Gregory Thaumatnrtras No final discussion of Gregory's works is possible until more critical labor has been expended upon them than they have yet received. References to the personal history of the author demonstrate the authenticity of a considerable number
Works. of them, including, besides several let
ters, the "Hexaerleron," the "Ma
king of Man," the "Life of Moses," "Against Usu
rers," "Against Eunomius," "On the Soul and the
Resurrection," "Eulogy of Basil," "Letter to
Peter," and the "Life of the Holy Macrina." An
cient external testimony comes to the support of
internal evidence in the uses of others, such as "On
the Song of Songs," "° On Prayer" (five homilies,
the last four a careful exposition of the Lord's
Prayer), "On the Beatitudes," the "Great Cate
chetical Oration," "Against Apollinaris," and the
"Antirrhetio against Apollinares." But, on the
other hand, the works either omitted or marked as
doubtful by Migne are by no means all the spurious
ones which have passed under Gregory's name.
Among his dogmatic works special attention is deserved by the "Great Cathechism," an apologeticdogmatic treatise on the Trinity and the Incarnation with instructions on baptis•n and the Lord's Supper; the "Soul and the Resurrection"; the treatise against Eunomius, his most extensive work; and the "Antirrhetic," the most important of the extant anti Apollinarian treatises. Of the exegetical writings, the "Hexaemeron" and the "Making of Man" are the most sober and valuable; in the ethically interesting "Life of Moses" and "On the Superscriptions of the Psalms" the allegorizing tendency runs riot. Among the sermons, those on the lives of Basil and Macrina are the most interesting.
The personality of the man Gregory is difficult to grasp; his works are too rhetorical and too little individual to give a clear conception of it. As far, however, as is determinable, he seems to have had a more harmonious, calm, and
Person self controlled character than his
ality and brother or Gregory Nazianzen, and to
Teaching. have been less forceful but more amia
ble than either of them. His theo
logical position stands out more clearly than his
personal character, though it, too, is lacking in dis
tinction. He has few new thoughts, and the form
which he gives to the old bears little mark of ge
nius. But he was an accomplished theologian, who
succeeded in reconciling to a certain extent the Ori
genistic traditions with the demands of a theology
which had grown narrower and more realistic. He
had sufficient acuteness to work among his formulas
with technical correctness while satisfying the tend
encies of a mystical nature by avoiding precise
definition at the right time and rising above the
terminology in which the dogmatic controversies
of his age expressed themselves. His teaching on
the Trinity is so similar to that of Basil and Greg
ory Nazianzen that in the case of three works it is
safe to predicate the authorship of one of the three
life. A fuller investigation of his whole Christo
logical doctrine would need to go deeply into the
connection of his thought with those of Origen and
Athanasius. It is worth mentioning that he held
the Origenistic belief in the final restoration of all
things, so that the patriarch Germ anus of Constan
tinople in the eighth century imagined his "Soul
and the Resurrection" to have been interpolated
by the heretics, instead of containing, as it does,
genuine Origenism; and here, as with Origen, the
foundation of this doctrine is ;,o be sought not in
the "generic" conception of the humanity of
Christ but in his idea of God. (F. Loolrs.)
BIHwoaEAPnrT: The earlier Latin editions of the Opera were Cologne, 1537, Basel, 1582 and 1571, Paris, 1578, all surpassed by that of Paris, 2 vols., 1803. The Greek text, with Let. tranel., appeared 2 vole., Paris, 1615, with appendix, 1618 2d ed., ib. 1638, the 2d edition inferior, however, to the first in many respects (contents see given in Hauck Herzog, RE, vii. 146 147). New material was discovered and included in the collection in A. Gallandi, Bibliotheca veterum patrurn, vi. 515 716, Venice, 1770. MPG, xliv. xivi. included all that had then ben discovered except what the editor rejected as of doubtful authenticity. An excellent edition, .with critical apparatus, was begun by G. H. Forbes, but only two parts appeared, Burntieland, 1855 81. A selection of the works has been edited by F. Oehler, with Germ. tranel., Halle, 1864, and in the Bibliothek der Kirchenvater,'•vols. i. iv., Leipeic, 1858 59. An Eng. tranel. of selected treatises and letters, with a sketch of the life, activities and characteristics, is in NPNF, 2d ser., vol. v., and the CatecAdical Oration, ed. J. H. Srawley, appeared London, 1903.
Consult: J. Rupp, Grepore du Bischofs won Nyssa Loben and Meinunpen, Leipsie, 1834; E. W. Moller, Greporii Nymeni doctrinam de homisis natura, Halle, 1854; J. N. Stigler, Die Psycholopie des heilipen Gregor von Nyssa, Regensburg, 1857; J. Huber, Die Philosophic der Kirchenvoter, Munich, 1859; L. Kleinheidt, Sancti Gregorii . doetrina de anpeiis exposita, Freiburg, 1860; P. Bouedron, Doctrines psychologiquea de 8. Grdpoire, Paris, 1861; F. BShringer, Die Kirche Christi and ihre Zeupen, trol. viii., Stuttgart, 1876; S. P. Heyne, Diaputatio
de Greporio Nysseno, Leyden, 1885; F. W. Farrar, Lives of the Fathers ii. 57 82, New York, 1889; A. Krampf, Der Ursustand des Mensehen nach der LeAre des ... Gregor von Nyssa, W6reburg, 1889; F. Hilt, Des ... Gregor van Nyssa Lehre vom Afenachen, Cologne, 1890; W. Meyer, Die Gottealehre des Gregor von Nywa, Leipsie, 1894; F. Diekamp, Die Gotteelehre des . . . Gregor von Nysea, Mfinster, 1896; F. Preger, Die Grundlagen der Ethik des Gregor von Nywa, Leipsie, 1897; W. Vollert, Die Lahre Gregor# von Nyssa vom Guten and Bdsen, ib. 1897; F. Loofs, Eustathius, Halle, 1898; Ceillier, Auteure saer€j, vi. 119 258, cf. iv. passim and v. passim; DCB, ii. 781768; Neander, Christian Church, vol. ii. passim, of. Index; Schaff, Christian Church, iii. 903 908 et passim.
GREGORY THAUMATURGUS ("the WonderWorker "): Bishop of Neocaesarea in Pontus and an important ecclesiastical writer of the Eastern Church; d. about 270. His name was originally Theodore, and he came of a prominent heathen family in Neocaesarea, becoming acquainted with Christianity only after his father's death, when he was fourteen. With his brother Athenodorus, he studied law in the famous school at Berytus, but on a visit to Cmsarea he came under the spell of Origen, who had arrived there a short time before, and became his enthusiastic disciple, first in philoaophy and then in theology. The oration in which he expresses his gratitude to his teacher is valuable as affording an insight into Origen's methods of teaching, and as the first attempt at a Christian autobiography. Returning to Neootesarea with the in
k Gregory Thanmaturgue THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG 74
Qregory
tention of pursuing the legal career for which he
had been educated, Gregory was consecrated bishop
of his native city about 240 by Bishop Phsedimus
of Amasia. According to tradition, there were
then only seventeen Christians in the town, and
Gregory is considered the founder of the Church
there. Of the marvels which were believed to have
accompanied his labors, there are three or, it
may be said four, accounts. These are the "Life
and Eulogy" by Gregory of Nyssa (MPG, x1vi.);
Rufinus' account of the miracles (Hilt. eccl., vii.
Anathematismoi, on the other hand, is certainly not
his, whether it belongs to Vitalis or, as is more
likely, is an anti Apollinarian work of the latter
half of the fifth century. Caspari has proved the
Kata meros pistis to be a work of Apollinaris; and
the complaint is made as early as 500 that such
works were interpolated among the genuine wri
tings of Gregory. Of the fragments found in the
Greek, Syriac, and Armenian catenae, some are gen
uine and some spurious. (N. BoNwLrsca.)
BIBLIoaRAPHY: Lists of literature are given in ANF, bib
liography, pp. 65 66; Fabricius Harlee, Bibliotheca Griew,
vii. 249 sqq., Hamburg, 1801; KrGger, History, pp. 226
sqq.; P. Batiffol, Anciennes lit6ratures chrdtiennes, pp.
180 181, Paris, 1897.Editions of the Opera were pub
lished in Latin, ed. F. Mons, Venice, 1574, Rome, 1594; ed. G. Vossius, Mainz, 1804; in Greek, ed. F. Ducs'ue, Paris, 1622; and in MPG, x. Works were published separately, the Rpiatola canonica, in Routh, Reliquiae wcras, iii. 251 283, 5 ,vole., Oxford, 1846 48; the Metaphrasia, Greek and Latin, by A. Schott, Antwerp, 1613; the Expositio fidei, in Greek and English, in W. Cave, Lives of the Primitive Fathers, ii. 267, London, 1683, ef. C. P. Caspari, Alte and neue Quellen zur Geschichte des Taufsymbols, pp. 10 sqq., Christiania, 1879; F. Kattenbusch, Daq apostoliache Symbol, i. 338 sqq., Leipsic, 1894; A. and G. L. Hahn, Bibliothek der Svmbole and Glaubensregdn, pp. 253 sqq., Breslau, 1897; a Syriac tranal. of one of his works is in A. S. Lewis, Studio Sinaitica, pp. 19 sqq., London, 1894; Eng. transl. of the works is in ANF, vi. 7 74.
Consult: V. Ryssel, Gregor Thaumaturgue, sein Leben and seine Schriften, Leipsic, 1880; idem, in Theologische Zeitachrift sue der Schweiz, 1894, pp. 228 254; F. W. Farrar, Lives of the Fathers, i. 326 330, New York 1889; J. Draseke, in JPT, vii (1881), 379 sqq., 724; E. Nestle, Benpel als Gelehrter, pp. 21 sqq., Tubingen, 1893; 0. Bardenhewer, Patrolagie, pp. 167 sqq., Freiburg, 1894; F. X. Funk, in TQS, 1898, pp. 81 sqq.; P. Kotschau, in ZWT, 1898, pp. 211 sqq.; Neander, Christian Church, i. 716 720; Schaff, Christian Church, ii. 796 800; Harnack, Dogma, ii. iv. passim; DCB, ii. 730 737; Krtiger, History, pp. 226 sqq.; KL, v. 1184 88.
GREGORY OF TOURS: Frankish bishop and historian; b. at Arverna, the present ClermontFerrand (250 m. s.s.e. of Paris), 538 or 539; d. at Tours Nov. 17, 593 or 594. He came of a noble Roman family, and originally bore the name Georgius 7lorentius, which he changed afterward out of veneration for his great grandfather, Gregory, bishop of Langres. A dangerous illness in 563 induced him to make a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Martin at Tours, and his recovery fixed the religious tendency of his earlier years. On the death of Bishop Euphronius of Tours, in 573, he was chosen to fill the vacancy, and obliged by Sigibert I., at whose court he had been living, to accept. He devoted himself zealously to his episcopal duties, and also looked after the temporal welfare of the people of Tours. Tours had belonged to Charibert, on whose death (567) it came into Sigibert's possession, though it was incessantly contested by Chilperich, who, after Sigibert's murder in 576, ruled it until his own death in 584. Gregory took no active part in this conflict; but Chilperich and his partizans hated him, until his firm and wise behavior, when brought to trial on a false charge of having slandered Queen Fredegunde, made such an impression on the king that he maintained more friendly relations with him. These were continued by his successors, Guntchramnus and Childebert II., under whom he was frequently consulted on affairs of state. His literary activity began with a book (never completed) on the miracles of St. Martin in 575. Next came the history of Julian, a local saint. The Lrber in gloria mcrtyrum was written after 587; it, as well as the In gloria confessorum, celebrates by choice the deeds of Gallic saints. More important is the Ltber vito patrum, which gives information concerning a number of Gallic leaders of the period following the fall of the empire and the foundation of the Germanic states. But his best known work is his Historic Francorum, which he began not long after his consecration and continued down to 591, with some fragmentary additions in his later years. It be
75
RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Gregory Thaumaturgus Gregory gins with a synopsis of the history of the world,
and at the end of the first book comes down to the
beginning of the Frankish conquest and the death
of St. Martin. The treatment grows more ex
tended as it comes down, the last seven years alone
filling four books. From the fifth book on it has
the character of contemporary memoirs. Without
graces of style, it has accuracy of statement and
an earnest endeavor to be impartial, though theo
logical and moralizing tendencies are sometimes
obtruded on the reader. Gregory wrote also a
commentary 'on the Psalms, of which only a few
fragments remain, and De cursu scellarum, which
served the practical purpose of helping to fix the
Bisraoaserar: The Historia Prancbrum and other writings were first published at Paris, 1511 12, then at Basel, 1568; the Opera were edited by T. Ruinart, Paris, 1699; a new critical ed. by W. Arndt, with the Miracala by B. Krusch is in MGH, Script. rer. Memo., i (1885), 450 878; the Historia, ed. H. Omont, appeared Paris, 1886, and by G. Collon, ib. 1893. Ruinart's ed. is also in MPL, Ixxi. and in Bouquet, Recueil, vol. ii. Mention should also be made of the great edition by H. L. Bordier, 4 vols., Paris, 18574, containing the Vita by Odo and Jean Gilles, the latter of small value.
The Vita by Odo follows the preface in Ruinart's ed., ut sup., and is in MPL, lxxii. 115 126; cf. Ceillier, Auteurs sacr&, x. 809, xi. 365 409. Consult: J. W. L5be11, Gregor von Tours and seine Zeit, Leipsic, 1839; A. Thierry, R&ita des temps m6rovingiena, Paris, 1840; A. Dupuy, Vie de S. Gr€goire, ib. 1854; A. Jacobs, G€ographie de GrEpoire de Tours, ib. 1858; L. B. Des Francs, ttudm sur Grigoire de Tours, ib. 1861; C. Chevalier, Les Origines de lWlise de Tours, Tours, 1871; L. F. JAhan, Les L,~gendes veng6es, ou S. Gr4goire de Toura, ib. 1871; Holder Egger, in NA, i (1876), 268 276; A. Ebert, Allgemeine Geachichte der Literatur des Mittelalters, i. 566 579, Leipsic, 1889; M. A. Bonnet, Le Latin de Grigoire de Tours, Paris, 1890; Hiatoire litttraire de France, iii. 372 397; Neander, Christian Church, consult the Index; Schaff, Christian Church, iii. 658 661; DCB, ii. 771 776.
GREGORY OF UTRECHT: An early Frankish
missionary; b. 707 or 708; d. at Utrecht Aug. 25,
775 or 776. Ile was educated at the court school
and in the monastery of Pfalzl (diocese of Trevea),
where in 722 he met Boniface, whose constant com
panion he became. Toward the end of his life he
appears as a priest and head of the minater school
of St. Martin's in Utrecht. After the death of
Boniface, he was charged by Pope Stephen III.
and King Pepin with the evangelization of the
Frisians. His own work was mostly confined to
central Frisia, with his headquarters either at
Utrecht or at Wijk, though his influence extended
much further through his scholars. He refused
promotion to the episcopate, but in his later years
had the assistance of the Anglo Saxon Aluberht,
who was consecrated bishop at his request by the
archbishop of York in 767. (A. HAucx.)
BrswoosArar: The Vita by Liudger is in ASB, Aug., v. 241 264 (cf. June, i. 483 487), in MPL, xcix. 752 770, and, ed. Holder Egger, in MGH, Script., xv (1887), 6379. Consult: A. Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelalters, ii. 106 108, Leipsie, 1889; G. F. Maelear, Apostles of Medimal Europe, London, 1888; Rettberg, %D, ii. 531; Hauck, HD, ii. 344 eqq.; Moeller, Christian Church, ii. 65.
GREGORY, CASPAR RENE: Lutheran; b. at Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 6, 1846. He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania (A.B., 1864),
the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia (1865 67), Princeton Theological Seminary (1867 73), and the University of Leipsic (Ph. D., 1876). After the completion of his studies in Germany, he was appointed subeditor of the Theologische Literaturzeitung, and held this position until 1884, being also pastor of the American Chapel at Leipsic in 1878 79. In 1884 he became privat docent of theology in the University of Leipsic and was appointed associate professor three years later, being promoted full professor in 1889, after having declined an appointment as professor of New Testament Greek at Johns Hopkins University in 1885. He has written the Prolegomena (3 parts) to the eighth major edition of %. von Tischendorf's Novum Testamentum Grwce (Leipsie, 1884 94); Textkritik des Neuen Testamentes (2 vola., 1900 02); Canon and Text of the N. T. (New York, 1907); and Das Freer Logion (1908). He has also translated C. E. Luthardt's Das johanneiache Evangelium under the title St. John the Author of the Fourth Gospel (Edinburgh, 1875) and the same scholar's commentary on the Gospel of John (3 vola., 18761878), in addition to assisting Charles Hodge in the preparation of his Systematic Theology (3 vols., New York, 1871 73).
GREGORY, DANIEL SEELYE:Presbyterian; b. at Carmel, N. Y., Aug. 21, 1832. He was educated at the College of New Jersey (A.B., 1857) and Princeton Theological Seminary (1860). He was instructor in rhetoric in the College of New Jersey (1858 60), and held pastorates at the South Church, Galena, Ill. (1860 63), Second Presbyterian Church, Troy, N. Y. (1863 66), Third Congregational Church, New Haven, Conn. (1866 69), and South Salem, N. Y. (1869 71). He was then professor of metaphysics, logic, and English literature in Wooster University, Wooster, O. (1871 78), and president of Lake Forest University, Ill., (18781886). He was managing editor of the Standard Dictionary from 1890 to 1894, and from 1895 to 1904 was editor of The Homiletic Review. Since 1904 he has been secretary of the American Bible League and managing editor of the Bible Student and Teacher. He has written Christian Ethics (Philadelphia, 1875); Key to the Gospels (New York, 1877); Practical Logic (Philadelphia, 1881); Christ's Trumpet Call to the Ministry (New York, 1896); The Church in America and its Baptisms of Fire (in collaboration with S. B. Halliday, 1896); and The Crime of Christendom (Philadelphia, 1900).
GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT:English mathematician; b. at Yaxley (13 m. n. of Huntingdon), Huntingdonshire, Jan. 29, 1774; d. at Woolwich (7 m. e.s.e. of St. Paul's, London) Feb. 2, 1841. He received his training under Richard Weston, the Leicester botanist, and in 1796 settled in Cambridge, where he devoted himself chiefly to tutorial work. In 1802 he became mathematical master at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and in 1807 professor of mathematics there, a position which he held till 1838. He was editor of the Gentleman's Diary 1802 19, and of the Ladies' Diary 1819 40. He published a number of
Grellet THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG 78
Qriesbach
books on astronomy, mathematics, and mechan
ics, and three noteworthy works of religious inter
est, viz., Letters to a Friend on the Evidences, Doc
trines, and Duties of the Christian Religion (2 vols.,
London, 1811; 9th ed.in Bohn's Standard Library,
1851); Memoirs of . . John Mason Good (1828);
and A Brief Memoir of the Rev. Robert Hall (pre
fixed to an edition of Hall's Works, 1832; printed
separately, 1833).
BIBLIOGRAPHY: C. Knight, English Cycfopadia: Biography,
iii. 193 194, 27 vols., London, 18W70; DNB, mi. 103.
GRELLET, grel"15', STEPHEN (Etienne de Grellet
du Xabillier): Missionary of the Society of Friends;
b. at Limoges (88 m. w. of Clermont), France, Nov.
2, 1773; d. at Burlington, N. J., Nov. 16, 1855.
The son of a wealthy French nobleman, he attended
the military college at Lyons and at seventeen en
tered the body guard of Louis XVI. During the
Revolution he and his brothers were captured and
sentenced to be shot. He escaped to Demerara in
1793, came to New York in 1795, and joined the So
ciety of Friends. He preached extensively in the
United States and Canada, also in Haiti, and made
four visits to Europe, preaching in England, France,
Germany, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Greece, and
Italy. He enlisted the friendship of Alexander I.
of F assia and induced him to introduce into the
Russian schools Biblical selections prepared by
himself and his friend, W. Allen. He also preached
before Pope Pius VII. and urged Protestantism
upon him. In 1834, on his return from a three
years' tour of Europe, he retired to Burlington.
On his missionary journeys he scrupulously de
frayed all his expenses, being enabled to do so
through successful business ventures in New York
City.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: B. 8eebohm, Memoirs of Stephen Grellet,
and, in collaboration with A. S. Hunt, New Classical
Fragments and other Greek and Latin Papyri (Ox
ford, 1897); Sayings of Our Lord (1897); Menander's
Georgos (1897); The Oxyrhynchus Papyri (5 parts,
London, 1898 1907); Fayum Towns and their Papyri
(1900); The Amherst Papyri (2 parts, 1899 1900);
The Tebtunia Papyri (2 parts, 1902 07); Greek
Papyri in the Cairo Museum (Cairo, 1903); New
Sayings of Jesus and a Fragment of a Lost Gospel
(London, 1904); The Hitch Papyri, i. (1906).
GRESSMANN, grAdman, HUGO:German Protes
tant; b. at MSlln (17 m. s. of Ltibeck) Mar. 21, 1877.
He was educated at the universities of Greifswald,
Gottingen, Marburg, and Kiel (Ph.D., Gottingen,
1900), and since 1902 has been privet docent for
Old Testament exegesis and Syriac at the University of Kiel. He bas written Ueber die in Jesaia 56 66 vorausgesetzten zeitgesehichtlichen Verhaltnisse (Gottingen, 1899); Studien zu Eusebs Theophanie (Leipsie, 1903); Uraprwieg der israelitischizldischen Eschatologie (Gottingen, 1905); and Des Evangelium Markus (1907; in collaboration with E. Klostermann).
GRESWELL, EDWARD: English chronologist and harmonist; b. at Denton (5 m. e.s.e. of Manchester), Lancashire, Aug. 3, 1797; d. at Oxford June 29, 1869. He was educated at Brasenose College and Corpus Christi College, Oxford (B.A., 1819; M.A., 1822; B.D., 1830), and was a fellow of Corpus Christi College 1823 69 and vice president of the college 1840 69. He took part in the controversy precipitated by the appointment, in 1836, of Renn Dickson Hampden to the regius professorship of divinity at Oxford; but otherwise his life at Oxford was uneventful. Some of his works are of high value, the most important being: Dims sertations upon the Principles and Arrangement of a Harmony of the Gospels (3 vols., Oxford, 1830; 2d ed., 4 vole. in 5, 1837); Harmonica evangelica (1830; 5th ed., 1855); An Exposition of the Parables (5 vols. in 6, 1834 35); Prolegomena ad harmoniam evangelicam (1840); Fasti temporis catholici aged origines kalendarite (4 vols., 1852), followed by two volumes of Fables (1852); Origines Kalendarim Italics (4 vols., 1854); Oraginea Kalendarid Hellenicts (6 vols., 1862); and The Three Witnesses, and the Threefold Cord (London, 1862).