Draft report for the non-regulated analysis of existing policy for table grapes from India
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- 1.9.2Cultivation practices
- Trellis systems
- 1.9.3Pest management
- Pest and disease management programmes
1.9Pre-harvest1.9.1CultivarsGrapes were introduced into India from Persia around the 14th century. Grapes are harvested almost all year round. However, in the main commercial production areas of Maharashtra and Karnataka, grapes are harvested between mid-February and the end of April (DPP 2009; DAFF 2010). More than 20 grape cultivars are grown in India (APEDA 2015). More than half of the grape cultivars produced in India are seedless, with Thompson Seedless being the dominant cultivar (DPP 2012). The cultivars produced commercially include Anab-e-Shahi (white, seeded), Bangalore Blue (black, seeded, also known as Isabella), Beauty Seedless (bluish black, seedless), Bhokri (white, seeded), Flame Seedless (red, seedless), Gulabi (purple, seeded, also known as Muscat Hamburg), Perlette (white, seedless), Pusa Seedless (white, seedless), Sharad Seedless (black, seedless) and Thompson Seedless and its mutants (white, seedless) (DPP 2012; APEDA 2015). Anab-e-Shahi, Sharad Seedless, Flame Seedless and Thompson Seedless and its mutants are grown in the hot tropical region of India. Perlette and Thompson Seedless are grown in the sub tropical region. Bangalore Blue, Anab-e-Shahi, Gulabi, Bhokri and Thompson Seedless are grown in the mild tropical region (DPP 2012). The total commercial production area for grapes is approximately 55 000 hectares, distributed mainly in the states of Maharashtra and Karnataka (DPP 2012). Approximately 85 per cent of total grape production is consumed fresh, both for domestic and export industries. The rest are used for raisins, juice and in wine making (DPP 2012). Harvest period and yield of some Indian table grape cultivars are shown in Table 3.1. Table 3.6 Production and harvest period for different table grape cultivars in India (Shikhamany 2001; DPP 2012)
The table grape cultivars India intends to export to Australia include Thompson Seedless and a mutant, Muscat, Bangalore Blue, Flame Seedless, Sharad Seedless, Anab-e-shahi and Perlette (DPP 2009). 1.9.2Cultivation practicesPlantingGrapevines in India are planted by bed and furrow with spacing of 3 meters between rows and 2 meters between plants within a row. Several rootstocks are used in India, for example Dogridge, 110R, 99R, Ramsey and St. George (NRC 2013). The National Research Centre (NRC) for grapes has a disease-free rootstock planting programme. The NRC produces disease-free rootstocks on which they graft a desired cultivar. It takes 18 months to produce a grafted rootstock ready for planting (DAFF 2010). Trellis systemsTwo types of trellis system, T framed and Y framed, are used. The T framed trellis provides full canopy between the rows with drooping bunches. The benefits of this are minimal weed growth, cooler air and soil temperatures, minimal berry rot and drop and lower evaporation rates (DAFF 2010). The Y framed trellis promotes growth across the furrow and produces an open, incomplete canopy derived from vines trained to two horizontal cordons (bilateral cordon training). However, the canopy gap between rows can allow considerable sunlight onto the vineyard floor, which is conducive to weed growth, particularly under the drip line on beds and in furrows (DAFF 2010). PruningIn the tropical areas of India, pruning is done in March-April (summer) and September-October (winter) (Chand et al. 1991; DAFF 2010). The summer pruning, called back pruning, leaves basal single buds on the shoots near the cordon. The winter pruning cuts the mature canes back to the knot on subcanes or to the 6-7 bud position if the cane is straight. This is called fruit pruning because it prepares the vine for bearing fruits (NRC 2013). BaggingIn India, paper bags are used to cover the grape bunches (Figure 3) in commercial vineyards, mainly to protect bunches from sunburn but may also help with pest management. Immediately prior to harvest, the paper bags are removed from the bunches and deposited in the irrigation channels. The bags are cleared from the channels after harvest, prior to flood irrigation (DAFF 2010). Figure 3 A grape bunch covered with a paper bag 
IrrigationDrip irrigation is used during the dry season. The drip line is usually run 0.3–1.2 metres above the ground. One vineyard visited by Australian Government Department of Agriculture officers used a single line system hung at about 30–50 centimetres above the trunk base. This vineyard also used flood irrigation between harvest and pruning, which is generally done in October (DAFF 2010). Irrigation is scheduled as per advice received from the NRC which is based on evaluation of weather data (DAFF 2010). 1.9.3Pest managementGeneral pest surveillance and management programmesIndia has a comprehensive pest monitoring and trace back system for table grapes for export to the European Union and other countries following the European Union food safety requirements. The detailed processes are available in Procedures for export of fresh table grapes to the European Union (APEDA 2013). The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) is responsible for this system. GrapeNet is the internet based electronic system used by APEDA for quality assurance and trace back of all table grapes intended for export. All farms intending to produce table grapes for export must be registered; this is done through the state agriculture departments. Each vineyard is given a unique registration number. The APEDA and the NRC for Grapes provide recommended spray and cultivation programmes to growers that comply with the European Union’s maximum residue limits (MRL) for chemicals. The NRC for grapes also provides weather forecast based advice at three day intervals which predict the level of pest risk and recommend management strategies. Pest and disease management programmesPest and disease management programmes in table grape vineyards use a broad range of practices including nutrient and water management, specific pruning and canopy management techniques and bagging. Biological and chemical control measures are also used. Table 3.2 shows the common pests and integrated pest management procedures for production of quality table grapes (NRC 2013). Export vineyards need to maintain a record of practices that includes information on cultural practices and application of fertilizer and chemicals. Before harvest and chemical testing, each vineyard is inspected by the respective state’s agriculture department (APEDA 2013). The state agriculture department will inspect the crop for quality, pest and disease incidence as well as verify the records (APEDA 2013). The growers not passing this inspection will not be qualified for export. Before harvest, table grapes from vineyards registered for export are randomly sampled and tested for chemical residue by APEDA authorised laboratory workers (APEDA 2013). If the sample conforms to MRL requirements the grapes can harvested for export.
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