Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

evaluate and predict the effects of soil erosion. The USLE, designed in the

U.S.A., is the model that is most extensively applied world wide. This model is

adapted to the requirements of the South African situation. Slemsa, developed

in Zimbabwe, is the other most potentially useful model. Other models that

exist are Games, Creams, Theprom and Epic. However, little research has been

performed to validate any of these models. This lack of data has led to

inconclusive proof of the extent to which soil erosion incurs financial costs.

This proof is of utmost importance as it is needed to convince farmers and

decision makers that soil conservation practices are necessary processes to

ensure long term productivity.Bachelor of Social Science (Honours).

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; SEDIMENTATION; DESERTIFICATION

ASSESSMENT; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; EROSION; WATER QUALITY; MODELS; ZIMBABWE;

SOIL CONSERVATION; CONSERVATION

Ref ID : 2354

1458. Mlubi, B.S. Pig production at Kwezana Location in Alice District, Ciskei.

1987.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; METHODOLOGIES; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION;

FARMING SYSTEMS

Notes : The purpose of the study was to investigate the attitude of farmers

towards pig production, the constraints and limitations which contribute to the

poor performance of pig farmers, the efficiency of communication between

extension services and farmers and also, the managerial ability and the

marketing of pig farmers. The methodology involved the use of a structured

questionnaire that enabled an interviewer to collect the information desired

from the respondents. There was generally a lack of interest in pig production

and this was attributed to poor marketing. Management practices, pertaining to

housing, feeding, breeding, weaning were all found to be in a very bad

situation. There was no support service from extension officers. This

dissertation can be found at the Documentation Centre, Agriculture (UFH). See

ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 470

1459. Moerdyk, M. Impacts of forestry site preparation on runoff and soil

loss.University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. , 1991. The South African forestry

industry is expanding at a rate of approximately 39 000 ha.year-1 (Wessels,

1984). This is necessitating the increase of afforestation into areas

considered to be climatically and physiographically marginal for commercial

afforestation. The use of certain site preparation techniques which retain as

much of the rainfall as possible in situ may allow for economically viable

commercial afforestation in marginal areas. However, the use of such site

preparation methods may result in significant increases in the surface runoff

and soil losses at a site. Literature pertaining to site preparation and surface

runoff and soil loss from site prepared areas is reviewed. It is this review

which serves as the background to a surface runoff and soil loss experiment

which is presented in this dissertation. The primary aim of this study was to

assess the impacts of four forestry site preparation methods, viz. bench

terracing, complete preparation, ripping and pitting, on surface runoff and soil

loss from marginal site during the first year after site preparation. These two

hydrological responses were also monitored from areas kept bare fallow and from

areas of natural grassveld. The initial growth responses of Eucalyptus grandis

seedlings to the site preparation techniques were also monitored. The

experiment is situated at Bloemendal Field Experiment Station in the Natal

midlands and takes the form of USLE runoff plots situated within blocks

delineated for the various treatments. The experiment is replicated on

approximate north and south facing slopes of 16o to 22o. On average, highest

surface runoff was recorded from the bare fallow plots, followed in descending

order by that from the ripped, pitted, complete preparation, natural veld and

bench terraced areas. Generally, the surface runoff responses to rainfall were

low, viz. an average of 1.57% of the total rainfall from 1 October, 1989 to 30

September, 1990 ran off as overland flow from the bare fallow plots. Average

soil losses during the study period were highest from the bare fallow areas,

viz. 7.1 t.ha-1, followed in descending order by that from the ripped, complete

preparation, pitted, natural veld and bench terraced areas. Regression

relationships were found to exist between surface runoff and certain rainfall

characteristics. The ACRU agrohydrological model was found to produce

overpredictions of surface runoff from hypothetical catchments under the

selected site preparations compared to surface runoff observed from the runoff

plots.Master of Science.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; FORESTRY; RUNOFF; CULTIVATION; RAINFALL; MODELS

Ref ID : 909

1460. Moll, E.J. and Bossi, L. Assessment of the extent of the natural

vegetation of the fynbos biome of South Africa. South African Journal of Science

80:355-358, 1984.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : FYNBOS; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; MAPS; WESTERN CAPE

Notes : The authors conclude that, in this study, they have undertaken to

improve the vegetation map of the fynbos biome as given by Day et al. and to

provide data on the extent of the remaining natural vegetation. They calculate

that 34% of the natural vegetation has been removed by farming and other human

activities. In contrast, Hall estimated that some 61% had been so lost. (It is

not known how much of the fynbos biome area was included in Hall's estimate, so

a direct comparison between these two figures may not be valid). In preparing

their map, the authors found that the veld types as plotted by Acocks did not

give a satisfactory description of the extent of the different vegetation types

in the biome. They are therefore planning to compile a yet more detailed

vegetation map in the future.

Ref ID : 1708

1461. Moll, E.J. and Gubb, A.A. Southern African Shrublands. In: The Biology and

Utilization of Shrubs, edited by Mackell, C.M.Academic Press Inc. 1989,p. 145-

175.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; AID; CARRYING CAPACITY; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT;

VELD CONDITION; VEGETATION CHANGE; GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES; VELD MANAGEMENT; SOIL

PROPERTIES; BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Notes : Since the authors are most familiar with the southern African

shrublands, a discussion of these forms the bulk of this chapter. Shrublands in

southern Africa support numbers of domestic animals. In many areas the carrying

capacity is exceeded and desertification is proceeding at an alarming rate. In

SA there are only a few, relatively wealthy European farmers who own most of the

livestock (except in Namaqualand) and government aid programs are faily easily

available in times of stress, so the sophistication and land management has

remained low in both regions. The position regarding desertification is

similar. Since the major environmental factors determining the distribution and

spread of shrublands into adacent more productive rangeland are generally

acknowledge to be soil moisture availability and management practices, these

factors are emphasized here.

Ref ID : 2052

1462. Moll, E.J. and Trinder-Smith, T. Invasion and control of alien woody

plants on the Cape Peninsula mountains, South Africa - 30 years on. Biological

Conservation 60:135-143, 1992.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2545

1463. Monde, N. and Buys, S. "Seconded staff contribute to ARDRI programmes".

ARDRI News , 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

Notes : The purpose of the study was to determine the sources of household food,

the prices of those products and the type of food products consumed by

households in Gukuqa. Semi-structured interviews and diaries were used for the

study. The main ingredients of the diet of households in Gukuqa were:

mealiemeal, flour, sugar, rice, samp, potatoes, cabbage, amasi and sunflower

oil. With the exception of "amasi", households bought most of their food

products from supermarkets in Alice. Amasi was bought from neighbours with

livestock, and home gardens contributed in a minor way to the supply of

vegetables. This article is obtainable from ARDRI, University of Fort Hare.

See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 2524

1464. Monde-Gweleta, M.N., Van Averbeke, W., Ainslie, A., Ntshona, Z., Fraser,

G.C.G., and Belete, A. Agriculture and rural livelihood in northwest Peddie

district. Agrekon 36(4), 1997.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; CISKEI; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE;

IRRIGATION; FARMING SYSTEMS; LAND USE

Notes : The purpose of the study was to assess the current state of small-scale

agriculture and its contribution to the livelihood in a rural district in the

Eastern Cape. The study also aimed at assessing the current state of the four

factors which Lipton (1996) identified as crucial to the emergence of a viable

small-scale farming sector. The study used secondary information obtained in 2

recent studies conducted by the Faculty of Agriculture and ARDRI (1997) and

Ainslie and Ntshona (1997). The first study represents an irrigated farming

environment, while the second study represents a rainfed-farming environment.

The analysis from the study showed that agriculture adds to rural livelihood in

a modest way only, and hardly ever constituted the main source of household

income. For the majority of households in both the drylands and irrigated

production environments, the main source of income consisted of state transfers

of which pensions were the most important. In the study area, 3 of the 4

factors identified by Lipton (1996), namely: access to agricultural land;

research and development of appropriate technology; and rural infrastructure

were found to require reform for small-scale farming in order to become a viable

livelihood option. Relative to the present level of production, the market in

the rural area itself is sufficently large to asorb most produce, usually at

prices higher than those offered by formal markets. This article is obtainable

from the University of Fort Hare main library. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 860

1465. Moodley, M. Off-road vehicle perturbation effects on the geomorphic

environment of Golden Gate Highlands National Pask, South Africa.University of

Natal, Pietermaritzburg. , 1997.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CONSERVATION; LAND DEGRADATION; GEOMORPHOLOGY; OFF-ROAD VEHICLE

IMPACTS

Ref ID : 642

1466. Moolman, J.H. Data collection for the study of runoff, solute and sediment

generating processes in a semi-arid catchment.Anonymous Grahamstown:Hydrological

Research Unit, Department of Geography, Rhodes University. 1/85:i-50, 1985. This

study reports on the data collected on processes related to the generation of

runoff, solutes and sediment in sub-catchments of the Great Fish River. During

the first three years (1982-1984) of the project meteorogical, soil-water and

streamflow data have been collected. The total annual rainfalll for this period

is well below the ten year mean. The effect of this below average rainfall is

reflected in the small number of streamflow events per year, as well as in the

soil-water content of the subsurface soil layers which has been decreasing

steadily ever since July 1983. The few streamflow events that were monitored

were mostly related to high intensity short duration convective storms. The

majority of the steamflow samples of the smaller subcatchments of the Ecca

River, had very high sediment concentrations. It was found that the chemical

composition of the runoff, from any particular catchment, varies significantly

with the stage, with peak values generally being observed on the rising limb of

the hydrograph The streamflow data also showed up substantial differences in the

chemical composition of the various subcatchments within the Ecca River

catchment. An intensive soil survey was conducted in subcatchment F, but the

chemical data collected are still insufficient to do chemical finger-printing of

the streamflow samples. The results of the latter soil survey have stressed the

difference in the hydrological response of the two hill-slopes concerned.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; RUNOFF; SEDIMENTATION; RAINFALL

Ref ID : 2260

1467. Moore, A. Die ekologie en ekofisiologie van Rhigozum trichotomum

(Driedoring).University of Port Elizabeth. , 1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Notes : Unpublished Phd thesis.

Ref ID : 2053

1468. Moran, V.C. and Annecke, D.P. Critical reviews of biological pest control

in South Africa 3. The jointed cactus Opuntia aurantiaca Lindley. Journal of the

Entomological Society of Southern Africa 42:299-239, 1979.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 1668

1469. Moran, V.C. and Zimmerman, H.G. Biological control of jointed cactus,

Opuntia aurantiaca (Cactaceae), in South Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems &

Environment 37(1-3):5-28, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Ref ID : 1670

1470. Moran, V.C. and Zimmerman, H.G. Biological control of cactus weeds of

minor importance in South Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 37(1-

3):37-56, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Ref ID : 1942

1471. Morel, A. Soil erosion and degradation in the Swartland and Sandveld,

Western Cape Province, South Africa: a re-evaluation.University of Cape Town. ,

1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; EROSION; WESTERN CAPE

Notes : Unpublished MA thesis.

Ref ID : 2220

1472. Morgan, R. Soil erosion and conservation, Essex:Longman Scientific and

Technical, 1995.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; EROSION; CONSERVATION

Ref ID : 1054

1473. Morris, C.D., Tainton, N.M., and Hardy, M.B. Plant species dynamics in the

southern tall grassveld under grazing, resting and fire. Journal of the

Grassland Society of southern Africa 9(2):90, 1992.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : GRAZING EFFECTS; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; FIRE; GRASSLAND; VELD

CONDITION; STOCKING RATE

Notes : Only copied p.90.

Abstract : An analysis of temporal changes in botanical composition in a long-

term grazing trial indicates that species dynamics in the Southern Tall

Grassveld of Natal are determined by the specific combination of grazing, mowing

and fire impacts. Species composition of a grazing systems trial was recorded

at intervals during 16 years, and in the 14 years following the removal of

herbivores, during which time the experimental area was burnt periodically.

Site trajectories in ordination space facilitated the assessment of the nature,

magnitude and rate of species composition change under various combinations of

impacts. Under rotational grazing and mowing, botanical change was minimal,

both during the grazing and the subsequent rest and fire phases of the trial.

It is suggested that the interruption of continuous grazing at a high stocking

rate by a seasonal rest (rotational resting) promoted the invasion of the sward

by Aristida junciformis. This also occurred in the continuously-grazed

treatment at a high stocking rate when stock were removed from the treatment and

periodic burning was introduced. It appears that swards dominated by A.

junciformis remain stable under a rest and burning regime.

Ref ID : 1685

1474. Morris, M.J. The use of plant pathogens for biological weed control in

South Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 37(1-3):239, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Ref ID : 76

1475. Motsamai, B. Range management aspects of land degradation and

desertification in the SADCC region.Anonymous Maseru, Lesotho:SADCC ELMS. 5:1-

22, 1986.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; SOUTHERN AFRICA; VELD MANAGEMENT; LAND

DEGRADATION

Notes : SADCC ELMS Report No 5. SADCC ELMS, PO Box 24, Maseru 100, Lesotho.

Ref ID : 1169

1476. Mouat, D.A., Hutchinson, C.F., and Mcclure, B.C. Desertification in

developed countries. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment 37(1-3):1-370, 1995.

0167-6369.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT

Notes : TP549-0001 Reprint available from: Mouat DA US EPA NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM

EFFECTS LAB CORVALLIS, OR 97330 USA.

Ref ID : 2467

1477. Mpambani, S.A. Poverty profile of the Transkei.Anonymous Port

Elizabeth:University of Port Elizabeth. , 1994.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : POVERTY; TRANSKEI; POLICY; RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Notes : The purpose of the study was to develop an adequate credible database on

poverty and development for use by decision-makers in designing poverty

education policies, programmes and projects. Research information was gathered

through questionnaires and literature review. The study has provided a database

on poverty and development for use by decision-makers in designing poverty,

reduction policies, programmes and projects. Also in the study, the following

aspects have been addressed, including income and expenditure, income and non-

income indicators of poverty, access to essential goods and services and poverty

alleviation programmes. This article can be found at the University of Port

Elizabeth. See ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 2546

1478. Mpangele, L. Community based development planning project: support of the

situational analysis and participatory planning process in Willowvale.

Consultant Report.Anonymous , 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : RURAL DEVELOPMENT; CISKEI; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS; ECONOMIC ASPECTS;

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; POLICY

Notes : The purposes of the study were: to analyse the most active and

important institutions in Willowvale; to outline the brief history of the study

area; and to identify the existing developmental structures. The method used

was situational analysis, involving semi-structured questionnaires, observation

and workshops on pilot projects. The findings revealed that about 32

institutions are active in development work in the Willowvale district. There

are 16 institutions active in economic development, 7 in education, 7 in small,

medium and micro enterprises, 2 in agriculture and 6 in small-scale agriculture.

The district is composed of 39 administrative areas with 158 villages or

localities. Much as development structures exist, an effective two-way flow of

information has remained problematic. No proper communication channel exists

between the TRC and the development committees. There is a need to ensure some

order of coherence in planning and reporting at the various functions and levels

of rural development. Local conditions have to be taken into account when a

rural development task is done. This report is available from the Border Rural

Committee resource centre, East London. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 2355

1479. Mqulu, D. Some fuel wood problems in two comparative villages of Tsolo

District, Transkei. 1987.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : TRANSKEI; CLIMATE; FORESTRY; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; ENERGY;

SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; DEFORESTATION; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; AGRICULTURAL

DEVELOPMENT

Notes : The purpose of the study was to: 1. investigate and describe clearly

certain social factors which may cause the scarcity of fuel-wood in the two

villages; 2. assess the effects of burning cow dung and crop residues; 3.

investigate social situations and cooking methods which may be attributed to

deterioration of woodlands and; 4. to evaluate and identify the extent to which

trees are consumed for domestic purposes other than that of cooking and heating.

Secondary sources of information on soils, climate, topography, and number of

homesteads were used. A number of taxpayers were also interviewed from the

Tsolo magistrate's office and the Department of Agriculture and Forestry. A

questionnaire was further administered to obtain information about the scarcity

of shortage of fuel-wood and traditional methods of cooking. The human

potential such as personal factors, low education levels, low standard of

living, traditional cooking methods and managerial attitudes of respondents in

the two study areas are primarily responsible for the scarcity of fuel-wood, low

levels of agricultural production and a deteriorating physical environment.

Scarcity of fuel-wood and the deterioration of fuel sources do not only affect

cooking and domestic demands but are also a chronic problem to agricultural

development efforts. Semi-cooked food, shift in dietary patterns and the

burning of smoker fuels indoors were responsible for malnutrition and health

problems, which were identified amongst the respondents. This thesis can be

found at the Document Centre, Agriculture (UFH). See ref. I.D. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 861

1480. Msimango, G.N. An African perspective on conservation farming. Proceedings

of the Veld Trust Conference, Pretoria.Anonymous Anonymous :1-2, 1990.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : COMMUNAL AREA; SOIL CONSERVATION

Ref ID : 1893

1481. Msimango, G.N. An African perspective on conservation farming. Veld Trust

Conference on the conservation status of agricultural resources in the RSA. Du

Preez, J.F.Anonymous Pretoria:Unisa. , 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CONSERVATION

Notes : The author gives a quick discussion of farming conditions prior to the

advent of the 'whiteman' in South Africa. He then goes on to discuss the

internationalisation of capital and the vicissitudes of farming in black areas.

He then makes some recommendations which he considers to be vital for

conservation farming in South Africa.

Ref ID : 1009