Where is edge between personality and personality disorder?
Homosexuality and American Psychiatry
Homosexuality and American Psychiatry
Removed from DSM in 1974
Prior to that was considered a disorder
However, early sexologists such as Magnus Hirschfeld and Havelock Ellis both believed that it was natural
Freud believed that its origins were early and it was unchangeable—nothing to be ashamed of
Kinsey said 10 % (but this is wrong)—more like 2.5%
Homosexuality around the world
Never predominant
Always men>women
Never above 5% or so
Some increased likelihood of stress, anxiety, and depression. More suicidal ideation.
Paraphilias
Paraphilias
Recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies that generally involve nonhuman objects, suffering or humiliating oneself or one’s partner, or nonconsenting people
Compulsive quality
Nearly all male
Usually occur in clusters—over half show more than one
To dx, must be present for 6 months. There are 8 paraphilias, 5 of which we can dx if people act on them, regardless of whether or not the person experiences distress.
Sexual fixation on some object other than another human and attachment of erotic importance to that object
Sexual fixation on some object other than another human and attachment of erotic importance to that object
Cross dressing does not equal transvestism—some men dress in drag for other reasons
For the transvestite—sexually arousing
Not typically harmful—typically in private or with consent of partner
Typically operantly conditioned as children—many were dressed as girls; petticoat punishment
Reasons as adults—sexually arousing, relaxing, role playing, adornment
68% are hetero
Most keep it secret, even from partners or wives. When wives find out, most are confused or shocked. Most try to be understanding at first, but later become more negative
Become sexually aroused from secretly viewing nudes
Become sexually aroused from secretly viewing nudes
Most are nonviolent, but may be violent if provoked
More dangerous
those who break in
those who draw attention to themselves
Risk is an element of the arousal
Tend to be less sexually experienced, not likely to be married, harbor feelings of inadequacy, lack social skills, less likely to have sisters or female friends
Sexual arousal from exposing genitals to others in culturally inappropriate situations
Sexual arousal from exposing genitals to others in culturally inappropriate situations
Cross-culturally, fewer than 20% are reported to police
1/3 of college women have been victims of this
30% of all arrests for sexual offenses are for flashing
About 10% of rapists and child molesters (in one sample) began as flashers
Urge to exhibit begins in early adolescence., exhibitionism itself usually begins before age 18. Frequency declines after 40
What they are like:
Typically young, unhappily married, timid, unassertive, lacking in social skills, lacking in sexual skills, doubts about own masculinity, suffer from feelings of inadequacy, many report overprotective mothers and poor rel. with fathers
