Microsoft Word 05 descriptions doc

Christina Schäffner
, in the next generation, went 
to the United Kingdom, where she specializes in functionalist text-linguistic 
approaches, especially with respect to the translation of political texts. The theorists 
remaining in Germany tend to argue the toss between equivalence and 
Skopos
, without 
great interest in description as a separate paradigm.
There is little evidence of any profound influence leading from Prague or 
Bratislava to Leipzig, despite geographical and political proximity. We should 
remember, however, that the various Communist regimes of the period attached great 
importance to translation, both as a way of maintaining national languages and as a 
means of fostering the international dimensions of their cause. This concerned not just 
the role of Russian as a pivot language, but also translation policies for literary works 
from across the like-minded world, from Latin America and Africa, for example, as well 
as translations of ideological texts for the future liberation of oppressed peoples. Those 
policies required translators; the translators had to be trained; the training created 
institutional space for thought on translation. Whatever we might nowadays think of the 
official ideologies, the development of systematic translation theory owes a great deal to 
the Communist period in the Soviet Union and Central Europe. We cannot reproduce 
the myth of an enlightened pre-Revolution Russian Formalism that somehow struggled 
through the dark days of benighted regimes. Stalin certainly persecuted the formalist 

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movement, which he regarded as anti-Marxist, but the history of the Communist period 
should not be reduced to that.
5.2.3 Polysystems in Tel Aviv
A second strand of contact led from Russian Formalism to Tel Aviv. The agent of 
transfer here was the Israeli scholar