Bhima idiota (Graeser, 1888)
[Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae]
lasiocampid moth
|
Yes
(CHNZX-Farming 2008f)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
No
|
Unlikely
Larvae feed on leaves (CHNZX-Farming 2008f).
|
No
|
Calyptra gruesa (Draudt, 1950).
[Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
|
fruit-piercing moth
|
Yes
In China (ZDCBIC 2005)
On apples (AQIS 1998a)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AQIS 1998a) (Biosecurity Australia 2008b) (AQIS 1999a)
|
Unlikely
Both larvae and adult noctuid moths are inactive during the day and hide amongst the foliage or leaf litter. During the night, adults usually feed on overripe or fermenting fruit (Common 1990) and will fly away when disturbed.
|
No
|
Calyptra lata (Butler, 188)
Syn: Oraesia lata (Butler, 1881)
[Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
|
fruit-piercing moth
|
Yes
(GAAS 2008a)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AQIS 1998a)
|
Unlikely
Adults suck sap of fruit (GAAS 2008a) and will fly away when disturbed
|
No
|
Calyptra thalictri
[Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
|
fruit-piercing moth (FPM)
|
Yes
In China (ZDCBIC 2005)
On apples (AQIS 1998a)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AQIS 1998a) (Biosecurity Australia 2008b) (AQIS 1999a)
|
Unlikely
Both larvae and adult noctuid moths are inactive during the day and hide amongst the foliage or leaf litter. During the night, adults usually feed on overripe or fermenting fruit (Common 1990) and will fly away when disturbed.
|
No
|
Carposina sasakii Matsumura, 1900
[Lepidoptera: Carposinidae]
|
peach fruit borer; peach fruit moth
|
Yes
(AQSIQ 2005; CIQSA 2001a; CIQSA 2001c)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AQIS 1998a; AQIS 1998b; Biosecurity Australia 2005b)
|
Likely
Larvae of this moth species bore in the fruits of apples in China (Toyoshima 1931; Wan et al. 2006). This species damages leaves and fruit of apple trees in Japan (Toyoshima et al. 2005).
This species is a pest of apple fruit (AQSIQ 2005; CIQSA 2001a).
|
Yes
|
Celastrina argiolus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Syn: Cyaniris argiolus
[Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae ]
|
holly blue butterfly
|
Yes
(GAAS 2008b)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AQIS 1999a)
|
Unlikely
Larvae of Cyaniris argiolus eat the stems, ovaries and young fruits and also destroy the fruit (Marikovskii and Ivannikov 1966); (Volkov 1989).
Routine harvest and post harvest quality control procedures undertaken in the apple orchards and packinghouse would remove the damaged and infested fruit prior to packing.
|
No
|
Choreutis pariana (Clerck, 1759)
As Eublemma pariana (Clerck, 1759) in issues paper (Biosecurity Australia 2008d)
[Lepidoptera: Tortricidae]
|
apple-and-thorn skeletonizer
|
Yes
(Ma 2006)
|
No (Nielsen et al 1996)
|
No
|
Unlikely
This species feeds on young and old leaves (Ma 2006).
|
No
|
Choristoneura longicellana (Walsingham, 1900)
[Lepidoptera: Tortricidae]
|
common apple leaf roller
|
Yes
(AQSIQ 2005; CIQSA 2001a)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AQIS 1998a)
|
Unlikely
This leafroller species is a leaf feeder. In the spring, larvae feed in unfolding buds, and then spin a few young leaves together. Attacks on flowers and fruits by this species are unknown. Larvae occur in summer and feed on the lower surface of leaves, under linear webs along major leaf veins (Meijerman and Ulenberg 2000).
|
No
|
Clania minuscule Butler
[Lepidoptera: Psychidae]
|
bagworm
|
Yes
(CHNZX-Farming 2008g)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996; Nielsen et al. 1996; Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
No
|
Unlikely
Larvae feed on leaves and chew on skin of young branches and fruit (CHNZX-Farming 2008g). Larvae chewing on the skin of fruit are unlikely to remain on the fruit when disturbed during harvesting. Fruit damaged by larvae are easily visible and would not be picked during harvest or would be eliminated during the packing house process.
|
No
|
Coleophora nigricella Stephens, 1834
[Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae]
|
|
Yes
(Ma 2006)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
No
|
Unlikely
This species is a leaf feeder (Ma 2006).
|
No
|
Conogethes punctiferalis Guenée, 1854
As Dichocrocis punctiferalis in CIQSA (2001a)
[Lepidoptera: Crambidae]
|
yellow peach moth; crambid moth
|
Yes
(CIQSA 2001a; CIQSA 2001c; Wan et al. 2006)
|
Yes
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AQIS 1998a; AQIS 1998b; Biosecurity Australia 2005b)
|
|
No
|
Cossus cossus orientalis Gaede, 1929
[Lepidoptera: Cossidae]
|
goat moth
|
Yes
(CHNZX-Farming 2008h)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
No
|
Unlikely
Larvae bore into branches and roots. Young instars mostly feed on epidermis of stem near the ground. Growing larvae disperse and bore into xylem and roots (CHNZX-Farming 2008h).
|
No
|
Cydia pomonella Linnaeus,
1758.
[Lepidoptera: Tortricidae]
|
codling moth
|
Yes
(Yin et al. 1998)
|
Yes
(Yin et al. 1998)
Not in WA
(Poole 2008)
|
Yes
(Biosecurity Australia 2006a)
|
Likely
Larvae of this moth species bore into fruit (CAB International 2008).
This species is in Xinjiang and part of Guansu and has not invaded eastern China (AQSIQ 2008). However, it is an important pest of apple and pear in Xinjiang (Yin et al 1998).
|
Yes WA
|
Eudocima fullonia (Clerck, 1764)
Syn: Othreis fullonia (Linnaes, 1758)
[Lepidoptera: Noetuidae]
|
fruit-piercing moth
|
In China (ZDCBIC 2005)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(Biosecurity Australia 2008b)
|
Unlikely
Both larvae and adult noctuid moths are inactive during the day and hide amongst the foliage or leaf litter. During the night, adults usually feed on overripe or fermenting fruit (Common 1990) and will fly away when disturbed.
|
No
|
Eudocima tyrannus (Guenée, 1852)
[Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
|
|
Yes
(Ma 2006)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
No
|
Unlikely
Adults of this species pierce through the skin of fruit to feed, causing the flesh to become sponge-like and soft. The damaged area loses colour and becomes concave. Fruit decay may set in, causing fruit drop. Larvae roll and feed on leaves (Ma 2006).
|
No
|
Eumeta variegata (Snellen, 1879)
As Clania variegata in CIQSA (2001c)
[Lepidoptera: Psychidae]
|
cotton bag worm; Paulownia bagworm
|
Yes
(CIQSA 2001c)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AFFA 2003a; AQIS 1998b; Biosecurity Australia 2005b)
|
Unlikely
The larvae are usually phytophagous and can be important defoliators (CAB International 2008). The moths of Psychidae vary in size from 10-50 mm wingspan. They are best known from their case-bearing larvae, often known as bagworms (CAB International 2008).
|
No
|
Euproctis similis (Fuessly, 1775)
As Porthesia similis xanthocampa (Dyar, 1905) in issues paper (Biosecurity Australia 2008d)
[Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae]
|
browntail moth; yellowtail moth; mulberry tussock moth
|
Yes
(CHNZX-Farming 2008t; CHNZX-Farming 2008u; CIQSA 2001c)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AQIS 1998a; AQIS 1998b; Biosecurity Australia 2005b)
|
Unlikely
Larvae are foliage feeders (leaves, stems and growth points). Leaves are skeletonised because veins are not attacked (CHNZX-Farming 2008t; CHNZX-Farming 2008u).
Euproctis similis and E. similis xanthocampa are listed separately in the China website (CHNZX-Farming 2008t; CHNZX-Farming 2008u) as being associated with apple production in China. No specific subspecies is mentioned for Euproctis similis. Euproctis similis is here used in the broadest sense (sensu lato).
|
No
|
Euzophera pyriella Yang, 1994
[Lepidoptera: Pyralidae]
|
pyralid moth
|
Yes
(Song et al. 1994).
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AQIS 1998b)
|
Likely
Larvae of this moth species bore into apple and pear fruit in China (Song et al. 1994).
|
Yes
|
Gastropacha quercifolia (Linnaeus, 1758)
[Lepidoptera: Lasiocapidae) ]
|
lappet, lasiocampid
|
Yes
(CAS 2008)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AQIS 1998b)
|
Unlikely
Phytophages on the poplar (Georgiev and Beshkov 2000). In the early stages of tree growth the larvae fed on leaf and flower buds and later in the year caused defoliation (Panait and Ciortan 1972). Older larvae overwintered on the trunks or branches, becoming active and feeding on the flower and leaf buds (Bibolini 1960). Several instances of caterpillars of lasiocampid on plums, cherries, peach and apples were reported (Averin and Galkov 1958; Vassiliev 1913; Zvierezomb 1919).
Routine harvest and post harvest quality control procedures undertaken in the apple orchards and packinghouse would remove the damaged and infested fruit prior to packing.
|
No
|
Grapholita funebrana (Treitschke, 1835)
[Lepidoptera: Tortricidae]
|
plum fruit moth; red plum maggot
|
Yes
(Kang et al. 1989)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
No
|
Unlikely
Grapholita funebrana is apparently a damaging species of the genus Prunus (Meijerman and Ulenberg 2000). There are no recent reports of this species on apples and only a few very old records refer to G. funebrana damaging apples (Malus domestica) (CAB International 2008; Pospielov 1914; Radetsky 1913). This species is not listed in China’s apple submissions (AQSIQ 2005; CIQSA 2001b). (CIQSA 2001c)Based on this evidence, it is not likely this species would be on the pathway.
|
No
|
Grapholita inopinata (Heinrich, 1928)
[Lepidoptera: Tortricidae]
|
Manchurian fruit moth
|
Yes
(AQSIQ 2005; CIQSA 2001a; CIQSA 2001c)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AQIS 1998a; AQIS 1998b; Biosecurity Australia 2005b)
|
Likely
Larvae of this moth species tunnel into fruit, feeding first under the skin and later on the seeds. Normally there is only one larva in each fruit, but up to five have been recorded (CAB International 2008).
|
Yes
|
Grapholita molesta (Busck, 1916)
[Lepidoptera: Tortricidae]
|
Oriental fruit moth; Oriental peach moth
|
Yes
(AQSIQ 2005; CIQSA 2001a; CIQSA 2001c)
|
Yes
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
Not in WA (Poole 2008)
|
Yes
(AQIS 1998a; AQIS 1998b; Biosecurity Australia 2005b)
|
Likely
This moth species is a serious insect pest of apples in China (CIQSA 2001a).
Larvae of this species injure and bore into apple fruit in China (Wan et al. 2006).
|
Yes WA
|
Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1805)
[Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
|
cotton bollworm
|
Yes
(CIQSA 2001c; Wan et al. 2006)
|
Yes
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AFFA 2003a; Biosecurity Australia 2005a; Biosecurity Australia 2005b)
|
|
No
|
Hyphantria cunea (Drury, 1773)
[Lepidoptera: Arctiidae]
|
fall webworm
|
Yes
(CAAS 1992)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
No
|
Unlikely
Eggs are laid on leaves and larvae feed on leaves (CAAS 1992).
This species is an introduced pest for China. There are two generations per year in Liaoning: the peak of first generation larvae in June and July and the second generation during August and September. Generally, the larvae start pupation in early September to overwinter (CAAS 1992).
|
No
|
Hypocala subsatura Guenée, 1852
[Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
|
|
Yes
(Ma 2006)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
No
|
Unlikely
Larvae of this species mainly feed on young shoots and rarely on young fruit (Ma 2006).
|
No
|
Illiberis pruni Dyar, 1905
[Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae]
|
green cochlid; pear spotted caterpillar; pear leaf worm
|
Yes
(AQSIQ 2005; CIQSA 2001a; CIQSA 2001c)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AQIS 1998a; AQIS 1998b; Biosecurity Australia 2005b)
|
Unlikely
This species rolls and eats leaves of apple trees in China (CIQSA 2001a).
Larvae of this species roll, feed on and skeletonise apple leaves in China (Liu et al. 2000).(Arakawa and Akiyama 1933; Ohira 1991).
|
No
|
Leucoptera malifoliella (Costa, 1836)
As Leucoptera scitella (Zeller, 1839) in AQSIQ (2005)
[Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae]
|
pear leaf miner; apple leaf miner
|
Yes
(AQSIQ 2005; CIQSA 2001a; CIQSA 2001c)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AQIS 1998b; Biosecurity Australia 2005b)
|
Unlikely
This species rolls and eats leaves of apple trees in China (CIQSA 2001a).
This species is generally a leaf-eating pest of apples, but over-winters on twigs, branches, trunks and on the soil surface (Maciesiak 1999).
|
No
|
Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus, 1758)
[Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae]
|
Asian gypsy moth
|
Yes
(CIQSA 2001c)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AQIS 1998b; Biosecurity Australia 2005b)
|
Unlikely
Newly hatched larvae of this species usually feed on flushing buds then later, on leaves and flowers of hosts, including apple trees. High populations of this species often result in total tree defoliation. (CAB International 2008).
This species is listed as not on the pathway in the IRA for Fuji apples from Japan (AQIS 1998a).
APAL (2008) regards L. dispar as being among the most undesirable pests. Although the species is not likely on the apple fruit pathway, it has been shown to spread on other pathways. Comprehensive risk assessment of L. dispar has been carried out by Matsuki et al. (2008) http://www.daff.gov.au/__data/assets/word_doc/0005/146885/agmreport.doc. AQIS treats Asian gypsy moth as a high risk pest and makes information widely available including on its website and has measures in place to prevent its introduction into Australia (e.g. http://www.daff.gov.au/aqis/import/cargo/pests).
|
No
|
Malacosoma neustria testacea (Motschulsky, 1861)
[Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae]
|
tent caterpillar
|
Yes
(CIQSA 2001c)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AQIS 1998b; Biosecurity Australia 2005b)
|
Unlikely
Malacosoma neustria causes severe defoliation of hosts including apple, with silken nests formed amongst the bare twigs (CAB International 2008).
|
No
|
Marumba goschkewitschii (Bremer & Grey, 1852)
Includes three sub-species: Marumba goschkewitschii carstanjeni Staudinger, 1887; Marumba goschkewitschii complacens Walker, 1864; Marumba goschkewitschii gaschkewitshi (Bremer & Grey, 1852
[Lepidoptera: Sphingidae]
|
peach horn worm
|
Yes
(Zhu et al. 1997)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AQIS 1998b)
|
Unlikely
Eggs of Sphingids are laid singly on the underside of leaves of the larval food plant. The early instar larvae are also found on the undersurface of leaves, while the older larvae camouflage themselves on stems. When larvae are ready to pupate, they move down into the leaf litter, where they make a rough open cocoon or cell on the soil surface. Some larvae move further into the soil and pupate in an earthen chamber, below the soil surface (Australian Museum 2006).
|
No
|
Monema flavescens Walker, 1855
[Lepidoptera: Heterogeneidae]
|
Oriental fruit moth
|
Yes
(AQSIQ 2005; CIQSA 2001a; CIQSA 2001c)
|
No
(Nielsen et al. 1996)
|
Yes
(AQIS 1998a; AQIS 1998b; Biosecurity Australia 2005b)
|
Unlikely
This moth species rolls and eats leaves of apple trees in China (CIQSA 2001a).
|
No
|
|
|
