Emerging infectious diseases: Infectious diseases that have newly appeared in a population

Emerging infectious diseases: Infectious diseases that have newly appeared in a population.

• Emerging infectious diseases: Infectious diseases that have newly appeared in a population.

• Global :

• Regional:

• Re-emerging Diseases: Diseases’ incidence in human has increased during the last 20 years or threatens to increase in the near future.

• Global:

• Regional:

1973 Rotavirus Enteritis/Diarrhea

• 1973 Rotavirus Enteritis/Diarrhea

• 1976 Cryptosporidium Enteritis/Diarrhea

• 1977 Ebola virus VHF

• 1977 Legionella Legionnaire’s dz

• 1977 Hantaan virus VHF w/ renal flr

• 1977 Campylobacter Enteritis/Diarrhea

• 1980 HTLV-1 Lymphoma

• 1981 Toxin prod. S.aureus Toxic Shock Synd.

• 1982 E.coli 0157:H7 HUS

• 1982 HTLV-II Leukemia

• 1982 Borrelia burgdorferi Lyme disease

1983 HIV AIDS

• 1983 HIV AIDS

• 1983 Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcer dz

• 1988 Hepatitis E Hepatitis

• 1989 Hepatitis C Hepatitis

• 1990 Guanarito virus VHF

• 1991 Encephalitozoon Disseminated dz

• 1992 Vibrio cholerae O139 Cholera

• 1992 Bartonella henselae Cat scratch dz

1993 Sin Nombre virus Hanta Pulm. Synd.

• 1993 Sin Nombre virus Hanta Pulm. Synd.

• 1994 Sabia virus VHF

• 1994 Hendra virus Respiratory dz

• 1995 Hepatitis G Hepatitis

• 1995 H Herpesvirus-8 Kaposi sarcoma

• 1996 vCJD prion Variant CJD

• 1997 Avian influenza (H5N1) Influenza

• 1999 Nipah virus Encephalitis

• 1999 West Nile virus Encephalitis

• 2001 BT Bacillus anthracis Anthrax

• 2003 Monkeypox Pox

• SARS-CoV SARS

• H5N1 Avian Influenza

I-Ecological changes and Agricultural development.

• I-Ecological changes and Agricultural development.

• Placing the people in contact with a natural reserviour or host of a hitherto unfamiliar, but usually already present,

Example 1 :

• Example 1 :

Example 2 :

• Example 2 :

Example 3:

• Example 3:

Example 4:

• Example 4:

High dam in Egypt

• High dam in Egypt

• Slowed water flaw

• allowed snails to go south

• introduced S. mansoni in Upper Egypt

• Increased its occurrence in Nile Delta.

• Senegal Dam

• Lakes in Mauritania

• Rift Valley Fever outbreak 1987.

Higher ocean temps increase Vibrio parahaemolyticus (shellfish)

• Higher ocean temps increase Vibrio parahaemolyticus (shellfish)

• Some soil pathogens carried by dry dusty winds (Coccidiodes)

Inflation of population size

• Inflation of population size

• Insufficient infrastructures

• Use open containers for water

• Breading mosquitos

• Dengue fever in Asia

III-International travel and Commerce.

• III-International travel and Commerce.

• 365 days to circumnavigate the globe…now it takes 36 hours

• -used to quarantine ships, but 36 h faster than disease incubation

• 400 million people per year travel internationally

• increased incidence of both Tuberculosis and Influenza transmission on long flights

-Transportation of products is an increased concern.

• -Transportation of products is an increased concern.

• -rapid transport of disease harboring fresh products.

• -transport of livestock facilitates movements of viruses and arthropods (especially ticks)

• Travel and HIV/AIDS.

• -Silk route and plague.

• -Slaves trade and yellow fever.

• -Migration to new world and smallpox.

• Cholera and Hajj.

Modern mass production increased the chance of accidental contamination and amplifies the effect of such contamination.

• Modern mass production increased the chance of accidental contamination and amplifies the effect of such contamination.

• -Contamination of hamburger meat by E.coli strains causing haemolytic uraemic syndrome.

• -Feeding cattle by byproducts of sheep causing bovine spongiform encephalitis.

Concentrating effect of blood and nasocomial infections e.g. Ebola fever by contaminated hypodermic apparatus.

• Concentrating effect of blood and nasocomial infections e.g. Ebola fever by contaminated hypodermic apparatus.

• New diagnostic technology lead to identification of previously unknown microbes for known diseases e.g. Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer, human herpes virus 6 and roseola.

• Medical technology

• People living longer, but have weaker immune systems.

• Blood & organ transplantation transmit infections.

Increased antibiotic resistance with increased use of antibiotics in humans and food animals (VRE, VRSA, penicillin- and macrolide-resistant Strep pneumonia, multidrug-resistant Salmonella,….)

• Increased antibiotic resistance with increased use of antibiotics in humans and food animals (VRE, VRSA, penicillin- and macrolide-resistant Strep pneumonia, multidrug-resistant Salmonella,….)

• Increase virulence (Group A Strep?)

• Jumping species from animals to humans (avian influenza, HIV?, SARS?)

-Decrease in choline in water supplies lead to rapid spread of cholera in South America.

• -Decrease in choline in water supplies lead to rapid spread of cholera in South America.

• Non functioning water plant in Wisconsin, USA lead to outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidium.

Inadequate vaccinations and Diphtheria in former USSR independent countries.

• Inadequate vaccinations and Diphtheria in former USSR independent countries.

• Discontinued mosquito control efforts and dengue and malaria re-emergence.

1981 -- > 4,000,000 cases

• 1981 -- > 4,000,000 cases

• 1986 -- 3,500,000 cases

• 1989 -- 890,000 cases

• 1992 -- 374,000 cases

• 1995 -- 129,000 cases

• 1998 -- 79,000 cases (61%, Sudan)

• 1999 – 80,000 cases (70%, Sudan)

• 2000 -- 70,000 cases (73%, Sudan)

• 2001 -- 60,000 cases (78%, Sudan)

• 2002 -- 50,000 cases (74%, Sudan)

• 2003 -- 31,000 cases (62%, Sudan; 27%, Ghana)

• 2004 -- 16,026 cases (45%, Sudan; 45%, Ghana)

• 2005 -- 10,715 cases vs. 14,418 in 2004 (Jan-Oct)(61%, Sudan; 29%, Ghana)

• [Down from 20 to 10 countries; 5 of them had fewer than 100 cases in 2005]