Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

1981.pp. 1-46.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CONSERVATION; SOIL CONSERVATION

Notes : This is a tribute to Soil Conservation Committees of Natal and has

involved a great deal of research into files dug up from the Archives, Minute

books and reports over the past thirty-four years. In some cases it has been

necessary to rely on the memories of some Old Timers. This book documents the

activities and achievement of some committees and their leading members have

been singled out.

Ref ID : 2298

1585. Pearson, I. and Idema, G. An assessment of common problems associated with

drinking water disinfection in the developing areas.Anonymous Pretoria:Division

of Watern Environment and Forestry Technology, CSIR. 649/1/98, 1998.

Reprint : In File,

Notes : The objectives of the project were as follows: 1. to establish the

success or otherwise of the existing disinfection technologies in small water

supply schemes in the more remote areas; 2. to assess the operational

constraints of these existing disinfection systems; 3. to assess the extent to

which disinfection of small water schemes is practised; and 4. to establish if

the conditions in the remote community water supply areas are conducive to

making use of alternative disinfection technologies where conventional

disinfection systems have failed.

Ref ID : 981

1586. Peden, M., Murphy, C., and Dandala, R. Vetiver grass: taking root in the

community. Working Paper 121.Anonymous Anonymous Pietermaritzburg:Institute of

Natural Resources, University of Natal. :1-23, 1995. This paper describes an

employment creation and soil erosion control project in rural KwaZulu, SA.

Vetiver grass hedges were planted by the community on the cultivated land to

halt soil loss. The project was initiated by an NGO but largely run by members

of the community. The successes and problems of the project are examined.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : EROSION CONTROL; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; EROSION; KWAZULU

Ref ID : 1077

1587. Penn, N. Labour, land and livestock in the Western Cape during the

eighteenth century: the Khoisan and the colonists. 1986.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; WESTERN CAPE; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; LABOUR

Notes : The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the features of the

Khoisan-colonial labour relations at different periods duirng the century and to

provide details of specific relationships in order to illustrate the processes

of transformation involved.

Ref ID : 1014

1588. Penn, N. Droster gangs of the Bokkeveld and Roggeveld, 1770-1800. South

African Historical Journal 23:15-40, 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : As the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Campagnie (VOC) refreshment station at

the Cape developed into a colony, it produced a diverse number of fugitives

whose greatest desire was to remove themselves from the strictures of its laws.

These runaway slaves, deserted sailors, absconding solders, 'land loopers',

vagabonds, escaped murderers, bandits, thieves and assorted criminals often

formed themselves into groups, bound together in a particular form of resistance

to oppression - flight. These groups increasingly became called the 'droster

gangs'. In the author's opinion, the best way to explore the consciousness of

the droster gangs and the experience behind it is to make a detailed

examination, concentrating on one particular case study in the region where it

was most active. This is one such account.

Ref ID : 1015

1589. Penn, N.G. The frontier in the Western Cape, 1700-1740. In: Papers in the

prehistory of the Western Cape, South Africa, edited by Parkington, J. and Hall,

M. 1987,p. 462-501.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; WESTERN CAPE

Notes : The major purpose of this paper is to provide an account of the conquest

and colonisation of the Western Cape by the Dutch in the early eighteenth

century and to assess what impact this had on the Khoisan societies of the area.

Ref ID : 139

1590. Penny, R. South Africa: major step taken towards NGO/Government

collaboration on the National Action Programme. The Circular on Desertification

(14):4, 1996.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : UN CONVENTION

Ref ID : 541

1591. Pentz, J.A. Soil erosion survey of the reclamation area in Natal. Science

Bulletin (212), 1940.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; RESTORATION; KWAZULU NATAL

Ref ID : 330

1592. Pentz, J.A. Grasses in soil and water conservation. In: The grasses and

pastures of South Africa,Anonymous Parow:Cape Times, 1959,p. 712-723.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; HYDROLOGY; VELD CONDITION;

GRASSLAND; SOIL CONSERVATION

Ref ID : 1946

1593. Penzhorn, A. Soil conservation: where do we stand? South African Journal

of Science 68(7):177-181, 1972.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL CONSERVATION; CONSERVATION

Ref ID : 614

1594. Pepler, L.A. Traditional tenure and the use of land in the Bantu areas of

the Union of South Africa. Proceedings of the 3rd Inter-African Soils

Conference.Anonymous Anonymous Dalaba:CCTA. II:701-705, 1959. 1959.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : COMMUNAL AREA; LAND DEGRADATION; LAND TENURE

Ref ID : 2172

1595. Petitjean, M.O.G. and Davies, B.R. Ecological impacts of inter-basin water

transfers: Some case studies, research requirements and assessment procedures in

Southern Africa. South African Journal of Science 84:819-828, 1988.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA

Ref ID : 2058

1596. Phillips, E.P. The weeds of South Africa.Anonymous Anonymous Department of

Agriculture:Pretoria. 41, 1938.

Reprint : Not in File,

Notes : Produced by the Division of Botany series no. 41, of the Department of

Agriculture.

Ref ID : 174

1597. Phillips, J. South Africa's wasting heritage. South African Geographical

Journal 14:19-25, 1931.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; LAND DEGRADATION; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; VEGETATION

CHANGE; FAUNA; MICROCLIMATE

Notes : The author states that SA has heard a certain amount recently regarding

the deterioration of her national human stock as the outcome of such widely

divergent factors as non-balanced diet and high intensity of ultra-violet rays.

In this outline the author refers not to the vexed problem of human

deterioration, but to the deterioration of SA's vegetation, more important

fauna, micro-climates and soils. That such deterioration can be lined with

interesting developments in human ecology and human outlook, he can detect but

discussion of this phase of the general national problem finds no place in this

communication. He goes on to conclude that the wasting of natural resources in

the Union is but part of a change that is creeping over Africa as a whole. In

the regions further north, regions with problems as yet less profund as regards

natural wastage, than the Union, the various British administrations are taking

steps to stem the first tide of undesirable changes in vegetation, in fauna, and

in soils. It has yet to be shown that SA has the spirit and the power to

grapple firmly and effectively with the problem of the wasting of her heritage.

He believes her capable of a splendid exhibition of capacity.

Ref ID : 1471

1598. Phillips, J. Deterioration in the vegetation of the Union of South Africa

and how this may be controlled. South African Journal of Science 35:476-484,

1938.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; VEGETATION

CHANGE

Ref ID : 2438

1599. Phillips, J. Agricultural and related progress in several Bantu sectors of

the Ciskei: fifty years in retrospect. South African Journal of Science :173-

178, 1966.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CISKEI; EASTERN CAPE; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; RESTORATION; SOCIOECONOMIC

ASPECTS

Abstract : Portions of the area earlier known as British Kaffraria, namely the

East London, King William's Town, Keiskammahoek, Stutterheim and Victoria East

districts now included in the Ciskei, have an interesting administrative,

sociological and economic history. Against a background of over fifty years

acquaintance with the terrain, I touch upon examples of progress in the Bantu

Areas therein. In the past 10 - 15 years Rhodes University commendably have

contributed to knowledge and the Department of Bantu Adminitration and

Development to practical rehablitation of natural resources and the local rural

communities. There remain many cogent problems. Among other suggestions I

emphasize the desirability of accelerated development of the "border industries"

along the lines already so ably implemented at Zwelitsha.

Ref ID : 471

1600. Phillips, J. The agricultural and related development of the Tugela Basin

and its influent surrounds: a study in subtropical Africa.Anonymous

Pietermaritzburg:Natal Town and Regional Planning Commission. Planning Report

19, 1969.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; KWAZULU NATAL; COMMUNAL AREA; SUSTAINABLE

AGRICULTURE; SOIL EROSION

Ref ID : 1948

1601. Phillips-Howard, K. and Oche, C. Local farming in the former Transkei,

South Africa. In: Sustaining the soil, edited by Reij, C., Scoones, I., and

Toulmin, C.London:Earthscan, 1996,p. 213-218.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : TRANSKEI

Ref ID : 625

1602. Pickett, G.A. and Hoffman, M.T. Karosion: Soil erosion in the Karoo. Veld

& Flora :8-9, 1992.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; NAMA KAROO; SUCCULENT KAROO; EROSION

Notes : This article gives a brief overview of soil erosion in the Karoo area.

The authors conclude that patterns of soil erosion and deposition can influence

the nature of the flora to be seen on the landscape. However, little research

has been done on the role that erosion plays in determining the vegetation

composition and structure of semi-arid ecosystems. There is also a dearth of

published scientific information on past and present rates, extent and severity

of erosion in the Karoo. This apparent lack of information is surprising given

that soil erosion is considered an important consequence of desertification in

semi-arid rangelands. There are thus many issues relating to 'karosion' that

need to be addressed by the research community and the authors plan to

investigate some of these.

Ref ID : 1274

1603. Pienaar, A.J. Bosindringing sal op konferensie bespreek word. Agricultural

News 20:1, 1979.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : BUSH ENCROACHMENT; FIRE; CLIMATE; CLIMATE CHANGE

Notes : The author states that the entire area of the bushveld area encompases

approximately 40,5 million ha. In his opinion, bush encroachment has taken root

in most of this area. Bush encroachment has become so severe over approximately

15 million ha that livestock farming has become more or less impossible.

Although it is difficult to state definitive factors causing bush encroachment,

the following all have some part to play: (1) over-grazing; (2) fires; (3) long

duration and intensity of grazing; and (4) climate changes. Further research is

needed to investigate ways of reversing the process of bush encroachment and

reclaiming the land for more healthy and productive growth.

Ref ID : 2269

1604. Pienaar, A.J. Proceedings of a workshop on bush encroachment and bush

thickening held in Pretoria, Pretoria:Department of Agriculture and Fisheries,

1980.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Ref ID : 974

1605. Pieterse, A.J.H. and Barnard, G.J.M. Bibliography on the Karoo biome.

1982.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : BIBLIOGRAPHY; NAMA KAROO; SUCCULENT KAROO

Ref ID : 1472

1606. Pieterse, J.H. Damme alleen kan die Karoo nie red nie. Landbou Weekblad

32(1630):13, 1950.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : KAROO DESERTIFICATION; IRRIGATION; HYDROLOGY

Ref ID : 2060

1607. Pieterse, P.J. and Boucher, C. A.C.A.C.I.A. (a case against controlling

introduced Acacias) - 19-years later. South African Forestry Journal 180:37-44,

1997.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 260

1608. Pile, K.G. People's perceptions of soil erosion in the Cornfields

district, Kwazulu Natal.University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. , 1996. Master

of Arts.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; KWAZULU NATAL; COMMUNAL AREA

Ref ID : 204

1609. Pitman, N.M. An elephant paradise in the Karoo? Veld & Flora 79(2):52-53,

1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; ARCHAEOLOGY

Notes : The author provides an historical account of plant succession in the

Graaff-Reinet district, and includes in this account the effects of humans,

grazing systems used and some animals which populated the area in different

times.

Ref ID : 2391

1610. Pityi, Z. An evaluation of Jan Tshatshu Community dairy scheme, Ciskei.

1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; STATISTICS; RURAL

DEVELOPMENT; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Notes : The study aimed at assessing the impact of one of Ciskei's oldest dairy

schemes. Specifically, the objectives of the study were: 1. to assess the

living standards of the farming community participating in the scheme 2. to

evaluate the economic impact of the scheme on the Tshatshu community 3. to

assess the attitudes of participating farmers towards the scheme and 4. to find

out why the scheme has survived in the area. The results indicated support for

all a priori stated hypotheses. The very high mean age of participants and the

fact that 60% of the total income of respondents come from sources outside the

scheme indicate the lack of sustainability of the scheme. The main need

identified was for training of participants. This thesis is obtainable from the

Document Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, UFH. See ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 472

1611. Platford, G. The determination of some soil erodibility factors using a

rainfall simulator. Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists

Association.Anonymous Anonymous , 1982.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; MODELS

Ref ID : 473

1612. Platford, G. The use of the CREAMS computer model to predict water, soil

and chemical losses form sugar cane fields and to improve recommendations for

soil protection. Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists

Association.Anonymous Anonymous , 1983. 06-01-1983.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; MODELS; RUNOFF; CULTIVATION; LAND USE

Ref ID : 475

1613. Platford, G. The small catchment project at La Mercy. Proceedings of the

South African Sugar Technologists Association.Anonymous Anonymous :152-159,

1985.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; RUNOFF; CULTIVATION

Ref ID : 474

1614. Platford, G. The use of the CREAMS computer model to predict water, soil

and chemical losses form sugarcane fields. Proc. 2nd National Hydrology

Symposium, Pietermaritzburg.Anonymous Anonymous :254-265, 1985.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; MODELS; RUNOFF; CULTIVATION; LAND USE

Ref ID : 331

1615. Platford, G.G. Research into soil and water losses from sugarcane fields.

S.Afr.Sug.Technol.Ass. 53:152-156, 1979.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; CULTIVATION; KWAZULU NATAL; HYDROLOGY; SOIL

CONSERVATION; RUNOFF

Ref ID : 219

1616. Plug, I. and Sampson, C.G. European and Bushman impacts on the Karoo fauna

in the nineteenth century: an archaeological perspective. South African

Archaeological Bulletin 51:26-31, 1996.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CONSERVATION; LAND DEGRADATION; ARCHAEOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY

Abstract : During the nineteenth century, farmers and professional hunters

systematically destroyed the game herds of the Seacow River valley in the upper

Karoo. In so doing, they eliminated the main food base of the resident Bushman

hunter-gatherers, whose territories the trekboers had seized. These events are

reflected in the non-domestic mammal remains from nine rock shelters occupied by

the upper valley Bushmen. European contact is visible in all the shelter

deposits as a horizon of artefacts dating to AD 1800-1825, at the earliest. Just

above this horizon the density of fauna declines, but rate of faunal

accumulation actually increased at most sites. We suggest that this increase

reflects the enhanced firepower of farm Bushmen armed with muskets. Game was

also shot for them by the farmers. There is no evidence that the larger game was

shot out first, and all common species survived beyond AD 1870. Visible declines

in faunal accumulation rates only occur well above the contact horizon, mostly

in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Shelters abandoned by hunter-

gatherers before that time register insignificant declines in faunal abundance.

Ref ID : 2261

1617. Polley, H.W., Johnson, H.B., and Mayeux, H.S. Increasing CO2: comparative

responses of the C4 grass Schizachyrium and grass invader Prosopis. Ecology

75:974-988, 1994.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2262

1618. Polley, H.W., Mayeux, H.S., Johnson, H.B., and Tischler, C.R. Viewpoint:

atmospheric CO2, soil water and shrub/grass ratios on rangelands. Journal of

Range Management 50:527-284, 1997.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2526

1619. Poster, P. and Phillips-Howard, K. Agricultural issues in the former

homelands of South Africa: the Transkei, 1997.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : TRANSKEI; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; LABOUR; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION;

RURAL DEVELOPMENT; LAND USE; AID; GENDER ASPECTS; IRRIGATION; INTERNATIONAL

ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose was to examine the prospects for agricultural development

and rural transformation in the Transkei. Much of the information was obtained

from published reports and from the authors' own fieldwork in the Transkei. The

study found that: land and labour problems remain substantially unresolved;

initiatives on inputs and infrastructure are limited and proceeding at a

frustratingly slow pace; and commercial agriculture is becoming increasingly

vulnerable to international pressure. It seems that urban priorities prevail in

government funding allocations in Transkei. The article reviews patterns of

peasant production and commercial agriculture (including contract farming) in

Transkei in detail. It attempts to set current issues concerning land, labour

(including the role of women and children) inputs and infrastructural provision

within a national and international context. The authors felt that there is

particular potential for small-scale market oriented irrigated agriculture.

They also said that dry land maize production could be raised to 3-4 tons/ha

with effective farmer support programmes. This book can be found in the main

library at the University of Fort Hare. See also ref. ID no. 2339.

Ref ID : 1897

1620. Potgieter, F.J. Formulating of strategy for responsibility towards

utilisation of agricultural resources. Veld Trust Conference on the conservation

status of agricultural resources in the RSA. Du Preez, J.F.Anonymous

Pretoria:Unisa. , 1990.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CONSERVATION

Ref ID : 175

1621. Potts, G. The plant succession in the Orange Free State and the need for

maintaining a covering of vegetation. South African Journal of Science 20:196-

201, 1923.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD MANAGEMENT; GRASSLAND; VEGETATION CHANGE; VEGETATION DYNAMICS;

KAROO DESERTIFICATION; FREE STATE; CLIMATE; RAINFALL; EROSION; DROUGHT

Notes : Over large areas in the central part of the Orange Free State the

natural vegetation is still a tall close grass veld in which the chief plant is

Anthistiria imberbis Retz., the rooi gras. This is evident from the nature of

the grass covering fenced areas which are protected from grazing. But if an

area of such grass veld be carefully denuded of all vegetation, the first plants

to appear on it will not be tall close grass of the type mentioned. The area

will probably first be colonised by a sparse covering of various flowering herbs

and weeds, which will gradully be replaced by short open grasses, and only after

several years will the tall, close Anthistiria-veld be re-estabilshed. This

natural development of vegetation is spoken of as the plant succession: bigger

plants growing closer together progressively replace smaller plants growing

farther apart until the vegetation reaches the highest type which the particular

soil and climate are capable of supporting. This final vegetation is known as

the climax type. The number of years required to reach the climax stage and the

kind of plants forming the intervening vegetation probably depend chiefly on the

nature of the soil and the amount of rainfall, but in the central area of the

Free State the chief grasses which constitute the short, open grass-veld state

are: Tragus koelerioides Aschers (Kwagga kweek), Aristida (Steek gras),

Eragrostis and Sporobolus. The headings discussed in this article are: (1)

little or no erosion on Anthistiria-veld; (2) effect on Anthistiria-veld of

burning, heavy grazing and severe drought; (3) erosion etc. on thin, open veld;

(4) erosion in the eastern Free State; (5) responsibility of man; experiment on

the effect of trees and other vegetation; and (6) veld deterioration.

Ref ID : 1117

1622. Poulton, N. Desertification Control Bulletin: A bulletin of world events

in the control of desertification, restoration of degraded lands and

reforestation. Desertification Control Bulletin (31):i-90, 1997.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; LAND DEGRADATION; ECONOMIC ASPECTS