The application form does indeed speak of ‘publication of information on the beneficiaries of the EAGF and the EAFRD and the amounts received per beneficiary’ and refers to Article 44a of Council Regulation No 1290/2005 (and, for good measure, to Article 11 of Commission Regulation No 796/2005). (English ST- from Opinion of the Advocate-General, at http://eur-lex.europa.eu)
În formularul de cerere se menționează într adevăr „publicarea informațiilor referitoare la beneficiarii FEGA și FEADR și la sumele primite de fiecare beneficiar” și se face trimitere la articolul 44a din Regulamentul nr. 1290/2005 al Consiliului (precum și la articolul 11 din Regulamentul nr. 796/2005 al Comisiei). (Romanian TT- from Opinia avocatului general, at http://eur-lex.europa.eu)
1. Number
1. Number
English recognizes a distinction between singular and plural. This distinction has to be expressed morphologically, by adding a suffix to a noun or by changing its form in some other way to indicate whether it refers to one or more than one: student/ students, fox/ foxes, man/men, etc. Some languages, such as Japanese, Chinese, and Vietnamese, prefer to express the same notion lexically or more often, not at all.
eg. my book and my books are both wo-de-shu in Chinese.
Other languages have the grammatical category of number, similar, but not identical to that of English. Arabic, Eskimo and some Slavonic language distinguish between one, two and more than two.
Translator’s choices:
(a) to omit the relevant information on number:
China’s Panda Reserves. (English ST)
China’s Panda Protection-zone. (back-translated from Chinese)
(b) to encode this information lexically:
The heads of the ministries created in 189 were not directly responsible for “advising and assisting” (hohitsu) the emperor, though they were to become so in 1889. (English ST- Palace and Politics in Prewar Japan)
The head of various ministry created in Meiji 2nd are not directly responsible for “hohitsu” the emperor. (back-translated from Japanese)
2. Gender
2. Gender
English does not have a grammatical category of gender as such; English nouns are not regularly inflected to distinguish between feminine and masculine.
English has the category of person which distinguishes in the third-person singular between masculine, feminine and inanimate (he/she/it). This distinction does not apply to the third-person plural (they). In some languages, such as Arabic, gender distinctions apply to the second as well as third person pronouns. In addition to gender distinctions in the third-person singular and plural, Arabic has different forms for “you” depending on whether the person or persons addressed is/are male or female.
EXAMPLE: the problematic items in the ST– the pronominal function of gender.
Shampoo the hair with a mild WELLA-SHAMPOO and lightly towel dry.
Apply KOLESTRAL-SUPER directly onto the hair and massage gently.
For maximum effect, cover the hair with a plastic cap or towel.
KOLESTRAL-SUPER can be left on the hair for 10-20 minutes.
After the developing time rinse off thoroughly before styling- no shampooing required.
Style the hair as usual. (English ST- Instructions for use)
The hair is washed with “Wella” shampoo, provided that it is a mild shampoo. Then the hair is dried by means of a towel, a simple drying so that the hair is left damp.
Kolestral-Super is put directly on the hair and massaged with softness and gentleness.
For obtaining maximum effectiveness, the hair is covered by means of a cap, that is a plastic hat which covers the hair, or by means of a towel.
Kolestral-Super is left for a period of 10-20 minutes.
After the end of the reaction period, the hair should be rinsed well and in depth before starting on the desired hair-do. No need for shampoo in this final stage.
The hair is styled and combed as usual and in the desired fashion and the result is ideal and marvellous. (back-translated from Arabic)
Passive voice instead of the imperative in order to avoid specifying the subject of the verb altogether.
Gender (continued)
Gender (continued)
EXAMPLE:
Do not touch the power cord with wet hands as it may cause electric shocks.
Place the unit in a well ventilated area and no-heat environment. (English ST- from Embedded Nagravision Digital Cable Receiver HSC-1170NA. User’ Manual. Hyundai Digital Technology, pp. 2)
Nu atingeţi cablul cu mâinile ude, căci ar putea produce un şoc electric.
Puneţi aparatul într-un loc aerisit şi răcoros. (Romanian TT- from Receptor digital de cablu HSC-1170NA. Manual de utilizare. Hyundai Digital Technology, pp. 2)
In Romanian, the problematic issue of the pronominal function of gender is avoided by using a verbal form specific to the plural form of the second person, personal pronoun (no gender distinctions for masculine or feminine).
