English as a business language

Production of sugar
Sugarcane is a species of tall, perennial grass that is used for sugar production. Sugar cane needs a climate with no frost, with enough rain in the growing season so that the plant grows. It is harvested by a machine or by hand, and cut into pieces and is moved to the processing plant where it is milled. The juice is extracted with water or it is extracted by diffusion.The juice is clarified with lime and heated to destroy enzymes. The thin syrup result is concentrated in evaporators, after then water is removed. The supersaturated solution is added with sugar crystals, making crystals and drying easier. Molasses, fiber from the stems, is burned to give energy for the sugar extraction process. The raw sugar crystals have a sticky brown coating and may be bleached by sulfur dioxide, or may be treated in a carbonation process to make it whiter. About 2,500 litres of water is needed for every one kilogram of sugar to be produced.


Sugar beet is cultivated as a root crop in temperate regions with adequate rainfall and requires a fertile soil. The crop is harvested mechanically in the autumn and the crown of leaves and excess soil removed. The roots do not deteriorate rapidly and may be left in the field for some weeks before being transported to the processing plant where the crop is washed and sliced, and the sugar extracted by diffusion. Milk of lime is added to the raw juice with calcium carbonate. After water is evaporated by boiling the syrup under a vacuum, the syrup is cooled and seeded with sugar crystals. The white sugar that crystallizes can be dried, requiring no further refining.


Refining process. Refined sugar is made from raw sugar that has undergone a refining process to remove the molasses. Raw sugar is sucrose which is extracted from sugarcane or sugar beet.
The sugar may be transported in bulk to the country where it will be used and the refining process often takes place there. The main refining process of sugar is the crystals are separated from the liquor and dissolved in water. The resulting syrup is treated either by a carbonatation or by a phosphatation process. Both involve the precipitation of a fine solid in the syrup and when this is filtered out, many of the impurities are removed at the same time.The sugar syrup is concentrated by boiling and then cooled and seeded with sugar crystals, causing the sugar to crystallize out. The liquor is spun off in a centrifuge and the white crystals are dried in hot air and ready to be packaged or used.


Some types of sugar:
White sugar is also called table sugar or granulated sugar. It is a commonly used type of sugar, made either of beet sugar or cane sugar, which has undergone a refining process.
Brown sugar is a sucrose sugar product with a distinctive brown color due to the presence of molasses.
Granulated sugar, also known as table sugar or regular sugar, is used at the table, to sprinkle on foods and to sweeten hot drinks, and in home baking to add sweetness and texture to baked products and desserts.
Pressed sugar is sucrose which is extracted from sugarcane or sugar beet.
Powdered sugar, also known as confectioner's sugar or icing sugar, available in varying degrees of fineness.


Word file:
Naturally – təbii olaraq, təbii
Sugarcane – şəkər qamışı
Sugarbeet – şəkər çuğunduru
Production – istehsal
Mill – dəyirman; üyütmək
Destroy – məhv etmək
Solution – həll, məhlul
Molass – şəkərin məti
Stem – gövdə, saplaq
Sticky – yapışqan
Sulfur – kükürd
Fertile – münbit, bəhrəli
Soil – torpaq syn. land, ground
Dissolve – həll etmək, əritmək
Package – qablaşdırmaq
Table sugar – süfrə şəkəri
Granulated sugar – şəkər tozu
Sprinkle – səpmək
Confection – şirniyyat