17th & 18th Century Europe - first foundling homes and 'wheels‘
19th Century America - industrialization and migrant labour
1980's China - implementing of the strict one child policy.
Studies conducted in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s in Brazil, Jamaica and Peru where a combination of poverty, war, gender inequality and social suffering have led women to consider this 'survival strategy'.
In these examples we see how 'child circulation' through informal fostering and adoption becomes a means of managing abandoned children, similar to South Africa.
