 12) and Gallio, the brother of Seneca (Acts xviii. 12), proconsuls (A.V. " deputies "). The governors in the organized and independent imperial provinces, Britain, Gaul, Spain, Upper and Lower Germany, Pannonia, Dacia, Meesia, Cilicia, Syria, Numidia, Arabia, and Assyria were appointed by the emperor himself, not for one year, but for an indefinite time; he could therefore recall them at will. Like the proconsuls of the senatorial prov­inces, they were chosen from former consuls and pretors, but in their ofce they had only pretorian rank, and were called not proconsuls, but as mere mandatories of the emperor, legates, more com­pletely legatd Ccesaris. There was, however, a distinction between legati consulares and legati praYtorii; as compared with proconsuls of the sen­atorial provinces, they possessed considerably greater power because they were entrusted with full military command. From these two kinds of provincial governors in the proper sense are to be distinguished the Roman officers in dependencies which, for vari­ous reasons, had not yet been included within the legal and administrative organization of the Roman empire. The governors in such territories were not so much state officers as administrators of the imperial court, and therefore they were chosen by the emperor himself, not from the senators, but from the nobility, and received subordinate titles. In a few districts they were called prefects, but in most of the territories belonging in this category, such as Mauretania, Rhaetia, Vindilecia, Noricum, Thra­cia, Corsica, and Judea, the official title was procu­rator.

The relation of the procurators of Judea to the legates of Syria can not be accurately defined. After Pompey, in 64 B.c., had made Syria

Governors proper a Roman province, he subjected

of Judea. Palestine to Roman supremacy, incor­

porating a part in the province of Syria

and subjecting the remainder to the supervision of

the legate of Syria. But it is not clear whether

this subjection to Syria, was still in force when the

territory of Arehelaus, in the year 6 A.D., was sub­

jected to immediate Roman rule under the admin­

istration of procurators. In the interior the power

of the procurator of Judea was not much restricted

by the Jewish administration which the Romans

left in force in accordance with their usual practise.

The Sanhedrin (q.v.) or college of elders at Jeru­

salem was allowed to continue the exercise of its

administrative and legal functions in the southern

part of the country or Judea proper, but in all its

activity it remained dependent upon the consent of

the procurator, as may be seen from the trial and

condemnation of Jesus. But Roman citizens living

in Judea were under the jurisdiction of the pro­

curator (Acts xxiii. 24); they might even contest

the judgment of the procurator and appeal their

cause to the imperial court in Rome (Acts xxv. 10).

The Procurator of Judea, it is true, had command

over the troops in the province, but this was of

little importance since only a few cohorts were at

his disposal. The seat of government and the resi­

dence of the procurator were at Caesama (Acts