History of Samarkand History

History of Samarkand


History. Samarkand is one of the oldest cities in the world and has a history of about 2750 years. In the place of present-day Samarkand, there was the city of Marokanda, the capital of Sogd state, from the 4th century BC to the 6th century AD. It is known from archeological excavations that people lived in the territory of Samarkand even in the Upper Paleolithic period. According to the Roman historian Quintus Cursi Rufus (1st century), the circumference of the Samarkand fortress wall was approximately 10.5 km. In 329 BC, the troops of Alexander the Great destroyed Samarkand.
In the 6th century, Samarkand became part of the Turkish khanate and was governed by local governors. From the beginning of the 7th century, the Zarafshan Valley came under the control of the Samarkand administration.
Samarkand traded with India, Iran, Egypt and Byzantium. In 712, Arab troops led by Qutai Ba occupied Samarkand. Some of the residents of the city who started the uprising were exterminated, some were expelled from the city, they were replaced by Arabs. In the 70s and 80s of the 8th century, there was a rebellion led by Muqanna against the Arab occupation .
Since the 20s of the 9th century, Samarkand has been the capital of the Samanid state . For the first time in 887, the silver coins of the Somanites were minted in Samarkand. Even after the transfer of the Samanid capital to Bukhara, Samarkand remained one of the largest craft and trade centers of Movarunnahr. Since the 11th century, Samarkand has been part of the Karakhanid state . In 1089 and 1130, Samarkand was conquered by the Seljuks . From the 12th century it was subject to Karakhitai . From 1210 it was part of the state of Muhammad Khorezmshah . In 1212, the people of Samarkand revolted against Khorezmshah. In 1220, Genghis Khan's troops invaded Samarkand, set fire to the city, killed most of the population, and left the city alive. After a few years, Samarkand began to recover. Marco Polo, a Venetian tourist who came to Samarkand in the second half of the 13th century, wrote that "Sonmarkon is a big and famous city". During the time of the Mongols, Chigatoy looked after the ulus.
the 14th century, people's movements against the Mongols took place in Movarounnahr. At the end of the 14th century and the 15th century, the economic, political and cultural life of Samarkand improved considerably. As the capital of Amir Temur 's empire, Samarkand became world famous. During this period, Samarkand established trade relations with many Eastern and European countries. After the death of Amir Temur, his state was divided into two. Shahrukh Mirza was appointed to Herat and Mirza Ulugbek to Samarkand . During Ulugbek's time, huge constructions started in Samarkand. Relations with neighboring countries have strengthened. At the end of the 15th century, Samarkand was occupied by Zahiriddin Muhammad Babir . In 1500, Shaibani Khan conquered Samarkand almost without a fight. Until 1576, Samarkand was the capital of the Shaibani state . In the first half of the 17th century , Yalangtosh Bahadir, a prominent representative of the Uzbek military-feudal nobility from the Celchin clan, was the governor of Samarkand. In the first half of the 17th century, Samarkand was in the hands of the Ashtarkhanids, and in 1740-1747, it was in the hands of Nadirshah . In 1758-1868, Samarkand Bukhara Emirate included.
On May 2, 1868, Samarkand was occupied by the tsar's troops. Later, Samarkand and Kattakorgan districts were united and Zarafshan district was formed. Then Panjakent and mountainous districts above the Zarafshan valley were added to it. In 1886, Zarafshan district was transformed into Samarkand region. The city of Samarkand became its administrative and commercial center. From that time, European-style buildings began to be built in the city. By the beginning of the 20th century, the number of workers in Samarkand enterprises increased. In 1924-1930, Samarkand was the capital of Uzbekistan. S cience. Samarkand was the center of scientific thinking in Mavorounnahr in the XIV-XV centuries. Science progressed especially during Ulugbek's time. Ulugbek founded a school of astronomers, built a madrasa and an observatory in Samarkand. A whole scientific school was established around Ulugbek. Famous scientists such as Ghiyosiddin Jamshid Koshi, Qazizoda Rumi , Ali Kushchi graduated from this school . In the 16th and 17th centuries in Samarkand , Miram Chalabi, Mullah Abdulali Nazmuddin ibn Muhammad ibn Husayn Birichandi, Amir Akbar Samarkandi, Dosti Samarkandi, Yormuhammad ibn Khudoidad Muhammad Samarkandi, Koshufi Samarkandi, Maulana Miri Kalon Samarkandi, Mir Jamaluddin Khorazmi, Muhammad ibn Abdullah Hosseini Samarkandi Ashik Maulana Abdulkhair Samarkandi, Maulana Sadulla Sogardin Samarkandi Muhammad Samarkandi, Sirojiddin Muhammad Samarkandi, Shahi Khoja Amirogon Samarkandi lived and created famous representatives of science and culture. After the annexation of Turkestan to Russia, the history, nature and life of Samarkand and the entire Zarafshan valley began to be studied in more detail. In the 80s and 90s of the 19th century, Mirzo Bukhari, Mirzo Abdullin, Mirzo Barot Mullo Kasimov, Mirzo Abdurahman and others conducted important researches.