India and Israel Against Islamic Terror

Mrigashira or the Orion c. 45OO-350O B.C.
Rigveda
Rohini or the Aldebaran 3100 B.C. (Transition)
Mahabharata
Krittika or the Pleiades c.2900-1900 B.C.
Sutra and Brahmana
As per tradition Asvalayana was born around 3000-2900 B.C.

following the five generations after the Mahabharat war during

the Krittika equinox. The Egyptian mathematics and Sulba point

2000 B.C. as a date much later than the Sutra period and thus,

there is the convergence between the two evidences. Satapatha

Brahmana also indicates Yajnavalkya’s birth about three

generations following the Mahabharat war very near to the

time of Asvalayana, thereby proving that the Brahmana and the

Sutra periods did overlap. This fact receives a confirmation from

the observation of the pole star mentioned in Satapatha

Brahmana and Asvalayana Grihyasutra. ”Dhruva star” the

”unmoving” (literally meaning ’certain’) is so important that it is

shown to a newly married couple to enjoin constancy. The

present a-Ursa Minoris (Polaris), a star of second magnitude

that indicates the north pole today did not do so in ancient

times. Since the orientation of the North Pole moves with the

precession of the equinoxes, during much of human history

there has not been a pole star. The fact that Asvalayana and

Satapatha Brahmana do mention the pole star, an observable

pole star, is a matter of great chronological significance. Our

evidence thus far indicates 3000-2500 B.C. as the period of the

earliest portion of the Sutra literature. This also brings the date

of the Mahabharat war to the traditional 3102 B.C. The Greek

chroniclers after Alexander’s invasion of India were aware of the

date of Krishna, the principal figure in Mahabharat. The

evidence, however, is confusing when it comes to SandrocottosChandragupta’s

identity. Pliny refers to Krishna as Hercacles, a
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Proposed Chronology
of

Ancient Indian and Contemporaneous Civilizations
Date Geography: Climate Astronomical Era Technology Indian History Indian History Indian Literature Indian Authors; Mesopotamia Egypt:
(Periods) Kings (Elsewhere)
9000 la; Age
8000 Ice Melts
7000 Mehgarh
6500 Horse
4500 Mrgasiras (Orion) Mandhatr fights
f Druhvus
4000 Early Vedic RgVeda Atri
3800 Decline of
Rg Vedic world

3700 Silver Battle of Ten Kings Sudas
Purification of Visvamitra
Copper Vasistha
3600 Late Vedic Yajur Veda
Sdma Veda

Atharva Veda
3500 Sarasvati Rohmi (Aldebaran)
perennial

3100 Sarasvati loses Kali Yuga Post-Vedic Mahabharata Vyasa, Krishna
Yamuna Mahabharata
Desert divides War
east-west ’ Vedas canonized
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CHAPT«
17 ANCIENT INDIAN CIVILIZATION 273
The Puranas mention the passage of about 31 generations

between Rama of Ikshvaku dynasty and son of Dasharatha,

upto Brihadabala in Mahabharata records. Brihadabala was slain

by Abhimanyu, Arjun’s son, at Kurukshetra. Again computing

on the basis of 20 years per generation we come to a date of

between 3800 and 3700 B.C. for Rama. This date is further

confirmed by the fact that Vashistha a senior contemporary of

Rama was also present at the Battle of 10 Kings. To sum up in

David Frawley’s terms, the chronology of the Vedic age would

be as given below:
Proto-Rigvedic Period Around 8000 BC and before
6000 B.C.
Early Rigvedic Period 6000 to 4000 B.C.

Later Rigvedic Period 4000 to 2000 B.C.

Transitional 2000 to 1000 B.C.
A chart showing a proposed chronology of ancient Indian

and contemporary civilizations is given in the chart opposite.

(Vedic Aryans and Origins of Civilization- A literary and scientific

perspective - By N.S. Raja Ram and David Frawley).
Let us now deal with the scientific evidence. Domestication

of the horse was perfected in India well before it was done in

Central Asia and South Russian steppes around 4000 B.C. Along

with the recent findings of S.R. Rao, a marine archaeologist, at

the site of Dwarika the above date is further confirmed. There

is a mention of gold in Rigveda but not of silver, which should

have come after the Rigvedic period. The above facts are in

accordance with astronomical and geographical data particularly

the record of vernal equinox in Orion and the perennial Saraswatiboth

facts being mentioned in the Seventh mandala of the

Rigveda. The above together with the evidence of astronomy

and the Sulbas and Egyptian mathematics, all independent

determinations, indicate the same period of i.e. 4000 B.C. for

the ending of the Rigvedic age, The archaeological remains found

at Mehrgarh and other places in Gujarat and elsewhere alongwith

the submerged city of Dwarika discovered recently date the

earlier Indian civilization as far back as 7000 B.C. With more
274 INDIA AND ISRAEL
CHAPTER 17
research in charting the river Saraswati and it’s dessication leadin

to the shift of ancient civilization from the centre of Saraswati

Drishadvati doab to the south west, more convincing evidence

will emerge on the Rigvedic society and our ancient settlements

The ecological disruptions in the Saraswati basin led to the move

of that civilization eastword to the Ganga valley and south

westward into Gujarat and Maharashtra. What further proof of

this movement is required than the fact that both Baudhayana

and Apsthamba belong to the south? While this dichotomy further

explains the Yajurvedic tradition into Vajasaneya and the Taittreya

schools, it also proves that the so-called Aryans and Dravidian

divide is so much historical humbug. Sethna from his laborious

works brings out the fact that cotton was a commodity of daily

use in the Harappan times. The Vedas and Brahmanas also

mention the making of cloth, and terms like weaving, war, and

weft. The discovery of Indian cotton in Peru during 2500 B.C.

and even earlier in Mexico accords with the common usage of

the cotton and its extensive trading abroad and across the seas

during the Vedic period. Further findings, tested with calibrated

C-14 methods, show that ’the Harappan culture should be

dated to the period 2700-2000 B.C. This along with the fact of

climatic change of 2200 B.C. recently discovered explain the

sudden ending of the Accadian empire and the shift of Saraswati

based civilization to the east and confirms the data brought out

thus far. We now come to the question of silver when did it

come to India? It was well known to the Harappans but not the

Rigveda. The use of silver in other parts of world goes back to

5000 B.C. This is not a certified fact. Silver as we know is not

mined in pure state but is separated from copper after a

purification process of the latter. The discovery of the silver

ornaments at the Pre-Harappan site of Kunal near Ambala points

to a date not later than 2000 B.C. With the application of

dendrochronology as practised by European archaeologists such

as Colin Renfrew that date could go back to 4000 B.C., several

centuries before the Vedic people had learnt to separate silver

from copper ore. In 1958, a famous casting known as ”Vashistha’s

head” was discovered by Hary Hicks, an American collector.
rr”TpTtR 17 ANCIENT INDIAN CIVILIZATION 275
Subsequent metallurgical tests have shown a high silver content

which points to the art of casting of an ancient era. Laboratory

tests in California and Zurich on this artifect showed carbon

deposits, which according to Radio Carbon dating leads to a

date between 3800 and 3700 B.C. This conclusively proves that

the Vedic age should have ended well before this time. This is

also corroborated by Mrigashira vernal equinox, which dates

closer to 4000 B.C. With the evidence adduced thus far the

brief chronology of events can be inferred. Close to the end of

the last Ice Age before 8000 B.C., the river Saraswati, the greatest

in India started flowing from the mountains to the sea around

7000 B.C. during the Rigvedic age.
It remained a mighty river joined by two other great rivers,

the Satluj and the Yamuna, which followed the course of the

dry river Drishadavati. This was the situation around 4000 B.C.,

when North India was watered by the three major river systems

of the Indus, Saraswati and the Ganga. There was no Thar

Desert separating the regions as it is today. Astronomically this

was the Mrigashira era. Sometime around 3100 B.C., when the

great Mahabharata took place the Yamuna changed its course to

empty itself into the Canga resulting in the diversion of the

waters from Saraswati, which gradually dried up. The expanding

desert began to separate the western people and their SindhuSauvira

culture from the Kuru heartland around the Ganga. The

desiccation of Saraswati along with recurring floods resulted in

the shift of the heart of the Vedic religious praxis eastward to the

Kuru-Panchala territory adding to the alienation between the

east and the west. These were the times of the rise of the

Sumerian civilization and the Sutra period, when the western

people were derisively called ’Melcchas’ by the orthodox of the

Vedic heartland. Subsequently, a center of Vedic tradition grew

up in the Gujarat - Maharashtra region anchored on Taittiriya

thought led by Baudhayana. While the Vajasaneya school of

Yajyavalkya settled in the east, the Yajurvedic tradition as brought

out earlier was split into its northern and southern components

following the Mahabharata war. The desert continued to encroach

on the river Indus and the Harappan civilization, a branch of
276 INDIA AND ISRAEL CHAPTE
*17
the main Vedic heartland around Canga, and along with th

drying up of river Saraswati caused the extinction of the indu

valley civilization.
As these lines are being written, a land-mark discovery jn

the Gulf of Cambay by a team of oceanographers followed by

the combined efforts of National Institute of Ocean Technology

the Birbal Sahani Institute of Palaeobotany and the National

Geophysical Research Institute, has conclusively proved the

existence of a civilization in that area much before the Harappan

and contemporary civilizations in Egypt, Sumeria and Babylon

Artifects such as construction material, wood with holes and

studs, pot shreds, beads and fossil bones, after the process of

carbon dating, point to a date around 7500 B.C., almost the

same as’the proto-Vedic civilization that came into existence

after the melting of the Ice Cap around 8000 B.C., as discussed

earlier. Professor S.N. Rajguru, former Joint Director and Head

of Department of Archaeology at Deccan College, said, ”These

collections represent an exciting breakthrough in offshore

archaeology. The findings indicate that the entire landscape

between Bhavnagar and Hazira were probably connected around

7000 B.C.
The acoustic images of the area present channel like features,

indicating the presence of a river in the region. ”Geometrical

structures and the antiquities have been discovered in an area

only within 200 miles adjoining the channel indicating human

activity on the banks of the river that was present at that time”.
These findings also conclusively prove the existence of river

Saraswati in the early Vedic period and its subsequent desiccation.

The above effort by the National Institute of Ocean Technology

(NIOT), which led to an accidental discovery of this sub-merged

township was further supplemented by the following factoid

published in many Indian news magazines.
The town lay at a depth of 40 meters below the sea, 30

kms off the Gujarat coast and the dredging efforts spread to an

area of nine kms, situated on the mouth of a river with signs of

a masonry dam. Geometric forms like those at Harappa in
rp
CHAPTER 17 ANCIENT INDIAN CIVILIZATION \ 277
various forms and sizes were found. An Olympic size sunken

area with steps going down as for a swimming pool and resembling

the great bath of Mohenjodaro was discovered, through

photographs and sonar soundings. Rectangular platform of

200x45 meters, almost the same size as the Acropolis in Greece,

was also found as earlier in Harappa. A large granary structure

made out of mud 185 meters long could also be seen. As part

of this township rectangular basement resembling remains of

homesteads and tiles of a drainage system and mud roads too

were found. About 2000 artifects including polished stones, tools,

ornaments, figurines, broken pottery, some precious stones, ivory

and remains of human vertebra, jawbone and human tooth

were also found. But the clinching evidence of antiquity was

provided by a fossilized log of chopped wood that dated back

to 7500 B.C. The only other settlement of this antiquity was

found earlier at Mehargarh in Baluchistan, which was basically

an agricultural settlement in the Bolan river valley.
We shall sum up by stating that the entire linguistic, literary,

mathematical, scientific, archaeological, metallurgical, carbon,

radio, and ecological evidence, which we have listed in some

detail, points to the indisputable facts that that there was no

Aryan invasion, which led to an Aryan-Dravidian divide; that

Sanskrit was the mother of all Indo-European languages; that all

knowledge, mathematical, scientific, astronomical, medical

(Ayurvedic) and literary flowed from India westwards and not

the other way round; and that ancient Vedic civilization the

oldest in the world, had reached a very high level of perfection

known to mankind.
IS