səhifə 19/30 tarix 27.04.2018 ölçüsü 469 b. #49225
Psychopathy Cleckley; Hare--two basic dimensions: affective and interpersonal core and behavioral aspects DSM diagnosis may omit those who don’t show violence 3-4 % of men, 1% of women Studied a lot in jails—among urban jails, apd is linked to violent crimes; about 70-80% of prison inmates have apd Studied a lot in jails—among urban jails, apd is linked to violent crimes; about 70-80% of prison inmates have apd For many, criminal behavior declines after 40; behaviors change more than psychopathy About 50% of kids with ADHD also have CD Psychodynamic Psychodynamic Absence of parental love during infancy leading to a basic lack of trust—respond to early inadequacies by becoming emotional distant, build relationships through power and destructiveness. Support—more likely than others to have had significant stress in childhood, particularly poverty, parental conflict, divorce, family violence Behaviorists Modeling or imitation—lots of parents with the disorder Patterson—coercion theory/reinforcement trap Cognitive view Trivialize importance of other people’s needs Genuine difficulty recognizing viewpoint other than their own Biological factors Experience less anxiety than others, lower arousal levels—slow EEG waves , slow autonomic arousal Approximately ¼ of those with APD get tx for it, yet tx is typically ineffective Approximately ¼ of those with APD get tx for it, yet tx is typically ineffective Major obstacle—lack of conscience and lack of motivation Most are forced to attend—work, court, family About 70% leave tx prematurely (Gabbard & Coyne, 1987) Cognitive-behavioral—increasing self-control, self-critical thinking, social-perspective taking; victim awareness , anger management, curing drug addiction Requires a controlled situation; even the best programs have only a modest improvement Keenly sensitive to criticism, rejection, disapproval Keenly sensitive to criticism, rejection, disapproval Reluctant to enter relationships unless they know they’ll be liked Believe they are incompetent or inferior Avoid school and work Overlap with Dependent PD and BPD .5-2% prevalence Males=females Similar to social phobia; often have both dx Key difference—social phobics fear social circumstances, avoidant pd fear social relationships Assumed to be related to the same causes as anxiety disorder, but this has not yet been shown by research Assumed to be related to the same causes as anxiety disorder, but this has not yet been shown by research Psychodynamic Focus mainly on sense of shame; think punishment for early bowel accidents—may develop negative self-image—leads individual to feel unlovable Cognitive Harsh criticism and rejection in early childhood lead people to believe that environment will always treat them negatively Expect rejection; misinterpret the reactions of others to fit that expectation; discount positive feedback; generally fear social involvements Support—pts recall feelings rejected and isolated ; receiving little encouragement from parents; experiencing few displays of parental love or pride Bio—inhibited temperament Come to tx to experience affection and acceptance Come to tx to experience affection and acceptance Keeping them in tx is a challenge—soon begin to avoid sessions Key—gaining trust Treating much as one would treat social phobia has shown modest success Cognitive—carry on the face of painful emotions; improve self-image; challenge distressing thoughts Behavioral tx—social skills training; exposure tx Group tx—practice in social situations Antianxiety and antidepressants show some success Lacks self-confidence and self-reliance Lacks self-confidence and self-reliance Passively allow spouses/partners to assume responsibility for choice of jobs, housing, even friends Can’t initiate activities Uncomfortable when left alone—even panicky Unable to make demands on others Seek new relationships quickly when old ones end May accept abuse to stay in relationships Both dependent behavior and attachment problems 2%; either males=females or females>males Causes Causes Small genetic influence Psychodynamic—unresolved oral issues; attachment issues; fear of abandonment Behaviorists—parents unintentionally reward clinging and loyal behavior, while punishing acts of independence , perhaps through withdrawal of love Cognitive—two key views: I am inadequate and helpless to deal with the world and I must find a person to provide protection so I can cope. Dostları ilə paylaş:
