Historical perspective
More than a century ago, as a dominant method of language teaching,
grammar translation gave no importance to listening skill, because the aim was to
read and translate scientific texts from target language (mostly Latin) to native
language. Then, there was a paradigm shift from written language to oral skills
with the emerge of the Direct Method.
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J.Jalolov. English language teaching Methodology. P:150-151
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In the second half of the 20 century. Audio Lingual Method emphasized the
Importance of listening skill and gave priority to oral proficiency. There were
abundant use of language laboratories. tapes and cassettes to achieve native- like
pronunciation. During 70s, alternative methods were proposed by various
researchers, listening skill was given prominence as the common characteristics of
these methods. According to Krashen's Input Hypothesis (1985), leamers could
lear best by exposure to comprehensible input which was slightly beyond their
current level competence. Krashen (1985) pointed out that second language
learning was similar to first language acquisition, thus listening was the first step
on the way to language proficiency. Similarly, in his Total Physical Response,
Asher (1977) stated that oral language was primary to written language and
listening comprehension should precede speech production. He also emphasized
that learners were supposed to listen and obey the orders given by the instructor
through actions. In Communicative Language Teaching, language teaching was
based on a view of language as communication and listening was the most
prevailing part of daily life communication. In communicative context, four
language skills were taught in an integrated way, supporting one after another.
Listening was primarily used as a prompter or a first step before productive skills.
In content-based instruction, listening and speaking were practiced in an
integrated way such as viewing and discussion of a film and performing an
interview. As from task-based language teaching, tasks provide boththe oral and
written input and outputprocessing for language acquisition.
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In the light of this shift, now listening plays an important role in language
classroom. The current developments in both visual and audio technology enrich
the varieties of listening materials and help to draw particularly young learners'
attention and motivate them better to reach the learning objectives.
Stages in teaching listening skills
Vandergrift (1999) states that listening sequences improve students'
metacognitive abilities, especially in the first two years of language learning.
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Celce-Murcia, M (2001), Teaching English as a second or foreign language Heinle&Heinle
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These listening sequences may be divided into three stages as pre-listening,
while-listening and post-listening and each of the three stages has its own specific
purpose (Underwood, 1989)
While listening activities are the main activities of the listening tasks. Learners
listen to the input and make decisions about the strategy to use according to the
requirements of the task Finally, in post-listening activities, learners discuss and
evaluate their strategy choices and their effectiveness. Feedback is provided by
self- evaluation and also group discussions (Guan, 2015).
Pre-listening
Pre-listening activities help to hear andgive someclues aboutthe activity
expectations mostly by activating schemata.Imagine that you enter the classroom
a little bit late and you see that the teacher has already started lecturing. Most
probably, it will be difficult for you to grasp the topic and understand what is
goingon. Why doyou think this happens? As you do not know the context and you
do not have any prior knowledge about the context, the context will initially be
inaccessible. Consequently, pre-listening activities serve the goal of ensuring
students know what they need to know before they listen. Listeners need to know
things like the speaker's way of talking, the length of the text, the listener's role,
information about the topic, specialized vocabulary, and the relationship between
Estener and speaker (Wilson, 2008). A study conducted by Zohrabi et al. (2015)
states that learners who are exposed to pre-sistening activities performed better
than those who did not take pre-listening activities. They also assert that pre-
listening tasks are effective for students in understanding authentic English
movies.
Pre-listening activities activate the schemata and help students to predict
what they will hear. Activating schemata means activating students prior
knowledge, Activities to activate learners' schemata might include brainstorming,
visuais, realia, text and words situations and opinions, ideas and facts.
Brainstorming activities aim to produce ideas based on a topic or a problem
Brainstorming can be realized via a poster display in which students prepare
aposter based on agiven topic, brainwalking in which they walk around the
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classroom and enlarge the ideas collaboratively.
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Boardwriting, in which they
work in groups and they brainstorm about the same topic or a different one, and
from one to many in which students work individually, take notes and then share
the ideas with the group (Wilson, 2008). Besides brainstorming activities, visuals
are also effective for pre-listening activities: There is an axiom saying "a picture is
worth a thousand words. For example, a picture can be shown to students and
they can predict the ongoing. Alternatively, a sequence of pictures can be given to
students and they can tell a story related to the picture sequence. Using realia is
also helpful in activating schemata. For example a photo, a map, a brochure or
any other object related to the listening text make students activate their prior
knowledge and help them better understand the listening (Wilson, 2008)
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