Maxsus ta’lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi Toshkent davlat pedagogika universiteti qoshidagi akademik litsey Nurmatov J. N, Kudratov K. X

listening discrimination

Listen to the sentences as your teacher reads them. If the sentence is in the present continuous, respond with the time marker “now.” If the sentence is in the present perfect, respond with the time marker “already.”

1. Who's gone to the big city?

2. Who's traveling on the train?

3. Who's saying hello to new friends?

4. Who's grown up to be a journalist?

5. Who's visited his sick friend?

6. Who's studying medicine?

7. Who's working on the newspaper?

8. Who's come home?

EX 49 RETELL AND TRANSLATE THE TEXT

KHIVA
Ichan Kala, the fully preserved medieval citadel, the only of its kind in Central Asia, is on the UNESCO world heritage list and has been carefully restored to its ancient splendour. During the golden age of the Great Silk Road a major stop for caravans and the trade centre the city is i< »d;iy a living museum. The architectural monuments give an excellent overview over the wide range of styles and tech­niques used in this area of the world. The Khorezm architects in id builders enjoyed a reputation as being among the most skilled in Central Asia, just as today masters of the Special Scientific Restoration workshop in Khiva are called upon to provide their special know-how for the restoration of an­cient sites all over Uzbekistan. Khorezm traders were re­spected as brilliant merchants and patrons of science and the .nis. Although numerous times in the course of its history exposed to destruction, epidemics, drought and famine, the Citizens helped their town to ever recurring renaissances, with architectural beauty, scientific development and liter­ary achievements foremost on their mind.

Foundation history

According to legend, the city was constructed in the desert, at a site where nomads struck upon a well with extraordinarily tasty water. Exclaiming "kheywak" the name stuck. The big well can still be seen today in the northern-western part of Ichan Kala. Under Shah Abdul Abbos Mamun in the 10th and 11th century, at the Academy of Mamun, gathered the greatest scientists and thinkers of their time, such as Avicenna, Beruni and many more philosophers, mathematicians and astronomers. Subsequently the area developed rapidly, and the region saw citadel cities a plenty, of which only Khiva remains, having become the capital of the independent Khanat and for a short period, the spiritual centre of the Islamic world. However, the Kizilkum desert in Khorezm and bor­dering Karakalpakistan hold many fascinating archaeological ruins which can be visited with specialised guides.The population of the city, comprising both Ichan Kala and the outer city Dichan Kala is 47000 people.

The Ichan Kala fortification was built upon earlier settle­ments. The clay walls of the 18th century are ten metres high. Defence towers are placed every thirty meters along the walls and water moats provided additional protection.

Kuhna Ark (Old fortress. 17-19th centuries)

The Ichan Kala citadel consisting of numerous courtyards among which Kurinish Khana (1804-1806) and Zarbkhana (1806-1825) are today most famous. Kuhna Ark is an archi­tectural museum displaying folk art master's genius.