K. M. University, India Christianity in the Land of Santhals: a study of Resistance and Acceptance in Historical Perspective(03U)

Kobayashi, Kei

Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan

Sur <> chez Marcel (Une Nouvelle Approche)(12Q)

Le paneliste a proposé, il y a 7 ans, dans son oeuvre, une différence entre les deux théories sur ＜＜je et tu＞＞, de Gabriel Marcel et de Martin Buber. Celle de Buber est fondée sur la distinction stricte de deux mondes, le monde de ＜＜tu＞＞ et le monde de ＜＜cela＞＞, mais, chez Marcel, au lieu de cette distinction stricte, on peut observer une échelle graduelle de ＜＜cela / toi relatif / Toi absolu＞＞. Cette différence, selon le paneliste, est un reflet de leurs deux croyances, le judaïsme et le catholicisme. Aujourd'hui, pour reconfirmer cette interprétation, le paneliste présentera une nouvelle étude sur le développement de la théorie marcellienne de ＜＜je et tu＞＞. Il veut aussi affirmer l'importance profonde de cette propre notion de ＜＜je et tu＞＞, de ces 2 philosophes, malgré la critique sur Buber faite par Emmanuel Lévinas.

Organized panel, Japanese
Kobayashi, Kei

Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan

Gabriel Marcel and the 21st Century(12Q)

Le but de ce panel est de présenter des études sur les pensées de Gabriel Marcel, un philosophe Français au 20e siècle, qui était très célèbre à ses jours, mais maintenant, plus de 30 ans après sa mort en 1973, est presque ignoré par les savants. Ses pensées, sûrement inséparables à sa foi catholique, mais libres d'aucun dogmatisme --- cela lui a apporté une évaluation comme un précurseur de l'ésprit du 2e Concile du Vatican ---, n'ont-elles pas de valeur vivante aujourd'hui? Chaque membre de ce panel expliquera, à son propre point de vue, comment les pensées marcelliennes sont encore importantes à nos jours, ce qui contribuera au sujet de ce cogrès, la religion, le conflit et la paix.

Organized panel, * Session Abstract, Japanese
Kobayashi, Masayoshi

Tenri University, Japan

Religious Expressions through the Arts(16G)

*chairperson

Organized panel
Kobayashi, Masayoshi

Tenri University, Japan

Forming and Evoking Bodily Memories through Oration/A Case of the Learning and Performing Process of "Yamabushi-Kagura"(16G)

A memory is formed through the body's own system of articulation and is consciously evoked by retracing it. Various forms of words, used orally, are involved in this procedure. "Religious experiences" cannot be grasped with conceptual words alone, and yet they are not unrelated to them. In order to leap over the words, the jumping off spot is achieved through communicative words. If you take a scene where people are in physical training, various words are used that are different from conceptual ones. There are many words, especially in the field of religion, that work as circuits to form and evoke the bodily memories. Here I want to talk particularly about the musical sound of oral recitation that provides devices to articulate the movements and the music, using the learning and performing process of a Japanese dance, "Yamabushi-kagura," as an example.

Organized panel, English
Kobayashi, Naoko

Nagoya University, Japan

The Oza Ritual and Hierophany - Focusing on Cases of ko groups in the Chubu Region(08C)

P. Lowell described an oza ritual of the Ontake faith in detail in Occult Japan (1895). In this book, we can see that the tradition of the oza ritual has continued largely unaltered from the Meiji period to the present day. Using examples of ko groups in the Chubu region, I will first survey the history of the oza ritual since the Meiji period. I will then analyze hierophany in the oza ritual, in other words, the channeling of the sacred through a medium (nakaza). It can be thought that hierophany is the essential element of Ontake belief. Through the oza ritual, ascetics interface with the sacred, thereby strengthening their faith and understanding of the relationship between "service and protection." This communication has allowed ascetics to continue the practice of the oza ritual and Ontake belief up to the present day.

Organized panel, Japanese
Kobori, Keiko Grace

University College London, UK

'Religio' -- the Notion of the Religion of the Romans?(04K)

The term 'religio' in Latin was considered to be the origin of the modern term 'religion'; however, the usage of 'religio' in the late republic and the early principate in ancient Rome differed from the modern notion of religion. 'Religio' had a wide range of meanings concerning religious matters; however, it had never been used in the sense of modern term 'religion'. Furthermore, the meanings of 'religio' expanded from 'rite' and 'cult', to 'observation', 'reverence towards gods', and 'violation of religious rules' during the period. Cicero is the most appropriate author of Latin who shows the expansion of the meanings of the word clearly among total 560 examples of the noun 'religio' and the adjective 'religiosus' scattered in his huge volumes of work. I, therefore, will examine all of the 560 examples remaining in his works and analyse it to clarify the transformation of the notion of 'religio'.

Organized panel, English
Koda, Yoshiki

Daito Bunka University, Japan

Mystik als Ort der Begegnung und Auseinandersetzung(05Q)

Man kann wohl sagen, dass die Mystik eine dem Glauben eigene religöse Erscheinungist. Dies bedeutet aber nicht, dass es darin eine allenV ölkern gemine Verständigungsgrundlage gibt. Die Mystik war hinsichtlich der Frage, inwieweit es sich bei einzelnen ihrer Ausformungen um Ketzerei handele, sogar ein Streitpunkt, in dem sich religiö se Glauben und Ideologien auseinandersto ßen. In diesem Referat soll erlautert werden, in welche Kontroversen die Mystiker und Mystikerinnen des 13. Und 14. Jahrhunderts verwickelt wurde, und wie sie sie ü berwunden haben und zu einer friedlichen Lösung gelangt sind.

Organized panel, Japanese
Koga, Mayuri

Generative Myth: In the Case of the Muttappan Cult in South India(12V)

It is said that there is Sanskrit and folk elements in Indian mythology. This presentation shows that this mixed situation is not fortuitous and is usually politically generated. In north Kerala in South India, folk deity, Muttappan is worshipped in the form of possession ritual, teyyam. The development of the Muttappan cult is divided into four stages. The first stage is that Muttappan is worshipped by the tribe as an ancestor god. The second stage is Sanskiritization of the myth and rituals by the invasion of a high caste and combination of the Siva and Visnu cult. The third stage is the development of a pilgrimage center by a lower cast, Tiyyar who has risen through land reform and the caste movement. The fourth stage is the enlargement of the worshipping area from the local society to the city and foreign country where migrant's as individuals engage in prayer. Myth and ritual is created generatively corresponding to conflict between a high caste and a low cast, and a transfer of people within the two.

Organized panel
Kohara, Katsuhiro

Doshisha University, Japan

Family, Church or School - Where Lies the Heir of Japanese Christianity?(04P)

*respondent

Organized panel, English
Kohara, Katsuhiro

Doshisha University, Japan

Discourse and Realpolitik on Monotheism and Polytheism(12B)

In Japan, the monotheistic understanding of the world is often blamed as a cause of not only religious conflicts, terrorism, and war, but also the destruction of nature. To the contrary, many people like to praise a polytheistic or animistic understanding as a solution to solve such problems. In the history of monotheistic religions, polytheism has been considered as a representative of idolatry. In this sense, polytheism could be said to be essentially in contradictory to the monotheism. But at the same time, we need to think about what idolatry means in today's world, especially after 9.11. The idea of abandoning monotheistic thoughts and switching to polytheistic thinking seems to appeal to a number of people, at least in Japan. I will assess the validity of this idea by focusing on (1) recent trends in Japan as well as in other regions, (2) epistemological differences between monotheistic and polytheistic ideas, and (3) reconsideration of idolatry in the realpolitik.

Organized panel, English
Kohara, Katsuhiro

Doshisha University, Japan

Scriptural Interpretation and Politics(14B)

*chairperson

Organized panel
Kohiyama, Rui

Tokyo Woman's Christian University, Japan

Christianity and Gender Relations in Japan(04G)

Christianity has influenced Japanese society in various ways since the return of missionaries in the mid-nineteenth century/since the opening of the treaty ports in 1859. However, its most far-reaching influence has surely been in the area of gender configuration. Evidence for this can be seen, for example, in the fact that the majority of Japanese nowadays marry according to a Christian style ceremony even though less than one percent of Japanese are Christian, and Christian funerals are not popular among non-believers. This panel will probe the nature of this influence. Papers will examine the ways in which Japanese Christians discussed and experienced male-female relationships as individuals, as Christians, and as Japanese.

Organized panel, * Session Abstract, English
Kohiyama, Rui

Tokyo Woman's Christian University, Japan

Christianity and 'Love' & Marriage in Modern Japan(04G)

Organized panel, English

Kohiyama, Rui

Tokyo Woman's Christian University, Japan

Missionaries and Japanese Culture(10W)

*chairperson

Organized panel
Kohlenberger, Helmut

Peace by Dialogue in Latin Christian Authors(06N)

*chairperson

Organized panel
Kohlenberger, Helmut

University of Salzburg, Germany

Truth, Dialogue and Peace in St. Anselm(06N)

There is one main question in inter-religious discourse: Can inter-religious understanding be brought about in discussion at all? In Inter-Christian discussions it becomes more and more clear: There is no way from theology in itself. We have to start from an ecumenical dimension in life. Towards the end of the 11th century Anselm of Canterbury, then prior at Bee monastery in Northern France, started a new theological debate on truth. He did this not by giving a definition but by asking way this question arises at all, noting the fact that there is evil in the world. There is right and wrong in the actions of men and women. We cannot separate the theoretical debate from the practical dimension in life. We start seeing a right order (rectitude), which also challenges our use of language. Dialogue has to be seen in the right dimension in order to work for peace.

Organized panel, English
Kohno, Tomoko

Ochanomizu University, Japan

Consciousness of Oneself and Buddhism: Based on the Japanese History of Ethical Thought(09V)

Ethics is to ask and answer the question of being. The point of ethics is to understand human effort, to know the meaning of being - in other words, to aim at an understanding of self-awareness. Based on this definition, I would like to argue that Buddhism is the most efficient method to accomplish this task. To begin with, self-awareness isn't a concept that gives us universal truth, and Buddhism is a methodology which started from denying universal truth, and purposes to live based on this negation. We should note that this belief is rare in religion. Buddhism made self-awareness possible by sublimating the questioning itself into an answer. Here, I will present the possibility of Buddhist Ethics, based on early Buddhist sutras and the life of Gautama Buddha.

Organized panel, Japanese
Koike, Yasushi

Edogawa University, Japan

Popularization and Japanization of American Gospel Music(02H)

Since the late 1990s, with the movie Sister Act and the national TV program Let's Sing Gospel, Black Gospel music has become popular in Japan. Gospel choirs in Japan today are divided into those practicing in church and others as offered in secular music schools. However, many conservative Christian churches in Japan are reluctant to use gospel praise as an evangelical tool. On the other hand, there are people who converted to Christianity through an experience with gospel music. Like other forms of popular American music, the Japanese first covered original Gospel songs, then sung some of them in translated lyrics, and are now composing original gospel songs in Japanese lyrics. In addition, choir-style chorus have already been used in some of the Japanese popular music.

Organized panel, English
Koitabashi, Matahisa

Tokyo Metropolitan Musashi High School, Japan

Crisis and Well-Being of the Ancient City-State as Expressed in the Ritual Texts of Ugarit(03N)

This paper deals with four ritual texts from Ugarit (KTU 1.40; 1.103＋1.145; 1.108; 1.119). KTU 1.40 is related to a ritual for national unity. KTU 1.103＋1.145 is a manual about malformed animal fetuses. We can find a divine drinking rite and a blessing in ritual text KTU 1.108. KTU 1.119 includes a prayer against a crisis that had beset Ugarit. From these ritual texts we can see that the people of Ugarit made use of divination, made many offerings to the gods, and prayed to the gods in order gain assistance during various crises. El, the head deity of pantheon of Ugarit, Baal, the patron-deity of Ugarit, and Rapiu, the divine ancestor of Ugarit's kings, are three important gods that were invoked to ensure the well-being of Ugarit.

Organized panel, English
Kojima, Yoshiyuki

University of the Ryukyus, Japan

Living Tools – The Concept of Tsukumogami in Japanese Folk Beliefs(10P)

In Japanese folk beliefs, it is thought that a tool, which is neglected or carelessly discarded, can turn into a spirit being. Traditionally, an old tool should be incinerated, which was the equivalent to a human funeral. The souls of the dead that were unable to enter the realm of the dead were believed to be transformed into ghosts. For Japanese people, a tool, too, has life and a soul. After using them, they have to be returned to their proper place to allow them to rest. Just like humans need time to regenerate their energies. In Europe, it has been tradition from the 10th century BC until today to empty a basket while holding it in the air. In Japan, a basket must be emptied after being put on the ground. This shows that in Japan tools were recognized as independent entities, and people enjoyed the fact of living together with tools that were considered to be alive. In contemporary Japan, one can find masses conducted for "dead" tools as a direct successor to this tradition.

Symposium, English
Kolodnyy, Anatoliy

G.S.Skovoroda Philosophy Institute of NAS of Ukraine, Ukraine

The Ways of the Contemporary Religious Renaissance under Rising of Conflicts and Making Peace(04T)

Religion in contemporary Ukraine has changed its orientation to emphasize spirituality as the central element of spiritual culture. But this religious renaissance bears both outward, extensive characteristics and also inner, intensive features. The activation of religious life in Ukraine resulted in conflicts arising between traditional and non-traditional confessions, religious and secular orientations in society, contradictions concerning church buildings and property etc. The Ukrainian state, through the agency of the Committee on Religious Affairs, and different social institutions that seek interconfessional peace in Ukraine constitute a restraining factor in the expanse of these conflicts. Opposition in the religious sphere is provoked as a rule by political, ethnic, and socio-cultural factors beyond the strictly religious, so complete peace between religious confessions is accessible not through the amalgamation of all religions into one, but consolidation of them around important social problems.

Organized panel, English
Kondo, Go

Kobe International University, Japan

Theology of Justice: Theological Foundation of Peace through the Concept of Justice in Paul Tillich's Works(13U)

There is not much likelihood that peace on Earth will be realized. Nevertheless, we hope for the realization of peace, based on justice. We must never give up on the possibility of the impossible as presented by theological thinking. Paul Tillich is interested in the situation in which calculating justice, like distributive-retributive justice in Aristotle, will no longer be carried out. He considers the possibility of theological justice in the aspect that calculating effect and its causal relation is broken down. His concept of creative justice is adequately described through three functions: listening, giving, and forgiving in personal encounters. It is beyond calculating justice, without stopping self-sacrifice in some cases, and breaks egocentric ideas. It makes an effort to use power by the exercise of love. This is the only way of creating peace, namely to establish order in conformity with the ontological unity of love, power, and justice.

Organized panel, Japanese
Kondo, Mitsuhiro

University of Tokyo, Japan

Rethinking Interreligious Dialogue: Challenges and Reorientations (1) From Conflict to Dialogue?(01G)

*respondent

Organized panel, English
Kong, Lily

National University of Singapore, Singapore

Processions and Pilgrimages: Politics and Poetics(14F)

In this paper, I will explore the ways in which processions and pilgrimages bring out secular-sacred tensions, while contributing to a construction of identity and community, yet simultaneously surfacing fractures therein. Using the example of multireligious yet secular Singapore, I will examine (a) the state's management of religious processions and pilgrimages, including the "policing" of time and space for such events, regulations regarding noise and crowd control, and its appropriation of such events for tourism; (b) the tactics of adaptation, negotiation and resistance that participants engage in at an everyday level in response to the state's various ideologies, policies, laws and strategies, including calling on "global" practices; (c) the participants' experience of these processions and pilgrimages in terms of the sense of communitas that Turner describes but which Eade and Sallnow dispute, through emphasis on faultlines within "community" -- gender, age, race, class; (d) the investment of sacred meanings in these processions and pilgrimage sites by participants and their "sacred experience": what they constitute, how they are constrained by secular constraints, and how situatedness causes divergent styles from similar practices elsewhere; and (e) the manner in which such activities and the associated state actions and participants' responses evoke reactions from non-participants within and beyond the specific religious group, exploring variations, from obvious fractures between groups to distant tolerance to enthusiastic support. Specific empirical cases will offer specific insights into the various dialectical relationships.

Organized panel, English
Konishi, Tetsuryo

Koryugakurin Specialized College, Japan

Sacred Writings in Wartime(09M)

Nichiren preached that chanting the Lotus Sutra was the best practice for attaining salvation and left many writings and letters, collectively called the "Nichiren ibun." After his death, his followers carried on his devotion to the Lotus Sutra and have taken to using the "Nichiren ibun" as a model for their actions. However, there was a time when the "Nichiren ibun" were criticized by the Japanese state and some of the sentences were required to be amended. In 1931, at the time when Japanese military intervention was launched in China, the state began to control the religious circles. The state regarded some expressions in the "Nichiren ibun" as insulting to the emperor and forced each Nichiren sect to alter or to delete the problematic words and phrases. The whole event took place in an extraordinary situation, I.e. in wartime. Therefore, in this paper I will examine these events and consider war and peace from the vantage point of these sacred writings.

Roundtable session, Japanese
Koo, Jaehoe

SOAS, University of London, UK

Book Burning Edicts and Their Results in Chinese Religious History(17C)

Even though censorship is generally a more efficient way of banning books, we can still find cases of book burning in Chinese history, from the First Emperor's "burning the books and burying the scholars" to the Cultural Revolution. In this presentation I will put forward three points in relation to the book burning edicts, which were the result of religious conflicts. First, those who promulgated the book burning edicts used them as demonstrations of their power. Second, the book burning edicts were used as a means of renewal. Through this renewal the 'First' Emperor aimed to construct a new history beginning with himself. And finally, the consequences of these book burnings were at times exaggerated. This exaggeration served two purposes: on the one hand, it demonstrated the emperor's power more clearly, and on the other hand, it elicited sympathy for those who had suffered the brunt of the book burning.

Organized panel, English
Kopf, Gareon

Luther College, USA

From No-Buddha-nature to Absolute Nothingness: Kyoto School Interpretations of Dogen's Thought(17P)

Organized panel, English

Kosaka, Kunitsugu

Nihon University, Japan

Nishida Kitaro and Wang Yang-ming(07O)

It has often been noticed that Nishida Kitaro's maiden work Zen no Kenkyu (A Study of Good, 1911) was influenced by the teachings of Wang Yang-ming. It is very difficult to make a claim on whether there are influential relations between them or not because Nishida does not mention this and also does not talk about the thought of Wang Yang-ming. However, if we compare the thought of Nishida with that of Wang Yang-ming, we can find they have a lot in common, which is not seen in the common Western way of thinking. If we could call the latter the metaphysics of thing, we would be able to call the former the metaphysics of mind, or rather the metaphysics of event. What is the metaphysics of mind, or the metaphysics of event? I want to explain this from the comparative viewpoint of thought.

Organized panel, Japanese
Kosaka, Kunitsugu

Nihon University, Japan

Possibility of Philosophy of Religion in Japan(07O)

*chairperson

Organized panel
Kosugi, Yasushi

Kyoto University, Japan

Politics and Spirituality: Two Faces of the Islamic Revival(02O)

The Islamic world has witnessed a so-called Islamic revival in its various parts since the late 1960's. The major focus was on Islamic politics, where new political ideologies based on Islam re-entered the arena of politics. On the other hand, parallel to this revival, or often in competition with it, revitalization of traditional Islam, especially that of the Sufi orders, has also emerged. Both socio-political reform and spiritual revitalization have occurred repeatedly in Islamic history. Today's environments, however, are totally different from the previous historical periods light of the preeminence of secularization, modernization, and globalization. This paper examines characteristics and prospects of these two competing trends in the contemporary Islamic World.

Organized panel, English