Eu risk assessment

De Haan, S., Rethfeld, H. and Van Driel, W. (1985). Acceptable levels of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in soils, depending on their clay and humus content and cation-exchange capacity. Instituut voor Bodembruchtbaarheid, Haren (Gr.), rapport 9-85, 42pp.

De Temmerman, L., Vanongeval, L., Boon, W., Hoenig, M. and Geypens, M. (2000). Gehalten aan spoorelementen in akkerbodems in Vlaanderen. Publicatie CODA-BDB, 2000/1,16 pp.

Delahaye et al. (2003). Emissie van zeven zware metalen naar landbouwgrond. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Voorburg/Heerelen. (Emissions of seven heavy metals to agricultural soil).

Demayo, A., M.C. Taylor, K.W. Taylor, and P.V. Hodson. 1982. Toxic effects of lead and lead compounds on human health, aquatic life, wildlife, plants, and livestock. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control. 12:257-305.

Depledge, M.H. and P.S. Rainbow. 1990. Models of regulation and accumulation of trace metals in marine invertebrates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 97C(1):1-7.

Desaules, A., and Dahinden, R. (1995). “Untersuchung von Blei- und Kupfergehalten in Bodenprofilen im Zielgelände von Schiessanlagen,” Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Agrikulturchemie und Umwelthygiene (FAC), Liebefeld-Bern.

Desmet H. et.al. (2001). Bepaling van het huishoudelijk lozingsgedrag in Vlaanderen in het kader van de wetenschappelijke onderbouwing van de milieuheffing. EPAS nv, studie in opdracht van VMM. (Determination of municipal wastewater in Flanders in the framework of the environmental levies, study on behalf of VMM).

Devi Prasad, P.V. and P.S. Devi Prasad (1982).Effect of cadmium, lead and nickel on three fresh water algae. Water, Air and Soil Pollut., 17, 263-268.

Devriese R., Warmoes T., Vercoutere B. 2000. Land and freshwater molluscs of the Benelux. JNM, Belgium (in dutch).

DeWit, T.H., R.C. Swart, D.J. Hansen, W.J. Berry and D. McGovern, 1996. Interstitial metal and acid volatile sulfide predict the bioavailability of cadmium during a full life-cycle sediment toxicity test using the estuarine amphipod, Leptocheirus plumulosus. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 15- 2095-2101.

Di Toro D, Allen H, Bergman H, Meyer J, Paquin P and Santore R., 2001. Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals I. Technical basis. Environ.Toxicol.Chem, .

Di Toro D.M., J.D. Mahony, D.J. Hansen, K.J. Scott, A.R., Carlson and C.E. Pesch, 1991. Acid volatile sulfides predicts the acute toxicity of cadmium and nickel in sediments. Environmental Sci. Technol., 26, 96-101

Di Toro, D.M., J.D. Mahony, D.J. Hansen , K.J. Scott, M.B. Hicks, S.M. Mays and M.S. Redmond,1990. Toxicity of cadmium in sediments: the role of acid volatile sulfides. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9, 1487-1502.

Di Toro, D.M., J.D. Mahony, D.J. Hansen , K.J. Scott, M.B. Hicks, S.M. Mays and M.S. Redmond,1990. Toxicity of cadmium in sediments: the role of acid volatile sulfides. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9, 1487-1502.

Diamond J.M., Koplish D.E., McMahon J. and R. Rost. 1997. Evaluation of the water effect ratio procedure for metals in a riverine system. Environ.Toxicol.Chem., 16(3), 509-520.

Dieter, M.P., Matthews, H.B., Jeffcoat, R.A. and Moseman, R.F. (1993). Comparison of lead bioavailability in F344 rats fed lead acetate, lead oxide, lead sulfide, or lead ore concentrate from Skagway, Alaska. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 39 : 79-93.

DiToro, D.M., C.S. Zarba, D.J. Hansen, W.J. Berry, R.C. Swarts, C.E. Cowan, S.P. Pavlou, H.E. Allen, N.A. Thomas and P.R. Paquin. 1991. Technical basis for establishing sediment quality criteria for nonionic organic chemicals using equilibriumpartitioning. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10, 1541-1583.

DiToro, D.M., J.D. Mahony, D.J. Hansen, K.J. Scott, A.R. Carlson and G.T. Ankley (1992). Acid Volatile Sulfide predicts the acute toxicity of cadmium and nickel in sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 96-101.

Dixon, R.K. (1988). Response of ectomycorrhizal Querqus rubra to soil cadmium, nickel and lead. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 20: 555-559.

Doelman, P. and Haanstra, L. (1979). Effect of lead on soil respiration and dehydrogenase activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 11: 475-479.

Doelman, P. and Haanstra, L. (1984). Short-term and long-term effects of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc on soil microbial respiration in relation to abiotic soil factors. Plant and Soil, 79:317-327.

Doelman, P. and Haanstra, L. (1986). Short- and long-term effects of heavy metals on urease activity in soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2:213-218.

Doelman, P. and Haanstra, L. (1989). Short- and long-term effects of heavy metals on phosphatase activity in soils: An ecological dose-response model approach. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 8:235-241.

Donaldson, W.E. and Leeming, T.K. (1984). Dietary lead: effects on hepatic fatty acid composition in chicks. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 73: 119-123.

Donaldson, W.E. and McGowan, C. (1989). Lead toxicity in chickens. Interaction with toxic dietary levels of selenium. Biological Trace Element Research, 20: 127-133.

Dumontet, S., Levesque, M., and Mathur, S. P. (1990). Limited downward migration of pollutant metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb) in acidic virgin peat soils near a smelter. Water Air and Soil Pollution 49, 329-342.

EC (1997). Air quality daughter directives: position paper on lead. 95 p.

EC (2003). European Commission. Economic and Financial Affairs. Economic studies and research. Indicators.Ameco database. Online information available on 17/04/2003.

http://europa.eu.int/comm/economy_finance/indicators/annual_macro_economic_database/ameco_applet.htm

ECETOC. 2001. Risk assessment in marine environments. Technical report No. 82. ISSN 0773-8072-82. Brussels, Belgium.

ECETOC. 2003. Aquatic hazard assessment II. Technical report No. 91. ISSN 0773-8072-91. Brussels, Belgium.

ECOLAS (2005). Assessment of point and diffuse environmental sources of lead and lead compounds as a basis for regional exposure assessment under European Council Regulation (EEC) N°793/93. Study commissioned by the Lead Development Association International (LDAI). Draft report, April 2005

EcoTox. 2002. Evaluation of lead toxicity to the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. University of Miami/Ecotox, december 2002.

EcoTox. 2003. Toxicity of lead to duckweed Lemna gibba G3. january 2003.

Edens, F.W. (1985). Whole brain acetylcholinesterase activity in lead-exposed Japanese quail. Poultry Science, 64: 1391-1393.

Edens, F.W. and Garlich, J.D. (1983). Lead-induced egg production in leghorn and Japanese quail. Poultry Science, 62: 1757-1763.

EEA (1999). EMEP-CORINAIR atmospheric emission inventory guidebook. Second edition. European Environmental Agency.

EEA (1996). Air quality in Europe, 1993 – a pilot report.

EEA (2003). EMEP-CORINAIR atmospheric emission inventory guidebook. Third edition. European Environmental Agency.

Eisler, R. 1977. Acute toxicities of selected heavy metals to the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17:137.

Eisler, R. 1988. Lead hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Laurel, Maryland. Biological Report No. 85:1.14.

ELSIA (2002). Unpublished data.

Elzenga et.al. (1998). PROMISE: een scenariomodel voor de prognoseberekening van emissies naar het oppervlaktewater. Rapport nr 773003006. In opdracht van RIVM/RIZA.

Emans H.J.B., Van De Plassche E.J., Canton J.H., Okkerman P.C. & Sparenburg P.M., 1993. Validation of some extrapolation methods used for effects assessment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12: 2139-2154

Emissieregistratie RIVM Nederland. Emissions from 1999 (1998 for air). Data asked through http://dm.milieumonitor.net/

Enserink, E.L. et al. (1991). Combined effects of metals; an ecotoxicological evaluation. Wat. Res., 25, 679-687

Environment Australia (1999a). Emissions Estimation Technique Manual for Aggregated Emissions from Commercial Ships/Boats and Recreational Boats. September 1999 Version 1.0.

Environment Australia (1999b). Emissions Estimation Technique Manual for Aggregated Emissions from Domestic Lawn Mowing. November 1999 Version 1.0.

Environment Australia (1999c). Emissions Estimation Technique Manual for Aggregated Emissions from Paved and Unpaved Roads. September 1999 Version 1.0.

EPA (1995). Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42, fifth edition, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, November 1996.

Eriksson, J., Andersson, A. and Andersson, R. (1997). Tillståndet I svensk åkermark. Naturvårdsverket rapport n° 4778. Naturvårdsverket, Stockholm, Sweden.

Esher-Antes (1994). Stofdossier lood. Eindrapport van een studie, opgemaakt in opdracht van de Vlaamse Milieumaatschappij. (Life cycle document on lead. Study on behalf of the VMM).

European Commission (2001). Pollutants in urban waste water and sewage sludge. 61 p.

European Commission (2003). Sewage sludge: current situation in the EU and future perspectives. Presentation from Luca Marmo of DG Environment.

Eurostat, Statistical Office of the European Communities (2003). Datashop. Webpage available at 21/03/2003.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat/Public/datashop.

Eyers JP and Pugh T, 1978. Heavy metal pollution of the river Irwell (Lancashire, UK) demonstrated by analysis of substrate material and macroinvertebrate tissue. Environ. Pollut. 16, 129.

Eyden, B.P., Maisin, J.R. and Mattelin, G. (1978). Long-term effects of dietary lead acetate on survival, body weight and seminal cytology in mice. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 19: 266-272.

Fahrenhorst, C., and Renger, M. (1990). The effects of very large amounts of lead, antimony and arsenic in agricultural soils in the vicinity of shooting ranges. VDLUFA Kongressberichte 32, 827-830.

FAO (2004). Statistics on livestock in Europe. FAOSTAT.

http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/servlet

Finfood (2004). Statistics on use of fertilisers and lime in Finland.
http://www.finfood.fi/finfood/

Finley, M.T., Dieter, M.P. and Locke L.N. (1976). Sublethal effects of chronic lead ingestion in mallard ducks. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 1: 929-937.

Fisher, N.S. and G.J. Jones (1981). Heavy metals and marine phytoplankton: correlation of toxicity and sulfhydryl-binding. J. Phycol. 17, 108-111

Flury, M., Flühler, H., Jury, W. A., and Leuenberger, J. (1994). Susceptibility of soils to preferential flow of water - A field-study. Water Resources Research 30, 1945-1954.

Flury, M., Leuenberger, J., Studer, B., and Flühler, H. (1995). Transport of anions and herbicides in a loamy and a sandy field soil. Water Resources Research 31, 823-835.

Franson, J.C., Sileo, L., Pattee, O.H. and Moore, J.F. (1983). Effects of chronic dietary lead in American kestrels (Falco sparverius). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 19:110-113.

Freeman, G.B., Dill, J.A., Johnson, J.D., Kurtz, P.J., Parham, F. and Matthews, H.B. (1996). Comparative absorption of lead from contaminated soil and lead salts by weanling Fischer 344 rats. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 33: 109-119.

Freeman, G.B., Johnson, J.D., Killinger, J.M., Liao, S.C., Feder, P.I., Davis, A.O., Ruby, M.V., Chaney, R.L., Lovre, S.C. and Bergstrom, P.D. (1992). Relative bioavailability of lead from mining waste soil in rats. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 19: 388-398.

Freeman, M.N., Peredny, C.L. and Williams, P.L. (1999). A soil bioassay using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In: Henshel et al. (eds) Environmental toxicology and risk assessment: 8^th volume, ASTM STP 1364, D. American Society of Testing and Materials.

Frostegård, Å., Tunlid, A. and Bååth, E. (1993). Phosholipid fatty acid composition, biomass and activity of microbial communities from two soil types experimentally exposed to different heavy metals. Applied and environmental microbiology, 59: 3605-3617.

Fuchs S. et.al. (2002). Emissions of heavy metals and lindane into river basins of Germany, on behalf of the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesambt). Report number UBA-FB 200 22 233.

Fullmer, C.S. (1991). Intestinal calcium and lead absorption: effects of dietary lead and calcium. Environmental Research, 54: 159-169.

Fullmer, C.S. and Rosen, J.F. (1990). Effect of dietary calcium and lead status on intestinal calcium absorption. Environmental Research, 51: 91-99.

Gaur J.P., N. Noraho and Y.S. Chauhan. 1994. Relationship between heavy metal accumulation and toxicity in Spirodela polyrhiza and Azolla pinnata. Aquatic Botany, 49:183-192.

Gawlik, B.M., Bo, F., Kettrup, A. and Muntau, H. (1999). Characterisation of a second generation of European reference soils for sorption studies in the framework of chemical testing – Part one: chemical composition and pedological properties. The Science of the Total Environment, 229: 99-107.

Gawlik, B.M., Kettrup, F.B. and Muntau, H. (1999). Characterisation of a second generation of European reference soils for sorption studies in the framework of chemical testing – Part I: chemical composition and pedological properties. The Science of the Total Environment 229: 99-107.

George, S.G., B.J.S. Pirie, and T.L. Coombs. 1980. Isolation and elemental analysis of metalrich granules from the kidney of the scallop, Pecten maximus (L.). J. Exp. Mar. Biol.Ecol. 42:143-156.

George, C. J., Joachim, A., and Le, P. T. (1991). “Long-buried lead shot: Its stability, possible transport by waterfowl and reexposure by hydraulic dredging at Collins Lake, Schenectady Co., New York,”. Department of Biological Sciences, Union College, Schenectady, N.Y.

Getz LL, Haney AW, Larimore RW, et al. 1977. Transport and distribution in a watershed ecosystem. In: Boggess WR, ed. Lead in the environment: Chapter 6. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation.Report No. NSF/RA-770214, 105-133.

Gilbert, S.G. and Rice, D.C. (1987). Low-level lifetime lead exposure produces behavioural toxicity (spatial discrimination reversal) in adult monkeys. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 91: 484-490.

Gish, C.D. and Christensen, R.E. (1973). Cadmium, nickel, lead and zinc in earthworms from roadside soil. Environmental Science & Technology, 7:1060-1062.

Gittenberger E., Janssen A.W., Kuijper W.J., Meijer T., van der Velde G., de Vries J.N. 2004. Freshwater molluscs of the Netherlands. Naturalis-KNNV-EIS, the Netherlands.

Golimowski J, Merks AGA, Valenta P, 1990. Trends in heavy metal levels in the dissolved and particulate phase in the Dutch Rhine-Meuse delta. The Science of the total Environment, 92, 113-127.

Graaf, de, W.J. and Eleveld H. (1993) Bladlood in woningbouw. Loodemissies via het regenewater, Rapportnr. 16570. Bouwcentrum Advies, Rotterdam. In Bentum F, Verstappen G.G.C. and Wagemaker F.H. (1996). WSV-doelgroepstudie bouwmaterialen, een analyse van de problematiek in aquatisch milieu.

Grande, M., and S. Andersen. 1983. Lethal effects of hexavalent chromium, lead and nickel on young stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in soft water. Vatten 39:405-416.

Gresch, M., and Wettstein, B. (2002). Lead and antimony pollution of shooting ranges: Case study Eschenbach (SG). BS Thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich.

Griffin, R. A., and Shimp, N. F. (1976). Effect of pH on exchange-adsorption or precipitation of lead from landfill leachates by clay-minerals. Environmental Science & Technology 10, 1256-1261.

Hahn, R. (1988). Bleibelastung von Boden und Grundwasser durch Wurftaubenschiessanlagen. Wasser und Boden 1, 32-36.

Haskoning (2000). Onderzoek naar emissies uit huishoudens. Eindrapport van een studie in opdracht van het Rijksinstituut voor Integraal Zoetwaterbeheer en Afvalwaterbehandeling (RIZA). Ref. H2425.AO/R005/IK/AS. (Study on emissions from households. Final report of a study on behalf of the RIZA).

Haussermann, U., Berastegui, P., Carlson, S., Haines, J., and Leger, J. M. (2001). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40, 4624-4629.

Haanstra, L and Doelman, P. (1991). An ecological dose-response model approach to short- and long-term effects of heavy metals on arylsulphatase activity in soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 11:18-23.

Haanstra, L. and Doelman, P. (1984). Glutamic acid decomposition as a sensitive measure of heavy metal pollution in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 16:595-600.

Hagopian-Schlekat T., G.T. Chandler and T.J. Shaw. 2001. Acute toxicity of 5 sediment associated metals, individually and in a mixture, to the estuarine meiobenthic harpacticoid copepod. Marine Environmental research, 51: 247-264.

Hall IR, Hydes DJ, Statham PJ, Overnell J, 1996. Dissolved and particulate trace metals in a Scottish Sea Loch: an example of a pristine environment? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 32 (12), 846-854.

Hamon, R., Stevens, D. and McLaughlin, M. 2003. Determination of rates of long-term reactions decreasing bioavailability of zinc and lead in soils. Final Report to the International Lead Zinc Research Organization. pp. 49.

Hansen, D.J., W.J. Berry. J.D Mahony., W.S. Boothman, D.M Di Toro, D.L Robson., G.T., Ankley, D. MA, Q. Yan and C.E Pesch., 1996. Predicting the toxicity of metal-contaminated field sediments using interstitial concentrations of metals and acid-volatile sulfide nnormalizations. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 15 (12), 2080-2094.

Hanson PJ, Evans DW, Colby DR and Zdanowicz VS, 1993. Assessment of elemental contamination in estuarine and coastal environments based on geochemical and statistical modeling of sediments. Mar. Environ. Res. 36, 237.

Hare L., A. Tessier and L. Warren, 2001. Cadmium accumulation by invertebrates living at the sediment-water interface. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20 (4), 880-889.

Hazen, A. 1914. Storage to be provided in impounding reservoirs for municipal water supply. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 77:1539-1640.

Hettiarachchi, G., Pierzynski, G. M., and Ransom, M. D. (2001). In situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus and manganese oxide. Environmental Science & Technology 34, 4614-4619.

Hehner, N.E.: Storage Battery Manufacturing Manual, 3^rd Edition, IBMA; Largo, Florida, October 1985

Helmers E, 1996. Trace metals in suspended particulate matter of Atlantic Ocean surface water. Marine Chemistry, 53, 51-67.

Henny, C.J., L.J. Blus, D.J. Hoffman, R.A. Grove, and J.S. Hatfield. 1991. Lead accumulation and osprey production near a mining site on the Coeur d’Alene River, Idaho. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 21:415-424.

Henriksen A. & Wright R., 1978. Concentrations of heavy metals in small Norwegian lakes. Water Res. 12: 101-112.

Heumann, H.G. (1987).Effects of heavy metals on growth and ultrastructure of Chara vulgaris.Protoplasma, 136, 37-48

Hodson, P. V., B. R. Blunt, and D. J. Spry. 1978. Chronic toxicity of water-borne and dietary lead to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Lake Ontario water. Water Res. 12:869-878.

Holcombe, G. W., D. A. Benoit, E. N. Leonard, and J. M. McKim. 1976. Long-term effects of lead exposure on three generations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 33:1731-1741.

Hopkin, S.P. and J.A. Nott. 1979. Some observations on concentrically structured, intracellular granules in the hepatopancreas of the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.) J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 59:867-877.

Horizontal Guidance for Wetlands. 2003. Horizontal Guidance Document on the Role of Wetlands in the Water Framework Directive.

Horne, M. T. and W. A. Dunson. 1995. Effects of low pH, metals, and water hardness on larval amphibians. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29: 500-505.

Hulskotte J.H.J., Sulilatu W.F. and Willemsen A.J. (1999). Monitoringsystematiek openhaarden en houtkachels. TNO-rapport TNO-MEP R 99/170. (Monitoring system of fire places and wood stoves).

ICON (2001). Pollutants in urban wastewater and sewage sludge. Final report for Directorate-General Environment of the European Commission.

ICPR (1996). Procedure, basics and models for the inventory of diffuse contributions 1996. International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (C-d 1/96, rev. 5.05.97).

IFA (International Fertiliser Industry Associaton, 2004). Nitrogen, phosphate and potash statistics 1973-1973/74 to 2001-2001/02. http://www.fertilizer.org/ifa/statistics/IFADATA/dataline.asp).

IISI (2001). International Iron and Steel Institute. Steel statistical yearbook 2001.

International Lead and Zinc Study Group Lead and Zinc Statistics: Monthly bulletin of the International Lead and Zinc Study GroupInternational Lead and Zinc Study Group Principal Uses of Lead and Zinc

Ireland, M.P. (1975). The effect of the earthworm Dendrobaena rubida on the solubility of lead, zinc and calcium in heavy metal contaminated soil in Wales. Journal of Soil Science, 26: 313-318.

IWSA (1999). Data on water consumption in Europe from 1997. Water Congress 1999. The International Water Services Association (IWSA) is now called the International Water Association (IWA).

Janus J.A., J.A. Annema, J.M.M Aben, W. Slooff and L.G. Wesselink. 1999. Evaluatie document lood. RIVM report N° 601014-003.

Janus, J.A. 2001. Ecotoxicity of lead. Aquatic and terrestrial data. Addendum to RIVM-rapport 601014003. Bilthoven, The Netherlands.

Jenkins David (1998). The effect of reformation of household powder laundry detergents on their contribution to metals levels in wastewater. Water Environment Research, Volume 70, Number 5, p. 980-983.

Jönsson H. et.al. (1997). Source separated urine-nutrient and metal content, water saving and faecel contamination. Water Science and Technology, Volume 35, Number 9, p. 145-152.

Johnson, W.L. and Damron, B.L. (1982). Influence of lead acetate or lead shot ingestion upon White Chinese geese. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 29: 177-183.

Jaeger, F. (2002). Small scale variability of lead and other contaminants in a neutral shooting-range soil: Impact of preferential water flow. pp. 49. Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich.

Jop, K. M., A. M. Askew, and R. B. Foster. 1995. Development of a water-effect ratio for copper, cadmium, and lead for the Great Works River in Maine using Cerodaphnia dubia and Salvelinus fontinalis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 54:29-35.

Jørgensen, S. S., and Willems, M. (1987a). The fate of lead in soils: Lead originating from roofs of ancient churches. Ambio 16, 16-19.

Jørgensen, S. S., and Willems, M. (1987b). The fate of lead in soils: The transformation of lead pellets in shooting-range soils. Ambio 16, 11-15.

Kabata-Pendias, A., and Pendias, H. (1992). “Trace Elements in Soils and Plants,” CRC Press.

Kádár, I. (1995). Effect of heavy metal load on soil and crop. Acta Agronomica Hungarica, 43: 3-9.

Kao, R.L.C. and Forbes, R.M. (1973). Lead and vitamin effects on heme synthesis. Archives of Environmental Health, 27: 31-35.

Karbe, L. (1972). Marine Hydroiden als Testorganismen zur prüfung der Toxicität von Abwasserstoffen. Die Wirkung von Schwermetallen auf Kolonien von Eirene viridula. Mar. Biol., 12, 316-328

Khan, D.H. and Frankland, B. (1983). Effects of cadmium and lead on radish plants with particular reference to movement of metals through soil profile and plant. Plant and Soil, 70:335-345.

Khan, D.H. and Frankland, B. (1984). Cellulolytic activity and root biomass production in some metal-contaminated soils. Environmental Pollution (Series A), 33:63-74.

Khan, S. and Khan, N.N. (1983). Influence of lead and cadmium on the growth and nutrient concentration of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) and egg-plant (Solanum melongena). Plant and Soil, 74: 387-394.

Kiehne, H.A.: Batterien, 4. Auflage, expert Verlag, Renningen, 2000

Klaine S.J., Cobb G.P., Dickerson R.L., Dixon K.R., Kendall R.J., Smith E.E. and K.R. Solomon. 1996. An ecological risk assessment for the use of the biocide, dibromonitrilopropionamide (DBNPA) in industrial cooling system. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15:21-30.

Klein, J., van den Brink, R., Hulskotte, J., Annema, J.A., van den Roovart, J., Borst, M., Gense, R. & van de Burgwal, E. (2002). Methoden voor de berekening van de emissies door mobiele bronnen in Nederland (Methodologies for the calculation of emissions from mobile sources in the Netherlands). Rapportagereeks Milieumonitor Nr. 4, Januari 2002.

Klein, J., van den Brink, R., Hoen A., Hulskotte, J., van Duynhoven N., van de Burgwal E. en Broekhuizen D. (2004). Methoden voor de berekening van de emissies door mobiele bronnen in Nederland (Methodologies for the calculation of emissions from mobile sources in the Netherlands). Rapportagereeks Milieumonitor Nr. 13, Februari 2004.

Knechtenhofer, L. (2002). Small scale variability of lead and other contaminants in a shooting-range soil: Impact of preferential water flow. Diploma Thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich.

Knechtenhofer, L. A., Xifra, I. O., Scheinost, A. C., Flühler, H., and Kretzschmar, R. (2003). Fate of heavy metals in a strongly acidic shooting-range soil: Small-scale metal distribution and its relation to preferential water flow. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 166, 84-92.

Knowles, S.O. and Donaldson, W.E. (1990). Dietary modification of lead toxicity: effects on fatty acid and eicosanoid metabolism in chicks. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-Toxicology and Pharmacology, 95: 99-104.

Kock G., R. Hofer & S. Wograth, 1995. Accumulation of trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from oligotrophic Alpine lakes: relation to alkalinity. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52(11): 2367-2376.

Koelmans AA, Radovanovic H, 1998. Prediction of trace metal distribution coefficitents (K_D) for aerobic sediments. Water Science and Technology, 37 (6-7), 71-78.

Kraak, M.H.S., Y.A. Wink, S.C. Stuijfzand, M.C. Buckert-de Jong, C.J. de Groot, and W. Admiraal. 1994. Chronic exotoxicity of Zn and Pb to the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. Aquat. Toxicol. 30(1994):77-89.

Laperche, V., Logan, T. J., Gaddam, P., and Traina, S. J. (1997a). Effect of apatite amendments on plant uptake of lead from contaminated soils. Environmental Science & Technology 31, 2745-2753.

Laperche, V., Traina, S. J., Gaddam, P., and Logan, T. J. (1997b). Chemical and mineralogical characterizations of Pb in a contaminated soil: Reactions with synthetic apatite. Environmental Science & Technology 31, 2745-2753.

Laane RWPM, 1992. Background concentrations of natural compounds in rivers, sea water, atmosphere and mussels. Report DGW-92.033, 1992.

LABO (1994). Hintergrund- und Referenzwerte für Böden – Entwurf. Bund-Länder-Arbeitsgemeinschaft Bodenschutz, 146 pp.

LABO (1998). Hintergrundwerte für anorganische und organische Stoffe in Bödem. 2. überarbeitete und ergänzte Auflage. Bund-Länder-Arbeitgemeinschaft Bodenschutz, Berlin, Germany, 114 pp.

Lannefors H, Hansson HC, Granat L. 1983. Background aerosol composition in southern Sweden - Fourteen micro and macro constituents measured in seven particle size intervals at one site during one year. Atmos Environ 17:87-101.

Lead Oxides: Developments in the 20^th Century/Reinhardt Marx - Clausthal - Zellerfeld: GDMB 2000 ISBN 3-9806913-4-9

Leinweber, P. (1996). Schwermetallgehalte und Schwermetallbindungsvermögen der Böden im agrarischen Intensivgebiet Südoldenburg. ISPA – Vechta: Vechtaer Druckerei und Verlag, Vechta.

Lewis, R.J. & Caldwell, D.J. (1999). Scientific basis for an air quality standard for nickel. Prepared for CONCAWE, report N° 99/53.

Lexmond, Th.M., Edelman, Th. and van Driel, W. (1986). Voorlopige referentiewaarden en huidige achtergrondgehalten voor een aantal zware metalen en arseen in de bovengrond van natuurterreinen en landbouwgronden. Vakgroep Bodemkunde en Plantevoeding, Wageningen, 59 pp.

Li X, Thornton I, 1994. Chemical partitioning of trace elements in soils contaminated by mining and smelting. The Science of the Total Environment.

Liber K., D. Call, T. Markee, K. Schmude, M. Balcher, F. Whiteman and G.T. Ankley, 1996. Effects of acid volatile sulfide on zinc bioavailability and toxicity to benthic macro invertebrates in spiked-sediment field experiments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,15, 2113-2125.Linden, D.: Handbook of Batteries, 2^nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York Bode, H.:

John Willey & Sons Inc., New York 1977

Li, Z., and Shuman, L. M. (1996). Heavy metal movement in metal-contaminated soil profiles. Soil Science 161, 656-666.

Li, Z., and Shuman, L. M. (1997). Mobility of Zn, Cd and Pb in soils as affected by poultry litter extract. I. Leaching in soil columns. Environmental Pollution 95, 219-226.

Lin, Z. (1996). Secondary mineral phases of metallic lead in soils of shooting ranges from Örebro County, Sweden. Environmental Geology 27, 370-375.

Lin, Z., Comet, B., Qvarfort, U., and Herbert, R. (1995). The chemical and mineralogical behaviour of Pb in shooting range soils from central Sweden. Environmental Pollution 89, 303-309.

Lindsay, W. L. (1979). “Chemical equilibria in soils,” John Wiley & Sons, New York.

LLINCWA (2001). Newsletter nr. 1-2. Greases in and around surface water. The Llincwa-project is sponsored by the European DG Enterprise.

Lock, K. and Janssen, C.R. (2001). Test designs to assess the influence of soil characteristics on the toxicity of copper and lead to the Oligochaete Enchytraeus albidus. Ecotoxicology, 10: 137-144.

Lofts S, Tipping E, 2000. Solid-solution metal partitiioning in the Humber rivers: application of WHAM and SCAMP. The Science of the Total Environment, 251/252, 381-399.

Logner, K.R., Neathery, M.W., Miller, W.J., Gentry, R.P., Blackmon, D.M. and White, F.D. (1984). Lead toxicity and metabolism from lead sulphate fed to Holstein calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 67: 1007-1013.

Lussier, S. M., J. H. Gentile, and J. Walker. 1985. Acute and chronic effects of heavy metals and cyanide on Mysidopsis bahia (Crustacea: Mysidacea). Aquat. Toxicol. 7:25-35.

Lux, W., Hintze, B. and Piening, H. (1988). Heavy metals in the soils of Hamburg. In: Contaminated Soil (K., Wolf, W.J., van den Brink, F.J., Colon, eds.) Kluwer Academic Publishers, 88:265-267.

Ma, W., Edelman, Th., van Beersum, I. and Jans, Th. (1983). Uptake of cadmium, zinc, lead and copper by earthworms near a zinc-smelting complex: influence of soil pH and organic matter. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 30: 424-427.

Ma, W.C. (1982). The influence of soil properties and worm-related factors on the concentration of heavy metals in earthworms. Pedobiologia, 24:109-119.

Ma, L. Q., Logan, T. J., and Traina, S. J. (1995). Lead immobilization from aqueous solutions and contaminated soils using phosphate rocks. Environmental Science & Technology 29, 1118-1126.

Manceau, A., Boisset, M. C., Sarret, G., Hazemann, J. L., Mench, M., Cambier, P., and Prost, R. (1996). Direct determination of lead speciation in contaminated soils by EXAFS spectroscopy. Environmental Science & Technology 30, 1540-1552.

Manceau, A., Charlet, L., Boisset, M. C., Didier, B., and Spadini, L. (1992). Sorption and speciation of heavy metals on hydrous Fe and Mn oxides. From microscopic to macroscopic. Applied Clay Sciences 7, 201-223.

Manninen, S., and Tanskanen, N. (1993). Transfer of lead from shotgun pellets to humus amd three plant species in a finnish shooting rangs. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24, 410-414.

MATE (2002). Principaux rejets industriels en France. Bilan de l'année 2000. (Inventory of the principal industrial emissions in France).

Mateo, R., Martinez-Vilalta, A., and Guitart, R. (1997). Environ. Pollution 96, 335-341.

McBride, M. B., Richards, B., Steenhuis, T. S., Russo, J. J., and Sauvé, S. (1997). Mobility and solubility of toxic metals and nutrients in soils fifteen years after sludge application. Soil Science 162, 487-496.

MacDonald, J. M., J.D.Shields, and R. K. Z. Faust. 1988. Acute toxicities of eleven metals to early life-history stages of the yellow crab Cancer anthonyi. Mar. Biol. 98:201-207.

McKenzie, R. M. (1980). The adsorption of lead and other heavy metals on oxides of manganese and iron. Australian Journal of Soil Research 18, 61-73.

McNear, D. H., and Chorover, J. (2000). Speciation of lead in soils from bullets in firing ranges. In “Abstracts of the ASA/CSSA/SSSA Annual Meeting”, pp. 51, Minneapolis, MN.

Meluzzi, A., Simoncini, F., Sirri, F., Vandi, L. and Giordani, G. (1996). Feeding hens diets supplemented with heavy metals (chromium, nickel and lead). Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 60: 119-125.

Merrington, G., and Alloway, B. J. (1994). The flux of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in mining polluted soils. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 73, 333-344.

Mackie, G. L. 1989. Tolerances of five benthic invertebrates to hydrogen ions and metals (Cd, Pb, Al). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 18: 215-223.

Madoni, P., Davoli, D., Gorbi, G. 1994. Acute toxicity of lead, chromium, and other heavy metals to ciliates from activated sludge plants. Bulletin Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 53, 420-425.

Madoni, P., Davoli, D., Gorbi, G., Vescovi, L. 1996. Toxic effect of heavy metals on the activated sludge protozoan community. Water Research, 30 (1), 135-141.

Madoni, P., Davoli, D., Guglielmi, L. 1999. Response of sOUR and AUR to heavy metal contamination in activated sludge. Water Research, 33 (10), 2459-2464.

Maker, H.S., Lehrer, G.M., Silides, D., Weissbarth, S. and Weiss, C. (1973). The effect of dietary lead on mouse brain development. Transactions of the American Neurological Association, 98: 281-284.

Maliszewska, W., Dec, S., Wierzbicka, H. and Woźniakowska, A. (1985). The influence of various heavy metal compounds on development and activity of soil micro-organisms. Environmental pollution, 37: 195-215.

Mannio J., Järvinen O., Tuominen R. & Verta M., 1995. Survey of trace elements in lake waters of Finnish Lapland using the ICP-MS techique. Sci. Total Environ. 160/161: 433-439.

Mariño, F. and Morgan, A.J. (1999). The time-course of metal (Ca, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) accumulation from a contaminated soil by three populations of earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus, Applied Soil Ecology, 12: 169-177.

Mason, A.Z. and J.A. Nott. 1981. The role of intracellular biomineralized granules in the regulation and detoxification of metals in gastropods with special reference to the marine prosobranch Littorina littorea. Aquat. Toxicol. 1:239-256.

Mathis, B.J. and T.F. Cummings. 1973. Selected metals in sediments, water, and biota in the Illinois River. J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed. 45:1573-1583.

McGrath, S.P. and Loveland, P.J. (1992). The Soil Geochemical atlas of England and Wales. Blackie Academic and Professional. Glasgow, 101 pp.

McManus JP, Prandle D, 1996. Determination of source concentrations of dissolved and particulate trace metals in the Southern North Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 32 (6), 504-512.

Meyer, S.M. 1999. Literature review on the bioavailability and toxicity of selected metals in the aquatic environment relative to natural water chemistry. Draft, august 1999.

MILBOWA, 1991. Notitie Milieukwaliteitsdoelstellingen bodem en water. Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer, Tweede Kamer, 1990-1991, 21990 nr. 1.

Milieumonitor (2002a). Datawarehouse Emissieregistratie Nederland. ERC-Metadata. http://dwhont.geodan.nl:4322/.

Miller, J.E., Hassett, J.J. and Koeppe, D.E. (1977). Interactions of lead and cadmium on metal uptake and growth of corn plants. Journal of Environmental Quality, 6:18-26.

Miyazaki, T. (1993). “Water Flow in Soils,” Marcel Dekker, New York.

Morin, G., Ostergreen, J. D., Juillot, F., Ildephonse, P., Calas, G., and Brown, G. E., Jr. (1999). XAFS determination of the chemical form of lead in smelter-contaminated soils and mine tailings: Importance of adsorption process. American Mineralogist 84, 420-434.

Mozafar, A., Ruh, R., Gamper, H., Egli, S., and Frossard, E. (2002). Environ. Monit. Assess. 79, 177-191.

Mueller, R., Richner, T., and Sigrist, R. (2001). Heavy metal pollution of soil and the adjacent river at the shooting range Joosrueti (St. Gall). BS Thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich.

Murray, K., Bazzi, A., Carter, C., Ehlert, A., Harris, A., Kopec, M., Richardson, J., and Sokol, H. (1997). Distribution and mobility of lead in soils at an outdoor shooting range. Journal of Soil Contamination 6, 79-93.

Millward GE, Glegg GA, 1997. Fluxes and retention of trace metals in the Humber estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 44, 97-105.

Monahan, T. J. 1976. Lead inhibition of chlorophycean microalgae. J. Phycol. 12:358-362.

Morel FMM, 1983. Principles of aquatic chemistry. New York, NY, J. Wiley and Sons.

Morgan, G.W., Edens, F.W., Thaxton, P. and Parkhurst, C.R. (1975). Toxicity of dietary lead in Japanese quail. Poultry Science, 54: 1636-1642.

Morgan, J.E. and Morgan, A.J. (1988). Earthworms as biological monitors of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in metalliferous soils. Environmental Pollution, 54:123-138.

Mundell JA, Hill KR, Weaver JW II. 1989. In situ case history: Leachable lead required precipitation immobilization. Hazardous Waste Management 23-27.

NAIE (2004). The National Atmospheric Emission Inventory in the UK.

http://www.aeat.co.uk/netcen/airqual/naei/annreport/annrep99/index.htm

Neuhauser, E.F., Loehr, R.C., Milligan, D.L. and Malecki, M.R. (1985). Toxicity of metals to the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 1:149-152.

Nicholson F.A., Smith S.R., Alloway B.J., Carlton-Smith C., Chambers B.J. (2003). An inventory of heavy metals inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales.

Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Ökologie, 1999. Überwachung der niedersächsischen Küstengewasser: Routineuntersuchungen 1997. Forschungsstelle Küste, 3/1999, 83p.

Nielsen T. 1984. Chapter 6: Atmospheric occurrence of organolead compounds. In: Grandjean P, ed. Biological effects of organolead compounds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 43-62.

Nolting RF, Helder W, de Baar HJW, Gerringa LJA, 1999. Contrasting behaviour of trace metals in de Scheldt estuary in 1978 compared to recent years. Journal of Sea Research, 42, 275-290.

Ostergren, J. D., Brown, G. E., Jr., Parks, G. A., and Tingle, T. N. (1999). Quantitative speciation of lead in selected mine tailings from Leadville, CO. Environmental Science & Technology 33, 1627-1636.

Nordic Council of Ministers (2003). Lead Review. Prepared by COWI.

OECD (Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation) (2004). Key environmental indicators.

OECD, 1993. Risk Reduction Monograph n° 1. OCDE/GD(93)67. Lead. Background and national experience with reducing risk.

OECD, 2003. Draft guidance document on the statistical analysis of ecotoxicity data. OECD, Paris, France.

OSPAR, 2000. Quality Status Report 2000, Region II Greater North Sea, OSPAR Commission, 136 p.

Peredney C.L. and Williams, P.L. (2000). Comparison of the toxicological effects of nitrate versus chloride metallic salts on Caenorhabditis elegans in soil. In: Price et al (eds) Recent achievements in environmental fate and transport, 9^th volume, ASTM STP 1381, West Conshohochen, PA, 256-268.

Peryea, F. J., and Creger, T. L. (1994). Vertical distribution of lead and arsenic in soils contaminated with lead arsenate pesticide residues. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 78, 297-306.

Pagenkopf GK, 1983. Gill surface interaction model for trace-metal toxicity to fish: role of complexation, pH and water hardness. Environ.Sci.Tech. 17, 342-347.

Pagotto, C. (1999). Etude sur l’émission et le transfert dans les eaux et les sols des éléments traces métalliques et des hydrocarbures en domaine routier. Thèse pour obtenir le grade de docteur de l’Université de Poitiers. Discipline: chimie et microbiologie de l’eau. Présentée et soutenue publiquement, à l’école des Mines de Nantes.

Parkhurst B.R., W. Warren-Hicks, T. Etchison, J.B. Butcher, R.D. Cardwell and J. Volison. 1995. Methodology for ecological risk assessment. Final report prepared for the Water Environment Research Foundation. Alexandria, VA. Report N° RP91-AER.

Pattee, O.H. (1984). Eggshell thickness and reproduction in American kestrels exposed to chronic dietary lead. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 13: 29-34.

Pavlou, S.P. and D.P. Weston. 1984. Initial evaluation of alternatives for development of sediment related criteria for toxic contaminants in marine waters. Report prepared for US Environmental Agency, Washington, DC.

Pesh, C.E., D.J. Hansen, W.S. Boothman, W.J. Berry and J.D. Mahony, 1995. The role of acid volatile sulfide and interstitial water metal concentrations in determining bioavailability of cadmium and nickel from contaminated sediments to the marine polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentrata. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 14: 129-141.

Pettine M, Camusso M, Martinotti W, Marchetti R, Passino R, Queirazza G, 1994. Soluble and particulate metals in the Po River: factors affecting concentrations and partitioning. The Science of the Total Environment, 145, 263-265.

Phillips, D.J.H. and P.S. Rainbow. 1989. Strategies of trace metal sequestration in aquatic organisms. Mar. Environ. Res. 28:207-210.

Pickering, Q.H. and C. Henderson (1966).The acute toxicitiy of some heavy metals to different species of warmwater fish. Air Wat. Pollut. Int. J., 10, 453-463

Piron, C. & Vanderborght, J-P. (2001). Reactualisation des dossiers relatifs à l’émission de substances prioritaires en Belgique. Plomb: rapport final. Etude coordonnée par l’Unité de Gestion du Modèle Mathématique de la Mer du Nord et de l’Estuaire de l’Escaut. (Updating of documents on emissions of priority substances in Belgium. Lead: final report. Study co-ordinated by the Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Models).

Pohl C, Hennings U, 1999. The effect of redox processes on the partitioning of Cd, Pb, Cu and Mn between dissolved and particulate phases in the Baltic Sea. Marine Chemistry, 65, 41-53.

Polàk, J., O’Flaherty, E.J., Freeman, G.B., Johnson, J.D., Liao, S.C. and Bergstrom, P.D. (1996). Evaluating lead bioavailability data by means of a physiologically based lead kinetic model. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 29: 63-70.

Pringle, B.H., D.E. Hissong, E.L. Katz, and S.T. Mulawka. 1968. Trace metal accumulation by estuarine mollusks. J. Sanit. Engineer. Div. pp. 455-475.

Reich, S., Leitus, G., and Shalev, S. (2003). Measurement of corrosion content of archaeological lead artifacts by their Meissner response in the superconducting state; a new dating method. New Journal of Physics, in press.

Rice, D. A., McLoughlin, M. F., Blanchflower, W. J., and Thompson, T. R. (1987). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39, 622-629.

Rachlin, J. W., T. E. Jensen, and B. Warkentine. 1983. The growth response of the diatom Navicula incerta to selected concentrations of the metals: cadmium, copper, lead and zinc. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110:217-223.

Rainbow, P.S. 1987. Heavy metals in barnacles. In: Barnacle biology (A.J. Southward, ed.). A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp. 405-417.

Rainbow, P.S. 1988. The significance of trace metal concentrations in decapods. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 59:291-313.

Rainbow, P.S., A.G. Scott, E.A. Wiggins, and R.W. Jackson. 1980. Effect of chelating agents on the accumulation of cadmium by the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, and complexation of soluble Cd, Zn, and Cu. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2:143-152.

Reader, J. P., N. C. Everall, M. D. J. Sayer and R. Morris. 1989. The effects of eight trace metals in acid soft water on survival, mineral uptake and skeletal calcium deposition in yolk-sac fry of brown trout, Salmo trutta L. Journal of Fish Biology 35: 187-198.

Reed L.E. 1987. Cross media approach to pollution control and ots incorporation into the project on coherent approaches for hazardous substances. Prepared for the OECD Chemicals Group and Management Committee. Paris, June 26.

Reish, D.J. and R.S. Carr (1978). The effect of heavy metals on the survival, reproduction, development and life cycles for two species of polychaetous annelids. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 9, 24-27

Rice, D.A., McLoughlin, M.F., Blanchflower, W.J. and Thompson, T.R. (1987). Chronic lead poisoning in steers eating silage contaminated with lead shot-diagnostic criteria. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 39: 622-629.

Rice, D.C. and Gilbert, S.G. (1985).Low lead exposure from birth produces behavioural toxicity (DRL) in monkeys. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 80: 421-426.

Rice, D.C. and Gilbert, S.G. (1995). Effects of developmental methylmercury exposure or lifetime lead exposure on vibration sensitivity function in monkeys. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 134: 161-169.

Richardson, G.M., Garrett, R., Mitchell, I., Mah-Paulson, M. & Hackbarth, T. (2001). Critical review on natural global and regional emissions of six trace metals to the atmosphere. Prepared by Risk Scientific Services, Inc. for the International Lead Zinc Research Organization (ILZRO), the International Copper Association (ICA), and the

Richelle E., Degoudenne Y., Dejonghe L. & Van de Vyver G., 1995. Experimental and field studies on the effect of selected heavy metals on three freshwater sponge species: Ephydatia fluviatilis, Ephydatia muelleri and Spongilla lacustris. Arch. Hydrobiol. 135(2), 209-231.

Rimstidt, J. D., and Craig, J. R. (2000). Corrosion of lead shot and bullets on shooting ranges. In “GSA Annual Meeting”, Reno, Nevada.

Rogers J.T., Richards J.G. and C.M. Wood. 2003. Ionoregulatory disruption as the acute toxic mechanism for lead in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquatic Toxicology, 64:215-234.

Rooney, C. P. (2002). The fate of lead in soils contaminated with lead shot. PhD Thesis, Lincoln University.

Rooney, C. P., and McLaren, R. G. (1999). Leaching of lead from soils contaminated with lead shot. In “Proc. 5th Intern. Conf. On The Biogeochem. Of Trace Elements”, pp. 776-777, Vienna.

Sanderson, G. C., and Bellrose, F. C. (1986). A review of the problem of lead poisoning in waterfowl. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 4, 34.

Römkens P.F.A.M., Bonten L.T.C., Rietra R.P.J.J., Groenenberg J.E., Plette A.C.C. and Bril J. (2003). Uitspoeling van zware metalen uit landbouwgronden. Schatting van de bijdrage van de uitspoeling uit landbouwgronden aan de belasting van het oppervlaktewater: modelaanpak en resultaten. (Leaching of heavy metals from agricultural soil. Estimation of the contriubtion of leaching from agricultural soils to the total load to surface water).

Salomons W and de Groot AJ, 1978. Pollution history of trace metals in sediments as affected by the Rhine river. Environ. Biogeochem. Geomicrobiol. 1, 149-162.

Sandifer, R.D. and Hopkin, S.P. (1996). Effects of pH on the toxicity of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc to Folsomia candida Willem, 1902 (Collembola) in a standard laboratory test system. Chemopshere, 33: 2475-2486.

Sandifer, R.D. and Hopkin, S.P. (1997). Effects of temperature on the relative toxicities pf Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn to Folsomia candida (Collembola). Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 37: 125-130.

Sarin, C., Hall, J. Cotter-Howells, J., Killham, K., Cresser, M.S. 2000. Influence of complexation with chloride on the responses of a lux-marked bacteria bioassay to cadmium, copper, lead, and mercury. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 19 (2), 259-264.

Sarret, G., Manceau, A., Cuny, D., Van Haluwyn, C., Deruelle, S., Hazemann, J.-L., Soldo, Y., Eybert-Berard, L., and Menthonnex, J.-J. (1998). Mechanisms of lichen resistance to metallic pollution. Environmental Science & Technology 32, 3325-3330.

Sauvé, S., Martínez, C. E., McBride, M., and Hendershot, W. (2000). Adsorption of free lead (Pb²⁺) by pedogenic oxides, ferrihydrite, and leaf compost. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64, 595-599.

Sauvé, S., McBride, M., and Hendershot, W. (1998). Soil solution speciation of lead(II): effects of organic matter and pH. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62, 618-621.

Scheinost, A.C. (2004). Literature review: weathering rates of lead in soil and controlling factors. Report prepared for Lead Development Association International, pp.29.

Scheinost, A. C., Abend, S., Pandya, K. I., and Sparks, D. L. (2001). Kinetic controls on Cu and Pb sorption by ferrihydrite. Environmental Science & Technology 35, 1090-1096.

Scheinost, A. C., Kretzschmar, R., Pfister, S., and Roberts, D. R. (2002). Combining selective sequential extractions, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and principal component analysis for quantitative zinc speciation in soil. Environmental Science & Technology 36, 5021-5028.

Sénat (2002). “Effets des métaux lourds sur l'environnement et la santé,”, Paris.

Sparks, D. L. (1995). “Environmental Soil Chemistry,” 1/Ed. Academic Press, San Diego.

Sarkar A. and S. Jana. 1986. Heavy metal pollutant tolera,ce of Azolla pinnata. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 27:15-18.

Stansley, W. L., Widjeskog, L., and Roscoe, D. E. (1992). Lead contamination and mobility in surface water at trap and skeet ranges. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 49, 640-647.

Sterckeman, T., Douay, F., Proix, N., and Fourrier, H. (2000). Vertical distribution of Cd, Pb and Zn in soils near smelters in the North of France. Environmental Pollution 107, 377-389.

Stevenson, F. J., and Welch, L. F. (1979). Migration of applied lead in a field soil. Environmental Science & Technology 13, 1255-1259.

Strawn, D. G., Scheidegger, A. M., and Sparks, D. M. (1998). Kinetics and mechanisms of Pb(II) sorption and desorption at the aluminum oxide-water interface. Environmental Science & Technology 32, 2596-2601.

Strawn, D. G., and Sparks, D. L. (1999). The use of XAFS to distinguish between inner- and outer-sphere lead adsorption complexes on montmorillonite. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 216, 257-269.

Strawn, D. G., and Sparks, D. M. (2000). Effects of soil organic matter on the kinetics and mechanisms of Pb(II) sorption and desorption by soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64, 144-156.

Stumm, W., and Morgan, J. J. (1996). “Aquatic Chemistry,” John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Sauter, S., K. S. Buxton, K. J. Macek, and S. R. Petrocelli. 1976. Effects of exposure to heavy metals on selected freshwater fish. Toxicity of copper, cadmium, chromium and lead to eggs and fry of seven fish species. Ecological Reseach Series EPA-600/3-76-105, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota

Sauvant, M.P., Pepin, D., Bohatier, J., Groliere, C.A. 1995. Microplate technique for screening and assessing cytotoxicity of xenobiotics with Tetrahymena pyriformis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 32, 159-165.

Sauvant, M.P., Pepin, D., Bohatier, J., Groliere, C.A., Guillot, J. 1997. Toxicity assessment of 16 inorganic environmental pollutants by six bioassays. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 37, 131-140.

Saviozzi, A., Levi-Minzi, R., Cardelli, R. and Riffaldi, R. (1997). The influence of heavy metals on carbon dioxide evolution from a typic xerochrept soil. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 93: 409-417.

Sayer, M. D. J., J. P. Reader and R. Morris. 1989. The effect of calcium concentration on the toxicity of copper, lead and zinc to yolk-sac fry of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., in soft, acid water. Journal of Fish Biology 35: 323-332.

Scheuhammer A.M., Money S.L., Kirk D.A. and Donaldson G. (2003). Lead fishing sinkers and jigs in Canada: review of their use patterns and toxic impacts of wildlife. Occasional paper, Number 108, Canadian wildlife service.

Schubauer-Berigan, M. K., J. R. Dierkes, P. D. Monson, and G. T. Ankley. 1993. pH-dependent toxicity of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn to Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas, Hyalella azteca and Lumbriculus variegatus. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12:1261-1266.

Schudoma D., Irmer U., Marker C. & Stix E., 1994. Ableitung von Zielvorgaben zum Schutz oberidischer Binnengewässer für die Schwermetalle Blei, Cadmium, Chrom, Kupfer, Nickel, Quecksilber und Zink. UBA-texte 52/94, Umweltbundesamt, Berlijn, 131 p.

Schuiling RD, 1974. Natural erosion as a reference for transport of elements, Geologie en mijnbouw 53, 195-197 (in Dutch).

Schulz-Baldes, M. 1974. Lead uptake from sea water and food, and lead loss in the common mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar. Biol. 25:177-193.

Seiler, J.R. and Paganelli, D.J. (1987). Photosynthesis and growth response of red spruce and loblolly pine to soil-applied lead and simulated acid rain. Forest Science, 33: 668-675.

Shea, D. 1988. Developping national sediment quality criteria. Environ. Sci. Technol., 22:1256-1261.

Shine, J.P., Trapp, C.J. and Coull B.A., (2003). Use of Receiver Operating Characateristic curves to evaluate sediment quality guidelines for metals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22 (7), 1642-1648.

Shuster, Jr., C.N., and B.H. Pringle. 1969. Trace metal accumulation by the American eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Proc. Nat. Shellfish. Assoc. 59:91-103.

Sibley, P.K., G.T. Ankley, A.M. Cotter and E.N. Leonard (1996). Predicting chronic toxicity of sediments spiked with zinc: an evaluation of Acid Volatile Sulfide (AVS) model using a life cycle test with the midge Chironomus tentans. Environmental Toxicology and chemistry, 15: 2101-2112.

Simkiss, K. 1981. Calcium, pyrophosphate, and cellular pollution. Trends Biochem. Sci. 6:IIIV.

Smolders, E., Buekers, J., Waegeneers, N., Oliver, I. and McLaughlin, M. (2002). Effects of field and laboratory Zn contamination on soil microbial processes and plant growth. Draft Final Report to the International Lead Zinc Research Organization. pp. 67.

Smolders, E., Buekers, J., Waegeneers, N., Oliver, I. and McLaughlin, M. (2003).

Solomon K.R. and Chappel M.J., 1998. Triazine herbicides: Ecological risk assessment in surface waters. In: Ballantine L., Mc Farland J., Hackett D.,eds. Triazine risk assessment. Washington DC/ American Chemical Society. p. 357-368.

Solomon K.R., Baker D.B., Richards P., Dixon K.R., Klaine S.J., La Point T.W., Kendall R.J., Giddings. J.M., Giesy J.P. and L.W.J. Hall. 1996. Ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15:31-76.

Spehar, R. L., and J. T. Fiandt. 1985. Acute and chronic effects of water quality criteria-based metal mixtures on three aquatic species. EPA-600/3-85-074, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota

Spehar, R. L., and J. T. Fiandt. 1986. Acute and chronic effects of water quality criteria-based metal mixtures on three aquatic species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5:917-931.

Spehar, R.L., R.L. Anderson, and J.T. Fiandt. 1978. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead in aquatic invertebrates. Environ. Pollut. 15:195-208.

Speir, T. W., Kettles, H. A., Percival, H. J. and Parshotam, A. (1999). Is soil acidification the cause of biochemical responses when soils are amended with heavy metal salts? Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 31: 1953-1961.

Spurgeon, D.J. and Hopkin, S.P. (1995). Extrapolation of the laboratory-based OECD earthworm toxicity test to metal-contaminated field sites. Ecotoxicology, 4:190-205.

Spurgeon, D.J. and Hopkin, S.P. (1996). Risk assessment of the threat of secondary poisoning by metals to predators of earthworms in the vicinity of a primary smelting works. Science of the Total Environment, 187:167-183.

Spurgeon, D.J., Hopkin, S.P. and Jones, D.T. (1994). Effects of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc on growth, reproduction and survival of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (savigny): assessing the environmental impact of point-source metal contamination in terrestrial ecosystems. Environmental Pollution, 84:123-130.

Stanley R.A.. 1974. Toxicity of heavy metals and salts to Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum). Arch. Environ. Contam., 2:331-341.

Starodub, M. E., P. T. S. Wong, C. I. Mayfield, and Y. K. Chau. 1987. Influence of complexation and pH on individual and combined heavy metal toxicity to a freshwater green alga. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44:1173-1180.

Steele, R.L. and G.B. Thursby (1983). A toxicity test using life stages of Champia parvula (Rhodophyta). In: W.E. Bishop, R.D. Cardwell and B.B. Heidolph (Eds.), Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Sixth Symposium, ASTM STP 802, Philadelphia, 73-89

Stephens M.A. 1982. Andersen-Darling test for goodness-of-fit. In Kots S. and N.L. Johnson, Eds. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Vol. 1, Wiley, New York.

Stone, C.L. and Soares Jr., J.H. (1976). The effect of dietary selenium level on lead toxicity in the Japanese quail. Poultry Science, 55: 341-349.

STORA (1985) in Haskoning (2000). Het inwonersequivalent getoetst. RIZA, 1985.

Stortelder PBM, Van der Gaag MA, Van der Kooy LA, 1989. Perspectives for water organisms (Part 1 and 2°. DBW/RIZA Nota No. 89.016a+b, Lelystad, The Netherlands.

Stotz G. and Knoche G. (1999). Herkunft und auswirkung von Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd und Hg aus diffusen quellen auf oberflächengewässer. UBA Forschungsvohaben 297 24 519. Universität Stuttgart.

Stouthart, J. H. X., F. A. T. Spanings, R. A. C. Lock, and S. E. W. Bonga. 1994. Effects of low water pH on lead toxicity to early life stages of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquat. Toxicol. 30:137-151.

Strebl, F., Ringer, W. and Gerzabek, M.H. (2002). Radiocaesium contamination of meadow vegetation – Time-dependent variability and influence of soil characteristics at grassland sites in Austria. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 58: 143-161.

Suedel, B.C., J.A. Boraczek, R.K. Peddicord, P.A. Clifford, and T.M. Dillon. 1994. Trophic transfer and biomagnification potential of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 136:22-89.

Swedisch EPA (1993). Metals and the environment. The environment in Sweden - Status and Trends.

Swedish EPA & Statistics Sweden (2002). Discharges to water and sludge production in 2000: municipal waste water treatment plants and some coastal industry.

Trojan, M. D., and Linden, D. R. (1994). Tillage, residues and rainfall effects on movement of an organic tracer in earthworm-affected soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58, 1489-1494.

Turpeinen, R., Salminen, J., and Kairesalo, T. (2000). Mobility and bioavailability of lead in contaminated boreal forest soil. Environmental Science & Technology 34, 5152-5156.

US Army Corps of Engineers (1998). “Vertical migration potential of metal contaminants at small arms firing ranges, Camp Edwards Military Reservation, MA,” Rep. No. IRRP-98-3.

USEPA (1994). “Proceeding under Section 7003 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act. Westchester County Sportsmen's Center. Administrative Order of Consent. Docket no. II RCRA-94-700309294,”. USEPA, Washington, DC.

Talbot, V., R.J. Magee, and M. Hussain. 1976. Lead in Port Phillip Bay mussels. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 7(12):234-237.

Tappin AD, Millward GE, Statham PJ, Burton JD, Morris AW, 1995. Trace metals in the central and southern North Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 41, 275-323.

Swedisch EPA (1993). Metals and the environment. The environment in Sweden - Status and Trends.

Swedish EPA & Statistics Sweden (2002). Discharges to water and sludge production in 2000: municipal waste water treatment plants and some coastal industry.

Thornton I, 1995. Metals in the global environment: facts and misconceptions. ICME.

Thornton, I., Rautiu, R. & Brush, S. (2001). Lead the facts. An independent report on Lead and its industry. Prepared by IC Consultants Ltd, London, UK.

Timmermans KT, van Hattum B, Peeters W and Davids K, 1991. Trace metals in the benthic habitat of Maarsseveen lakes system, the Netherlands. Hydrobiol. Bull. 24, 153.

Timmermans, K.R., B. van Hattum, M.H.S. Kraak, and C. Davids. 1989. Trace metals in a littoral foodweb: Concentrations in organisms, sediment and water. Sci. Total Environ. 87/88:477-494.

Tipping E, Lofts S, Lawlor AJ, 1998. Modelling the chemical speciation of trace metals in the surface waters of the Humber system. The Science of the Total Environment, 210/211, 63-77.

Tjell, J.C. and Hovmand, M.F. (1978). Metal concentrations in Danish arable soils. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, 28: 81-89.

Turner A, Martino M, Le Roux SM, 2002. Trace metal distribution coefficients in the Mersey Estuary, UK: evidence for salting out of metal complexes. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 4578-4584.

Turner A, Millward GE, Schuchardt B, Schirmer M, Prange A, 1992. Trace metal distribution coefficients in the Weser estuary (Germany). Continental Shelf Research, 12 (11), 1277-1292.

Twagilimana, L., Bohatier, J., Groliere, C-A., Bonnemoy, F., Sargos, D. 1998. A new low-cost microbiotest with the Protozoan Spirostomum teres: culture conditions and assessment of sensitivity of the ciliate to 14 pure chemicals. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 41, 231-244.

Ukonmaanaho L., Starr M., Hirvi J-P., Kokko A., Lahermo P., Mannio J. , Paukola T., Ruoho-Airola T. & Tanskanen H., 1998. Heavy metal concentrations in various aquatic and biotic media in Finnish Integrated Monitoring catchments. Boreal Env. Res. 3: 235-249.

University of Miami. 2003. Evaluation of chronic lead toxicity to the midge Chironomus tentans. Report, Miami, USA.

US EPA (1998). Compilation of Air Pollution Factors, AP-42, 5th edition, US EPA Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.

US EPA, 1986. Air quality criteria for lead. Washington, DC, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-600/8-83/028aF-dF).

US EPA. 1986. Air quality criteria for lead. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office. EPA 600/8-83-028F.

Valenta P, Duursma EK, Merks AGA, Rützel H, Nürnberg HW, 1986. Distribution of Cd, Pb and Cu between the dissolved and particulate phase in the eastern Scheldt and western Scheldt estuary. The Science of the total Environment, 53, 41-76.

Van Bentum et.al. (1996). WSV-doelgroepstudie bouwmaterialen: een analyse van de problemen in aquatisch milieu. Watersysteemverkenningen 1996. RIZA nota nr. 96.023.

Van Bon J. and Boersema JJ. (1988). Sources, effects and management of metallic leas pollution: the contribution of hunting, shooting and angling. Contam. Soil 3, 269-271

Van den Berg G and Zwolsman J, 2000. Nieuwe methode voor bepaling van achtergrondconcentraties voor zware metalen in water, H2O 24, 23-25 (in Dutch).

Van den Hoop M., 1995. Literatuurstudie naar achtergrondgehalten van zware metalen en arseen in bodem, sediment, oppervlaktewater en grondwater. Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM rapport nr. 719101019. 33p.

Van den Roovaart J.C. (2001). Schroefasvet binnenscheepvaart. Emissieschattingen diffuse bronnen, volgnummer 1. Werkdocument in opdracht van het Rijksinstituut voor Integraal Zoetwaterbeheer en Afvalwaterbehandeling (RIZA). Ref. 2001.088X. (Study on leaching of propeller shaft grease from boats. Report of a study on behalf of the RIZA).

Vantelon, D., Lanzirotti, A., Aeschlimann, B., Guenther, D., Scheinost, A. C., and Kretzschmar, R. (2002). Micro-scale Pb distribution and oxidation in a shooting range soil. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 66, A799-A799.

Van der Hoeven (2001). Estimating the 5th percentile of the Species Sensitivity Distributions without any assumptions about the distribution. Ecotoxicology, 10:25-34.

Van der Most, P.F.J. & Veldt, C. (1992). Emission factors manual PARCOM-ATMOS. Emission factors for air pollutants 1992. Reference number 92-235.

Van der Most, P.F.J. et al. (1998). Publicatiereeks emissieregistratie nr. 44. Methoden voor de bepaling van emissies naar lucht en water. (Methodologies for the determination of emissions to air and water).

Van der Weijden C.H. & Middelburg J.J., 1989. Hydrogeochemistry of the river Rhine; long term and seasonal variability, elemental budgets, base levels and pollution. Water Research, vol 23(10), 1247-1266.

Van Driel, W. and Smilde, K.W. (1982). Heavy-metal contents of Dutch arable soils. Landwirtschaftlich Forsung Sonderheft, 38:305-313.

Van Eck GTM, van ‘t Sant H and Turkstra E, 1985. Voorstel referentiewaarden fysisch-chemische waterkwaliteitsparameters Nederlandse zoute wateren (Proposal reference values for physicochemical water quality parameters in Dutch salt waters, Report in Dutch). VROM-DGMH, RWS-RIZA/DDMI Report No. 1984.

Vangheluwe M. (2004). Waste stream analysis and emission assessment.

Van Hook, R.I. (1974). Cadmium, lead and zinc distributions between earthworms and soils: potential for biological accumulation. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 12:509-512.

Van Orshoven, J., Deckers, J.A., Vandenbroucke, D. and Feyen, J. (1993). The completed database of Belgian soil profile data and its applicability in planning and management of rural land. Bulletin des Recherches Agronomiques de Gembloux, 28: 197-222.

Van Orshoven, J., Maes, J., Vereecken, H., Feyen, J. and Dudal, R. (1988). A Structured database of Belgian soil profile data. Pedologie, 38: 191-206.

Van Os BJH, Klaver GT and Huisman DJ, 2001. Natuurlijke koper- en zinkwaarden in sedimenten van pre-industriele ouerdom (Natural copper and zinc values in sediments of pre-industrial age, in Dutch). TNO-NITG 01-202-B, Utrecht.

Van Rompaey, H., Theys, G. & Wuyts, H. (2000). Collectieve registratie van industriële emissies: bijwerking voor 1998. Studie uitgevoerd in opdracht van de VMM, contract 991428/N9325. (Collective registration of industrial emissions: update for 1998. Study carried out on behalf of the VMM).

van Tilborg W.J.M. (2004). Non-ferrous metals balances in agricultural soils. Report no 0303.

Van Tilborg WJM, 2002. Natural background/ambient concentrations of metals and abiotic conditions of fresh surface waters in relation to risk assessment of metals. Report No. 0203, VTBC Van Tilborg Consultancy BV, 71p.0

Vanema R, 1996. Kd-waarden van zware metalen in zoetwater sediment. (Kd-values for heavy metals in freshwater sediments). RIZA-work document No. 96.180.X, Lelystad, The Netherlands (in Dutch).

Vangheluwe M., Heijerick D., Verdonck F. and Van Sprang P., 2004. Probabilistic assessment of lead bioavailability in sediments. Final report submitted to the International Lead and Zinc Research Organisation – January 2004

Venema R, 1994. Gehalte in zwevend stof, meten of berekenen? (Concentrations in suspended solids, measuring or calculating? RIZA-work document No. 94.064.X, Lelystad, The Netherlands (in Dutch).

Veldt C. (1993). Emissiefactoren microverontreiniging uit verbrandingsprocessen, Publikatiereeks Emissieregistratie, Rapportnr 9, April 1993.

Verdonck F., Vandenbroele M. Van Sprang P., Van Hyfte A. and Callebaut K. (2005). Targeted risk assessment of lead in ammunition. Study prepared by EURAS in collaboration with ECOLAS, commissioned by AFEMS, draft report, April 2005.

Verta M., Mannio J., Iivonen P. , Hirvi J-P., Järvinen O. & Piepponen S., 1990. Trace metals in Finnish headwater lakes – effects of acidification and airborne load. In: Kauppi et al.(eds.) Acidification in Finland. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 883-908.

Veselý J, Majer V, Kučera J, Havránek V, 2001. Solid-water partitioning of elements in Czech freshwaters. Applied Geochemistry, 16, 437-450.

Viarengo, A. 1989. Heavy metals in marine invertebrates: Mechanisms of regulation and toxicity at the cellular level. CRC. Crit. Rev. Aquat. Sci. 1:295-317.

Vighi, M. 1981. Lead uptake and release in an experimental trophic chain. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 5:177-193.

Villarreal-Trevino, C.M., M.E. Obregon-Morales, J.F. Lozano-Morales, and A. Villegas-Navarro. 1986. Bioaccumulation of lead, copper, iron, and zinc by fish in a transect of the Santa Catarina River in Cadereyta Jiminez, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Bull. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 37:395-401.

Von Gächter, 1976. Untersuchungen ¨ber die beeinflussung der planktischen phtosynthese durch anorganische metallsalze im eutrophen Alpnachersee und der mesotrophen horwer bucht. Hydrologie, 38:97-119.

Waara, K-O. 1992. Effects of copper, cadmium, lead and zinc on nitrate reduction in a synthetic water medium and lake water from northern Sweden. Water Research, 26 (3), 355-364.

Waegeneers, N., Smolders, E. and Merckx, R. (1999). A statistical approach for estimating the radiocesium interception potential of soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 28: 1005-1011.

Waeterschoot H., van Tilborg W. and Coursier A. (2001). Discussion document on agricultural scenario’s for the regional and continental analysis of the Zn Risk assessment Report.

Wagner C., and H. Lokke. 1991. Estimation of ecotoxicological protection levels for NOEC toxicity data. Water Research, 25:1237-1242.

Wagstaff, D.J. (1979). Effects of dietary lead acetate on hepatic detoxication enzyme activity. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 23: 753-758.

Walsh, C.T. and Ryden, E.B. (1984). The effect of chronic ingestion of lead on gastrointestinal transit in rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 75: 485-495.

Williams P.L. and Dusenbery (1990). Aquatic toxicity testing using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9: 1285-1290.

Winchester Ammunition (2002). Material safety data sheet series: http://www.winchester.com/ammunition/library/msdatasheets/msdatasheets.eye.

Wixson, B. G., and Davies, B. E. (1994). Guidelines for lead in soil proposal of the Society for Environmental Geochemistry and Health. Environmental Science & Technology 28, A26-A31.

Wang W. 1990. Toxicity tests of aquatic pollutants by using common duckweed. Environ. Pollution, 11:1-14.

White, S.L., and P.S. Rainbow. 1984. Regulation of zinc concentration by Palaemon elegans (Crustacea: Decapoda): Zinc flux and effects of temperature, zinc concentration and moulting. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 16:135-147.

Whitton, B.A. (1967).Studies on the growth of riverain Cladophora in culture. Arch. Mikrobiol., 58, 21-29

Wiersma, D., van Goor, B.J. and van der Veen, N.G. (1986). Cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic concentrations in crops and corresponding soils in The Netherlands. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 34:1067-1074.

Wilke, B.-M. (1989). Long-term effects of different inorganic pollutants on nitrogen transformations in a sandy cambisol. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 7: 254-258.

Wilson D.N. (2003). Atmospheric corrosion of lead. (European Lead Sheet Industry Assocation).

Wright, M.A. and Stringer A. (1980). Lead, zinc and cadmium content of earthworms from pasture in the vicinity of an industrial smelting complex. Environmental Pollution Series A, 23:313-321.

Xifra, I., Knechtenhofer, L., Scheinost, A.C. and Kretzschmar, R. (2002). Factors influencing the vertical Pb distribution in a shooting range soil. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66: A850 Suppl.

Yland E, 1996. Partitiecoëfficiënten tussen sediment en water voor metalen berekend uit mariene monitonigsgegevens en analyse van het aandeel van de achtergrondwaarde op de zwevend stof/water coëfficient. (Partitioning coefficients between water and sediment for metals calculated from monitoring data en analysis of the contribution of the background concentration on the suspended solid/water coefficient). RIKZ/OS96.117x (in Dutch).

Zaman, M.S. and Zereen, F. (1998). Growth responses of radish plants to soil cadmium and lead contamination. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 61: 44-50.CBS, 2000. Waterkwaliteitsbeheer, zuivering van afvalwater 1998. CBS, Voorburg.

Zaroogian, G.E., G. Morrison, and J.F. Heltshe. 1979. Crassostrea virginica as an indicator of lead pollution. Mar. Biol. 52:189-196.

Zuurdeeg B.W., Van Enk R., Vriend S., Bussink R., Molenaar A., Reijniewicz I., 1992. Natuurlijke achtergrondgehalten van zware metalen en enkele andere sporenelementen in Nederlands oppervlaktewater. Studie in opdracht van VROM, Geochem Research, Utrecht, 100p.

Zhang, P. C., Ryan, J. A., and Yang, J. (1998). In vitro soil Pb solubility in the presence of hydroxyapatite. Environmental Science & Technology 32, 2763-2768.

Zhang, P. C., Ryan, J. A., and Yang, J. (1998). In vitro soil Pb solubility in the presence of hydroxyapatite. Environmental Science & Technology 32, 2763-2768.