Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1/O139: Toxigenic strains of V. cholerae O1 have been found in fresh water reaches of rivers in Australia but not estuarine or marine environments [31]. There are no epidemiological or concentration data suggesting a significant likelihood of adverse health effects from toxigenic V. cholerae O1 in Australia through consumption of oysters and other bivalves.
L. monocytogenes: There are limited data indicating the potential for listeriosis due to consumption of molluscan shellfish. The only Australian outbreak, in Tasmania in 1991, was linked to imported smoked mussels eaten beyond their use-by date [9,32]. There are limited concentration data demonstrating the potential for L. monocytogenes to be present in molluscan shellfish, with only a low level of failure reported from testing of imported foods and a low number of recalls coordinated by FSANZ in the period 1990–2003 (one for oysters, two for mussels).
