Dan’s Course on Islam
* Sects & Organizations*
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35.* Sects & Organizations* (Sects*, Groups*, Councils*) 35.1 The Major Sects & Branches of Islam http://detroitinterfaithcouncil.com/2013/06/10/what-are-the-major-similarities-and-differences-in-the-different-sects-of-islam/ There are two major sects in Islam. The Sunni and Shi’a sects. Some refer to Muslim mystics, the Sufis, as a sect of Islam. They are, however, considered as Sunni. A study conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2010 and released January 2011 found that there are 1.62 billion Muslims around the world, and it is estimated that the Sunni population is between 75% and 90%. The difference between Sunnis and Shi’a is more of a political nature than creed. There are no dogmatic differences between the two sects. Both, Sunnis and Shi’as, believe in the one God (Allah in Arabic) or Tawhid (monotheism), in the angels, scriptures, prophets and messengers, the hereafter, and the divine decree, destiny. They share the same scripture, called the Qur’an. Although there may be a difference in the way Sunnis and Shi’as worship, nevertheless, both pay the zakah (or the obligatory charity) and go to Mecca for pilgrimage. During daily prayers, both Sunnis and Shi’as direct their faces toward Mecca. After the death of Muhammad, Muslims disputed over the prophet’s successor. Muhammad’s successor, Abu Bakr, and the other three Caliphs (Omar, Uthman and Ali) after him were accepted by Muslims as the rightful successors of the prophet and were later known as Sunnis. On the other hand the Muslims who thought Ali Bin Abi Talib, the prophet’s cousin, is the legitimate successor of the prophet became to be known as Shi’a. The Shi’a believes that the prophet’s successor has to be from the family of the prophet Muhammad. Whereas Sunnis believe that the successor of the prophet must be from the tribe of Quraish, the prophet’s tribe. This political discord continued for centuries and the divide between the two sects remains to this day unresolved. Another major difference between Sunni and Shi’a is that Sunnis believe that no person after Muhammad is infallible while the Shi’a believes in the infallibility of the twelve Imams (leaders) who are descendants from the family of prophet Muhammad. The Shi’a Islam The word “Shi’a” in Arabic literally means a sect or a faction. The followers of the Shi’a sect belong to the faction or followers of Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, Ali who, according to the Shi’a sect should have been the direct successor of Muhammad and is considered divinely appointed and the first Imam. (Shi'ites, Shi'a) Ali Ben Abu Talib (656-661) (1st Imam) al-Hasan (661-669) (2nd Imam) al-Husayn (669-680) (3rd Imam) Ali Zayn al-'Abidin (680-713) (4th Imam) Muhammad al-Baqir (713-733) (5th Imam) Ja'far al-Sadiq (733-765) (or Jafar ibn Muhammad) (6th Imam) There are three main schools of thought or sub-sects within the Shi’a sect. 1. Twelver Shi'ites, Imamiyyah (Ithna Ashariyya) 1) The Ithna ashariyya (Twelvers): the followers of this sect believe in the 12 divinely ordained leaders, knows as the Twelve Imams. Nearly 85% of the total Shi’a population belong to this sect. They are scattered in Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, Lebanon, and Syria. A large minority group is found in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. Musa al-Kazim (765-799) (7th imam) 'Ali al-Rida (799-818) (8th Imam) Muhammad al-Jawad (818-835) (9th Imam) 'ali al-Hadi (835-868) (10th Imam) al-Hasan al-'Askari (868-874) (11th Imam) had student ibn Nusayr (d.868), began Nusayris, Nusayriyyah Muhammad al-Mahdi (12th Imam, last) (considered to still be alive, hiding) (Buwayhids) (945- )
Adid ( -1171) (conquered by Saladin 1171) Ayyubids Saladin (1171-1193) al-Adil (1193-1218) al-Kamil (1218-1238) ( -1249) (conquered by Mamelukes 1249) (Babis) (1830- )
Ali Muhammad Shirazi ( -1850), started Babism Mirza Husayn Ali Nuri (c.1863), started Ba'hai (Kharijites, Kharijiyyah) (c. 650 - c.720) Often called the Puritans of Islam, as they demanded purity of conscience as well as body. They tended to brand everyone who did not agree with them as unbelievers. A sub-sect, the Azraqites, believed in such rigid following of the Koran as to massacre large groups of Muslims who had allegedly committed grave sins. Interestingly, Kharijites were very tolerant of non-Muslims. 2. Ismailis, Isma'iliyyah (Sevener Shi'ites) The Isma’ilis branch or as commonly known as the Seveners: Unlike the Twelvers, they believe in different number of Imams. They also differ in the role of the Imam. The Isma’ili minorities are found in Syria, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Jordan, Lebanon and South Africa. Ismail (died before, 760,) (7th imam, last for Ismailis) or Muhammad, his son (either is considered to still be alive, hiding) (Fatimids) (through Ismail) Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi (909- ) al-Qa'im al-Mansur -972) Moizz (972- ) Al-Hakim (3rd Fatimid Caliph) Abu 'Ali al-Mansur al-Hakim (985-1021) (6th Fatimid Caliph) al-Mustansir ( -1094) al-Mustali (1094- ) began Musta'liyyah he killed brother, Nizar, began Nizariyyah, Nizaris, Khojas ( -1171) (overthrown by Saladin 1171 but endures as the Druzes) 3. Zaydi The Zaydi branch: This school of thought was named after its founder Zayd Ibn Ali. They are mainly prevalent in Yemen. They have a unique approach within the Shi’a Islamic thought that is similar to the Sunni Islam. Adherents to this branch are called the Fivers. The Sunni Islam The word “sunni” comes from the Arabic word sunnah which means way and is referred to, the way of the prophet or the tradition (actions and sayings) of the Prophet Muhammad. The Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as Orthodox Islam. Among the Sunni sect there are four major schools of thought or sub-sects each follow a particular Islamic law. They are: 1) The Hanafi school of thought: The founder is the Persian scholar Imam Abu Hanifah al-Nu’man ibn Thabit (AD: 699-767). His school of thought is practiced widely in Southeast Asia, Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Balkans and Turkey. The majority of Sunni Muslims practice the Hanfi jurisprudence. 2) The Shafi’i school of thought: The founder is Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Idris al-Shafi’i known as Imam Al-Shafi’i (AD: 767-820). Imam al-Shafi’i is also known as the “First Among Equals” for his exhaustive knowledge and systematic methodology to religious science. Adherents of this sect are mainly from the Middle East. 3) The Maliki school of thought: The founder is Malik Bin Anas (AD: 711-795). Its adherents are mostly from North Africa, United Arab Emirates, and parts of Saudi Arabia. 4) The Hanbali school of thought: The founder is Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal (AD: 780–855). The Hanbali jurisprudence is considered very strict and conservative. The Hanbali school of jurisprudence is practiced mainly in Saudi Arabia, Qatar as well as in parts of Syria and Iraq. (Sunni, Sunnites) Umayyad Caliphs (661-750)
Umayyad Caliphs of Cordoba (Spanish Umayyads) (929-1031)
Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad (750-1258) descendants of Prophet's uncle Abbas Sunnites
Mamelukes (first Dynasty, Bahri) (1250-1382) (second Dynasty, Burji) (1382-1517) Two Caliphs, but just symbolic. Defeated by Selim, 1517.
Robert Spencer, The Myth of Islamic Tolerance, pp. 60-61. 35.3 Ahmadiya Movement (Qadiani movement) An Islamic sect from Pakistan considered to be a cult by orthodox Muslims. Established in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Khan (1835-1908) in a small Punjabi village of India who claimed to be the Muslim Messiah in 1891 and pronounced that he himself was an authoritative prophet of Muhammad in 1901. Claimed to be Muhammad and also the Hindu Lord Krishna. In 1974 the Muslim World League and the Government of Pakistan passed a unimous resolution declaring that the Qadiani movement and its leaders were apostate and outside the fold of Islam. It had a strong missionary emphasis, organizing missionary work in many parts of the world. It seeks to reaffirm Islam in the face of Western dominance. It is found worldwide but especially in Africa and Indonesia. Ahmadis teach several distinct doctrines: 1) No verse in the Qur’an is, or can be, abrogated. If one verse appears to be inconsistent with another, that is due to faulty exegesis. 2) Jihad (or holy war) has lapsed, and coercion in religion is condemned. 3) To say that Muhammad is the Seal of the Prophets does not mean that he is the last of them. A seal is a hallmark and he embodies the perfection of prophethood; but a prophet or apostle can come after him as did the Hewbrew prophets after Moses. 4) Jesus is dead, as are the rest of the prophets, and he did not ascend bodily into heaven. 5) Hell is not everlasting. 6) Apostasy is not punishable by death. 7) Any innovation in religious practice is culpable. The worship of saints is an invasion of the perogative of God. 8) Ijma or cathlic consent is generally limited to the Prophet’ompanions. 9) Revelation will always remain a privilege of the true believers. 10) Belief in Mirza Ghulam Ahmad al-Qadaiani as the Messiah-Mahdi is an article of faith. Fatih is incomplete without it. 11) Spirituality in religion is more important than legalism. An Ahmadi need not belong to any particular madhab or school of law. 12. The medival Ulama need not be followed in the interpretation of the Qur’an and the Hadith. Ahmadiya are extremely anti-Christian in orientation. Keith Swartley, Ed., Encountering the World of Islam, pp. 128-129. 35.4 Alevis (Alawites or Alawi) Founded by Nucair Namin Abdi, they broke off from the Shi’ites in the 9th cent. and are known as worshippers of Ali. They are an offshoot of Isma’ili missionary activity. They have extreme syncreticism which includes pagan and Christian elements. In the earlier period they were know as Nusairi and Namiriya, derived from their first teacher, Muhammad bin Nusairi n-Namiri. Today they survive as a withdrwan minority. The Alevi’s of Turkey make up about 25% of Turkey’s 75 million population. They make up about 10% of Syria. 35.5 Al-Qaeda Osamma bin Laden’s group, with probably 3,000 to 5,000 members, is believed to have operations in 60 countries, with active cells in up to 30 nations including the United States. Al-Qaeda was started in the late 1980’s to unite Arabs who had fought in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union. It helped finance, recruit, and train Suni Muslim extremeists for the Afhan resistance. Its current goal is to establish a pan-Islmic caliphate throughout the world by working with allied Islamic extremist groups to overthrow regimes it sees as non-Islamic. Terrorist attacks by this group that have been foiled allegedly include blowing up the Los Angeles Internation Airport and blowing up scores of airplanes in the air. The Counter-Terrorism Division report states that al-Qaeda –
Dr. John Ankerberg, Fast Facts on Islam, p. 129. 35.6 Bahai Established in 1844 by the Bab, a Persian teacher of religion, and developed by his disciple Bahaullah (1817-1892). It claims to be the fulfillment of all previous religions. The Bahai faith should now be regarded as a separate world religion in its own right, representing a movement to find a common amalgam of faiths. They were a persecucte minority who spread to Levent, USA and Europe. There are Bahai communities in 139 countries with around 500,000 in Iran. 35.7 CAIR: “Moderate” Friends of Terror
For these and other reasons, the FBI’s former chief of counterterrorism, Steven Pomerantz, concludes that “CAIR, its leaders and its activities give aid to international terrorist groups.” Nor is terrorism the only disturbing aspect of CAIR’s record. Other problems include:
Dr. Daniel Pipes, Minatures, pp. 117-118. 35.8 Druze founded by Darazi and Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad, leader of a mystical sect of Islam and an 11th Cent. İsma’ili missionary. Taught that Allah had manifested himself in the person of al-Hakim Bi-amr Allah (996-1021) as the hidden imam. The believe in monogamy and the transmigration of souls. It is a completely exclusive sect. There are about 250 thousand Druze in Lebanon and Syria. 35.9 Esharites Founded by Al-Ash’ari (873-935) who after having been a Mu’tazalite theologian for some years, abandonded their philosophical method and returned to a more orthodox, traditional position. He rejected their teaching on free will, for example, and taught that the Qur’an was uncreated. He emphasized the transcendence of God. At a later stage futher challenges came from those who, influenced by Greek philosophy believed that (1) the universe is eternal, (2) there is no resurrection of the body, and (3) philosophy is more important than prophecy, but they are connected because the are related to the same human facylty of imagination. The person who demonstrated that these ideas were heretical and who re-established orthodox theology was al-Ghazali (d. 1111), who came to be recognized as another of the greatest theologians in Islam. 35:10 Gamma Al Islamiya Islamic extremist group formed in Egypt in the early 1980’s. 35.11 Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement)
35.12 Hizballah (Party of God) With hundreds of hard-core members and thousands of supporters, Hizballah is “known or suspected” in numerous anti-U.S: terrorist attacks, including
35.13 Islamic Council of Europe The constitution of the Islamic Council of Europe, article 111 sections 1-3, 1987. The council exists: To assist, support and supplement the activities of the member organizations in different fields of dawa (Islamic mission), including the establishment of mosques, and Muslim cultural centers, dissemination of Isdlamic publishing and distributing literature, promotion of Islamic education and the fulfillment of other Islamic duties and obligations. To make necessary arrangements for establishment of new centers for organized Islamic activity wherever necessary. To undertake and promote those activites at Eurpoean and regional levels which are necessary to strengthen the work of Islamic centers and organizationsi such as establishment of central or regional libraries and information and documentation centers, research bureaus, training colleges, schools, etc. Stuart Robinson, Mosques & Miracles, p. ???. 35.14 İslamic Jihad al-jihad
Dr. John Ankerberg, Fast Facts on Islam, p. 130. 35.15 Kharijites (with-drawers or Seceders) were a puratanical small group of discontented tribesmen who disputed Ali’s authority in 656. They assassinated Ali in 661 and antagonized early Umayyads. Their emphasis was on their refusal to compromise with their exclusively radical judgements of Islam and they believed that any such compromise had to be severely dealth with. They held that any person who strayed from the perfect practice of Islam was “ipso facto” an apostate and could be killed. They believed that only they had the true notion of what Islam required. Their tactics were frightfully violent, and it took centuries before they were put down. Their emphasis was on a militant puritan view of jihad. They had an egalitarian opposition to Arab aristocracy. They declined into antagonistic factions and toay are found in scattered small communities in Algeria, Tunesia, Tanzania and Oman. 35.16 Murji’ites (Postponers) were a group who had a more lenient view of moral standards, saying that only God could decide who was a good Muslim, and that he would give his verdict on the day of judgement. They argued that faith alone was sufficient for being a Muslim. While the Murji’ites disappeared, the Kharijites continued as a distinct group. 35.17 Mu’tazilites Were more a school of philosophy, rationalist and logical in nature, and a group which fell away during the conservative recovery in Islam in the early Middle Ages. Mu’tazilites said that the Koran was not eternal but created. The position was espoused by Caliph Ma’mun in 827. 35.18 Nusairiyyah Secret Paternal Islam traces it’s beginning to Shi’a Imam al-Hasan al-Askari and his pupil İbn Nusair. Nusari doctrine is a mixture of Islamic, Gnostic, and Christian beliefs. Sunni Muslims treat them as heretics because of three of their doctrines: 1) Ali was Allah in the flesh. 2) The authority of the Qur’an and all forms of prayer are rejected. All Islamic teaching can be interpreted allegorically and does not need to be taken literally. 3) Men are reincarnated. Women do not have souls, so they do not need to learn the secrets of the Nusairi doctrine. Men undergo an initiation rite at the age of 19. 35.19 PLO The Palestine Liberation Organization Founded in 1964 as a Palestinian nationalist umbrella organization dedicated to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state. After the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, control devolved to the leadership of the various fedayeen militia groups, the most dominant of which was Yasser Arafat's Al-Fatah. In 1969, Arafat became chairman of the PLO's Executive Committee, a position he still holds. In the early 1980s, PLO became fragmented into several contending groups but remains the preeminent Palestinian organization. The United States considers the PLO an umbrella organization that includes several constituent groups and individuals holding differing views on terrorism. At the same time, US policy accepts that elements of the PLO have advocated, carried out, or accepted responsibility for acts of terrorism. PLO Chairman Arafat publicly renounced terrorism in December 1988 on behalf of the PLO. The United States considers that all PLO groups, including Al-Fatah, Force 17, Hawari Group, PLF, and PFLP, are bound by Arafat's renunciation of terrorism. The US-PLO dialogue was suspended after the PLO failed to condemn the 30 May 1990 PLF attack on Israeli beaches. PLF head Abu Abbas left the PLO Executive Committee in September 1991; his seat was filled by another PLF member. In the early 1970s, several groups affiliated with the PLO carried out numerous international terrorist attacks. By the mid-1970s, under international pressure, the PLO claimed it would restrict attacks to Israel and the occupied territories. Several terrorist attacks were later carried out by groups affiliated with the PLO/Fatah, including the Hawari Group, the Palestine Liberation Front, and Force 17, against targets inside and outside Israel. Israel occupied the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, and East Jerusalem during the 1967 War. The West Bank and Gaza Strip are now administered to varying extents by Israel and the Palestinian Authority (PA). Pursuant to the May 1994 Gaza-Jericho agreement and the September 1995 Interim Agreement, Israel transferred most responsibilities for civil government in the Gaza Strip and parts of the West Bank to the PA. In January 1996, Palestinians chose their first popularly elected government in democratic elections, which were generally well-conducted. The 88-member Council and the Chairman of the Executive Authority were elected. The PA also has a cabinet of 20 appointed ministers who oversee 23 ministries. PA Chairman Yasir Arafat continues to dominate the affairs of government and to make major decisions. Most senior government positions in the PA are held by individuals who are members of, or loyal to, Arafat's Fatah faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/plo.htm 35.20 Seveners (Isma’ili) Recognized the imams ending with Isma’il. The mobilized social discontent and evolved an esoteric faith for initiates. They established the Fatimid caliphate in North Africa (909-1171). Assassins flourished between the 12th to 13th centuries. They re-emerged under Aga Khan in the 19th century. Today they are found in India and East Africa. 35:21 Shi’ites (Shia or Twelvers) Partisans of Ali. The branch of Islam whose adherents hold that Ali was Muhammad’s legitimate successor as he was his son-in-law. They did not accept the first three Caliphs because they believed the line of succession from Muhammad should have been through Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad. Therefore they wanted Ali’s two sons Hasan and Husayn to succeed to the caliphate; but Hasan renounced his claim, and Husayn was killed at the Battle of Kerbala in 680 A.D. This martyrdom is very important for Shi’ite Muslims and is re-enacted annualy. Because of their early history, they developed messanic hopes and expectations that a leader would emerge to establish justice. Rival imams led the Shi’it community but without exercising political power, until the twelfth, who dissappeared in 847. It is believed that he has been in hiding ever since, waiting until the time for restoration. He has no successors. Shi’ites make up about 15% of the Muslim population and they believe that the descendents of Muhammad should rule the Islamic community. They recognize twelve imams up until 873 A.D. when the 12th imam disappeared at Samarra – they await the return of the “hidden imam.” The imam is regared as being charismatic and an infallible leader. They take a non-literal interpretation of the Qur’an and have their own secret books of the interpretation of the Qur’an, and their own collections of the Hadith. The tombs of imams (especailly Hussein) and Karbala are regarded as major shrines. Salvation is seen as coming through the messianic return of the Mehdi. This view attracted many non-Arab converts who were excluded from power. There were many anti-establishment revolts among them. It has been the state religiono of Iran since the 16th Cent. where the majority are Shi’ite. Iraq has about 50%, Lebanon around 20%, and India and Pakistan around 8%. 35.22 Sikhism A melting of Islam and Hinduism: Sikhs were founded by Guru Nanak from the Punjab in 1469. He pronounced that Allah’s house is everywhere, not just the Ka’aba. He opposed the caste system and believed in the equality of al men. It is a sort of monotheistic atheism. It rejects all rituals and routine practices such as fasting and the pilgrimage. The goal of life is to merge with Allah by following the teachings of the guru, by meditating on the “holy Name” and by acts of charity. 35.23 Sunnis (Sunnite) a follower of the Sunna; a traditional, orthodox Muslims as opposed to the Shia idea that the Muslim leader after Muhammad should be in line with his family succession. The Sunnis accepted all the first four caliphs and accepted the claims of the Umayyad Dynasty in Damascus to take over the caliphate. Historically Sunnis held that Muhammad’s successor should be elected. There were Sunni caliphs from the 7th century until the end of the Abbassid caliphate in 1258. After this there were Fatimid caliphs in Egypt. The Ottomans revived the caliphate in 1775, but it was finally abolished in 1924. Sunnis are found all over the world and they compromise about 85% of all Muslims. 35.24 Sufism (Mystic) The pursuit of spiritual experience by bodily discipline and mystical intuition. The word “sufi” probably comes from the word “suf”, meaning “undyed wool”. A “sufi” was someone who wore “suf”. It was integrated to the mainstream of Islamic thought throught he life and teaching of al-Gahazali (d. 1111). It has influenced every level of Muslim society and contributed significantly to the spread of Islam. It profundly influenced the Christian mystics such as John of the Cross and Teresa of Avila. The basic practices and emphases in Sufism include: 1) “Recollecting” or “remembering” the name of God in prayer (dhikr). 2) Belonging to a group while encouraging individualism. 3) The questioning of selfhood and the quest for union with God. 4) Walking the mystic “way” (tariga). 5) Stressed that the inner meaning of prayer and pilgrimage is more important than carrying them out. 6) Missioanry zeal. 7) It allows for esoteric speculation, folk Islam, and the desire for a supernatural demonstrations of power.
visiting the tombs of saints, belief in the intercession of the Prophet and saints, and other forms of what he regarded as supersition. All objects of worship other than Allah, are false, and all who worship other gods are worthy of death. 2) the lowering of moral standards among Muslims 3) additions to basic Islamic beliefs and practices from the Sufis, philosophers and theologians. 4) the four schools of law and six books of Hadith must be acknowledged. 5) Introducing the name of a prophet, saint, or angel into a prayer is an act of polytheism. 6) It is unbelief to profess knowledge which is not based on the Qur’an and the Sunna. 7) Attendance at public prayers is mandatory. 8) The shaving of one’s beard and the used of abusive language are prohibited. 9) Smoking tobacco is forbidden and can be punishable by up to forty lashes. 10) Alms are to be paid on all income. 11) The use of the rosary is forbidden. The names of God are to be counted on the knuckles of one hand. 12) Wahhabi mosques are built with great simplicity; no minarets or oranaments are allowed. 13) The use of silk, gold and silver is forbidden. 14) Music is also disallowed. 15) Anthropomorphic concepts of God are believed. Qur’anic texts about God’s hand, his hearing and seeing, along with his ascent to the throne, are literally interpreted. 16) Jihad or religious war is regarded as an obligation to be engaged in when necessary. 17) Use of tombstones is not allowed. Keith Swartley, Ed., Encountering the World of Islam, pp. 126-128.
Dr. Daniel Pipes, Militant Islam Reaches America, p. 13. Cuba: continued to provide savehaven to several terrorist” in 2000, including several U.S. terrorist fugitives. Iraq: was considered the “most active” sponser of terrorism because of its support for militant terrorist groups in the Middle East such as Hamas, Hizballah, and Islamic Jihad. Iraq: had “planned and sponsered” terrorisn in 2000, but had not attempted an anti-Western terrorist attack since its attempt to assassinate former President Bush in 1993. Libya: was included for its alleged involvement in several past terrorism operations, including the 1988 downing of Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, and other incidents. North Korea: “may habve sold weapons” to terrorist groups shuch as the Moro Islamic Liberation front in the Philippines in 2000. Sudan: continues to provide safe haven to terrorist groups, including associates of Osama bin Laden’s Al-Qaeda. Syria: (recently elected to the United Nations Security Council) was accused of providing safe haven to several terrorist groups, including the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and the Islamic Jihad. Dr. John Ankerberg, Fast Facts on Islam, p. 132. 35.29 Different Kinds of Muslims
McCurry, Muslim Awareness Seminar, p. 63 35.30 Organizations for More Information and Materials about Islam The following is a list of organizations in North America where Christian literature for Muslims and cassettes in Muslim languages can be obtained. This list is not comprehensive by any means, but it is a start. Following each address are indicated different languages in which materials are available from that organization or individual. Abbreviations used: cass = cassette(s) Ar. = Arabic por = Scripture portions Kur. = Kurdish OT = Old Testament Per. = Persian NT = New Testament Pus: Pushtu (Afghani) Tr. = tracts Dar. = Dari (Afghani) Bk = books Tur. = Turkish Ur. = Urdu
1865 Broadway 122 Glendale Blvd. New York, NY Los Angeles, CA 90026 (OT, NT, tr. bk, cass. Ar., Per, Dar, Pus, Per. Ar. Tur. Ur.) Kur. Tur., Ur. & many other Languages). American Scripture Gift Mission 1211 Arch Street International Students, Inc. Philadelphia, PA 19107 Star Ranch (tr. por. Bk, Per, Colorado Springs, CO 80906 and other languages) (Write for details)
205 Yonge St. Rm. 25 World Evangelization Crusade Toronto, Ont. Canada M5B 1N2 Box A (Write for their catalog. Fort Washington, PA 19034 They also have a quarterly (NT, tr. bk, cass, por, Ar. prayer bulletin) Tur. Per. Ur.) Friends of Turkey New York Bible Society (Turkish World Outreach) 144 Tices Lane 508 Fruitvale Court East Brunswick, NJ 08816 Grand Junction, CO 81504 (OT, NT, por, bk, Ar, Per, (Write for Details) Tur)
Box 15013 (Operation Mobilization) Colorado Springs, CO 80935 Box 148 (Variety of materials and Midland Park, NJ 07432 Graphics in Ar.) (cass. Por. Per.)
Box 53 Box 120 Wayne, NJ 07470 New Paris, IN 46553 (Bk., por, tr, Per, and (tracts in 87 languages) other languages)
222 Ministries exists to advance the Kingdom of God in Iran
Elam's vision is that all the people of the Iran Region would have the opportunity to come to know the Lord Jesus Christ and follow Him as a disciple Fellowship of Faith for the Muslims
Finnish Lutheran Mission works amongst people of other faiths, particularly amongst Turkish speaking people in North London
An evangelical mission agency dedicated to encouraging and equipping UK churches to reach international students for Christ
An outreach organisation serving churches and Christian organisations in the Middle East by offering short-term mission opportunities
Work in education, health and welfare, theological education and pastoral care in fellowship with churches in the area.
Helping Christians facing persecution
Making the Gospel accessible to all the families of the Middle East by the year 2020
OM pioneers and leads initiatives to redeem lives, rebuild communities and restore hope in over 100 countries and onboard our ships Logos II, Doulos and Logos Hope.
Working among Muslim people from Turkey to the Xinjiang Province of North-West China
Mobilising teams to glorify God amongst unreached peoples by initiating church planting movements in partnership with local churches
Helping Muslims Follow Jesus
WEC International An international fellowship of some 1600 people from 76 different nationalities, working in over 60 countries worldwide
A mission movement with a large range of activities focussing on the most church neglected areas of the world
Youth With A Mission is an international movement of Christians from many denominations dedicated to serving Jesus throughout the world 35.32 Muslim Training Programs International Missions (Christstar) Box 323
Middle East Training Session Reformed Bible College 1869 Robinson Road Grand Rapids, MI 49506 A three-month study program and travel to Egypt giving an academic and practical introduction for those considerimg Christian service in a Muslim culture. The Reformed Bible College also offers coursework in Islamics. North Africa Mission 42 Long Lane Philadelphia, PA 19042 (215) 352-2003 Four weeks of intensive training and outreach to Muslims in the Metropolitan Philadelphia area. Classroom instruction in Islamics amd Muslim evangelism techniques by qualified instructors. Guided experience in evangelistic situations. Academic credit possible. North Africa Mission/Canada 205 Yonge Street Toronto, Ontario M5B 1N2 A month long cross-cultural program that includes classroom instruction and outreach to Muslims in the Montreal area in cooperation with local churches, IVCF, and OM. Teaching and evangelism will be in French and Engkish, but participants should have some knowledge of french. The Samuel Zwemer Institute Box 365 Altadena, CA 91001 (818) 794-1121 Year-round and summer training programs are offered from the certificate to graduate levels through Fuller Seminary’s School of World Mission and the William Carey International University. A field internship program helping students to develop cross cultural communication skills through carious ministries among a wide range of ethnic Muslim groups in the Los Angeles area is offered simultaneously with the academic programs. Columbia Institute of Muslim Studies Introduction to Islam, Folk Islam, Muslim Evangelism, Apologetics for Muslim Ministry, Islam in America, and Revelation, Qur'an and Muslim Tradition. Brochures available. muslimstudies@ciu.edu or 1-800-777-2227 x3325. Frontiers Several programs preparing Christians to work among Muslims, whether in the USA or in the Middle East. Be mentored as part of a team learning the Frontiers approach to planting churches. US Center for World Missions Several training opportunities in Bible, missiology, more. 36.* Statistics* (Data*, Verses*, Words*, Letters*, Population*, Populations*) 36.1 Sixty Countries Where There is an Over 50% Majority Muslim Population Country Total Pop. Muslim % Muslim Pop. Afghanistan 26,813,057 90 % 26,544,926 Albania 3,510,484 70 % 2,457,339 Algeria 30,791,000 99 % 30,483,090 Azerbaijan 7,771,092 93 % 7,258,200 Bahrain 645,361 100 % 645,361 Bangladesh 131,269,860 83 % 115,517,477 Bosnia-Herzegovina 3,922,205 60 % 2,353,323 Brunei 343,653 67 % 230,248 Burkina Gaso 12,272,289 50 % 6,136,145 Cameroon 15,803,220 55 % 8,691,771 Central African Rep. 3,576,884 55 % 1,967,286 Chad 8,707,078 51 % 7,401,016 Coco (Keeling) Island 633 57 % 361 Comoros 596,202 98 % 584,278 Cote d’-voire 14,762,445 60 % 8,857,467 Djibouti 427,642 94 % 401,983 Egypt 69,536,644 90 % 65,364,445 Eritrea 3,427,883 80 % 2,742,306 Ethiopia 57,171,662 65 % 37,161,580 Gambia, The 1,204,984 90 % 1,084,486 Gaza Strip 923,940 99 % 911,929 Guinea 7,411,981 95 % 7,041,382 Guinea Bissau 1,151,330 70 % 805,931 Indonesia 228,437,870 88 % 201,025,326 Iran 66,094,264 99 % 65,433,321 Iraq 21,422,292 97 % 20,779,623 Jordan 4,212,152 92 % 4,001,544 Kazakstan 16,916,463 51.2 % 8,661,229 Kuwait 1,950,047 85 % 1,735,542 Kyrgyzstan 4,529,648 76.1 % 3,447,062 Lebanon 3,776,317 70 % 2,643,422 Libya 5,445,436 100 % 5,445,436 Malaysia 19,962,893 52 % 10,380,704 Maldives 270,758 100 % 270,758 Mali 9,653,261 90 % 8,687,935 Mauritania 2,336,048 100 % 2,336,048 Mayotee 100,838 99 % 99,830 Morocco 29,779,156 99.7 % 29,392,027 Niger 9,113,001 91 % 8,292,831 Nigeria 126,635,626 75 % 94,976,720 Oman 2,186,548 100 % 2,186,548 Pakistan 144,616,639 97 % 140,278,140 Qatar 547,761 100 % 547,761 Saudia Arabia 19,409,058 100 % 19,409,058 Senegal 9,092,749 95 % 8,638,112 Sierra Leone 4,793,121 65 % 3,115,529 Somalia 9,639,151 100 % 9,639,151 Sudan 31,547,543 85 % 26,815,412 Syria 15,608,648 90 % 14,047,783 Tajikistan 5,916,373 85 % 5,028,917 Tanzania 29,058,470 65 % 18,888,006 Togo 4,570,530 55 % 2,513,792 Tunisia 9,019,687 98 % 8,839,293 Turkey 66,493,970 99.8 % 66,254,592 Turkmenistan 4,149,283 87 % 3,609,876 United Arab Emirates 3,057,337 96 % 2,935,044 Uzbekistan 23,418,381 88 % 20,608,175 West Bank 2,090,713 75 % 1,568,035 Western Sahara 222,631 100 % 222,631 Yemen 13,483,178 99 % 13,348,346 Total: 6,036,972,991 1,480,083,062 Note: India 1,029,991,145 14 % 144,198,760 36.2 Most Populous Muslim Countries The four most-populous countries are outside the Middle East. They are the nations of Indonesia, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Dr. George Braswell, Islam and America, pp. 109-110. 36.3 Islamic Immigration Strategy They mass immigrate here and create their own mini sharia states which they use to spread sharia over the “infidels” not with swords, guns and bombs but with slow generational demographics like they did in Lebanon and are doing in countries like France and others. They take advantage of our openness, our liberalism, our tolerance, our values of multiculturalism and exploit them. It’s safe to say that I got a whole new appreciation of just how dedicated and deceptive these islamists are. You mean like this, from the IKHWAN handbook, 1991: 4- Understanding the role of the Muslim Brother in North America: The process of settlement is a “Civilization-Jihadist Process” with all the word means. The Ikhwan must understand that their work in America is a kind of grand Jihad in eliminating and destroying the Western civilization from within and “sabotaging” its miserable house by their hands and the hands of the believers so that it is eliminated and God’s religion is made victorious over all other religions. Without this level of understanding, we are not up to this challenge and have not prepared ourselves for Jihad yet. It is a Muslim’s destiny to perform Jihad and work wherever he is and wherever he lands until the final hour comes, and there is no escape from that destiny except for those who chose to slack. But, would the slackers and the Mujahedeen be equal. http://pajamasmedia.com/blog/an-open-question-to-osama-bin-laden-%E2%80%94-or-any-other-islamist/ 36.4 Immigration In Britain (2001) Tamil = 90,000 Kashmiri = 117,000 Bengali = 400,000 Urdu = 400,000 Punjabi = 471,000
Kurds = 0.5 m. Arab = 0.3 m. Iranian = 0.12 m. Afghani = 0.07 m Pakistani = 0.04 m. 36.7 High Density Muslim Populations Muslim densities are particularly notable in some cities. London is home to 500,000 Muslims and West Berlin to some 300,000. They make up 10% of the population in Brimingham, the second largest city of Great Britain; in Bradford, where protests against Salman Rushdies’s Satanic Verse gathered intensity, they constiture 14 % of the population. They make up one quater of the the population in Brussels, Saint-Denis (a suberb of Paris) and Dearborn, Michigan. Dr. Daniel Pipes, Militant Islam Reaches America, p. 25. 36.8 Percentages of Muslims in the World Muslims number nearly 1 billion individuals. They constiture more than 85 % of the population of some 32 countries; they make up between 25 and 85 % of the population in 11 countries; and siginificant numbers in but less than 25 % in another 47 countries... According to a 1988 study by John R. Weeks, a California based demographer, countries with a large number of Muslims have a crude birth rate of 42% per 1000; by contrast, the developed countries have a crude birth rate of just 13% per 1000... Take the fromer Soviet Union: Muslims there sustained a birth rate five times that of the non-Muslims. While Muslims constituted only 16 % of the population, they accounted fro 49% of the populşation increas between 1979 and 1989. Dr. Daniel Pipes, Militant Islam Reaches America, pp. 23-24. 36.9 10-15% of Muslims are Radicals Islam authority, Dr. Daniel Pipes argues that radicals compromise “perhaps “10 to 15 percent of the (Muslim) population. Many of them are peaceful in appearance, but they all must be considered potential killers.” That could be as many as 200 million people. Dr. John Ankerberg, Fast Facts on Islam, pp. 19-20. Islamists constitute a small but significant minority of Muslims, perhaps 10 to 15 percent of the total population. They may appear law-abiding and reasonable, but they are part of a totalitarian movement and as such must be considered potential killers. Dr. Daniel Pipes, Militant Islam Reaches America, p. 135. 36.10 67% of Muslims say America Deserved the attack of Sept 11 According to the television news program 60 Minutes, even in the “moderate” Arab world there is widespread anger, even hatred towards the U.S. (and public sentiment is strong, though not universal, that America “deserved” what happened in the September 11 attack). Dr. John Ankerberg, Fast Facts on Islam, p. 20. According to a Gallup poll of 9,924 adults in nine Muslim nations (conducted in December 2001 and January 2002), fully 15 percent of those responding felt that the September 11 terrorist attacks were “morally justified” (36 percent in Kuwait); 18 percent were uncertain, and 67 percent overall beleived the attacks were morally unjustified. Dr. John Ankerberg, Fast Facts on Islam, p. 78. 36.11 1 out of 8 Muslims are Militant About one out of every eight Muslims worldwide accepts militant Islam... Saudi Arabia is a special case, being the home of Osama bin Laden himself and fifteen of the nineteen suicide hijackers, the seedbed of the ideas that stand at the heart of the Taliban, and the source of much of the funding of Islamist networks around the world. Dr. Daniel Pipes, Militant Islam Reaches America, p. 150 & 253. 36.12 Statistics About Hell in the Qur’an Verses Hell Warnings Warnings per verse Old Testament = 23,138 31 1 in 746 verses New Testament = 7,957 74 1 in 108 verses Qur’an = 6,236 783 1 in 8 verses
Dr. John Ankerberg, Fast Facts on Islam, p. 14. 36.15 Arabic Language Program Installing the Arabic language on your computer Installation on Windows® 2000
Installation on Windows® XP and 2003
36.16 The Name “İsa” in the Qur’an The name of Jesus (“İsa” in Arabic) is mentioned 97 times in the Qur’an. Dr. Abraham Sarker, Understand My Muslim People, p. 125. 36.17 Statistics on the Bible & Qur’an Compared The Old Testament = 39 Books Books Chapters Verses Words Letters 39 929 23,138 602,582 2,728,100 The New Testament = 27 books Books Chapters Verses Words Letters 27 260 7,957 180,552 838,380 The Bible as a Whole = 66 Books Books Chapters Verses Words Letters 66 1,189 31,101 783,137 3,566,480 As Compared With The Qur'an Books Chapters Verses Words Letters 1 114 6,236 77,934 326,048 (Hill, Bakers Handbook of Bible List’s, 1981) (Dake, Dake’s Annotated Reference Bible, 1981) (Dr. Osman Keskioğlu, Nûzulünden İtibaren Kur’an-ı Kerim, pp. 124-125) (Noyan, Anadilimizle Manzum Türkçe Kur’an-ı Kerim, pp. 19-22) Daniel Wickwire, Has the Bible Been Changed?, p. 14. Greek NT Words = 133,892 muslimhope.com/quranvariants 36.18 One Missionary Per One Million to Muslims Sadly, there is only one missionary per one million Muslims. Along with that, 35 percent of the lost/unsaved people in the world are Muslims. Yes the harvest is white, but the laborers are few. W.L. Cati Married to Muhammad, p. 99. 36.19 Missionaries to Muslims from North America In spite of this growing field for ministry, less than two percent of North America’s 53,000 missionaires – approximately 1000 missionaries – are working among the world’s 900 million Muslims. This estimate is even considered high. This means that there is only one North American missionary working among evry million Muslims. In a recent article, it was mentioned that there are more missionaries serving Alaska’s 400,000 people than there are working in all of Islam! Of the approximately 85 North American mission groups presently working in Muslim countries, just over half are working directly with Muslims. The current demand for recruitment and training of workers is critical. Don McCurry, Muslim Awareness Seminar, p. 7. Yüklə 7,46 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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Arab World Ministries - A Christian Mission to the Arab World