Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

and fire but only under conditions of lenient grazing. The significant

determinants of shrub population dynamics, in descending order of importance,

are: grazing pressure, fire frequency, initial shrub cover, browsing pressure

and annual rainfall. Much of the effect of grazing was through its negative

influence on fire frequency. The results support a grazing-fire-encroachment

positive feed-back loop. Intraspecific competition among shrubs was strong in

the later stages of encroachment, and when rainfall was below 600 mm. This

competition, in association with droughts, countered the positive feedback chain

causing population crashes among shrubs and grazing animals. Browsing was only

important in suppressing the initial recruitment of shrubs. The implications

for savanna dynamics under various land-uses are discussed.Master of Science.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : BUSH ENCROACHMENT; FIRE; GRAZING EFFECTS; PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS;

REMOTE SENSING; SAVANNA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SWAZILAND; RAINFALL; LAND USE;

POPULATION; DROUGHT

Ref ID : 2356

1678. Rose, C.J. Mjanyana development study. Research report, obtainable from

the Document Centre, Agriculture, (UFH).Anonymous , 1987.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : POPULATION; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; TRANSKEI; POLITICAL ASPECTS;

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION; VELD CONDITION; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; SOCIOECONOMIC

ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose of this study was to survey the resource base available and

the "objectives of the populations involved" in the administrative areas around

Mjanyana with particular reference to livestock production. Random samples were

drawn from households in each of the five administrative areas namely, Debera,

Tora, Xonya, Mjanyana and Quluqu. Fieldwork in the form of questionnaire survey

was undertaken in the Debera administrative area. Numerous informal discussions

were held with rural farmers, tribal authorities, agriculture officers and other

governmental officers in an attempt to verify the "felt needs". The report

contains a description of the physical environment, an overview of the human

factors such as demography, land allocations, agricultural assets, production,

physical and social infrastructure, non-agricultural incomes and felt needs of

the area as a whole. See ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 2357

1679. Rose, C.J., Tapson, D.R., and Jordan, B.D. Report on the potential for the

development of freshwater aquaculture in the Republic of Ciskei. Project report

obtainable from the document centre, Agriculture, (UFH).Anonymous , 1987.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; POPULATION; METHODOLOGIES; WATER QUALITY; FAUNA; RURAL

DEVELOPMENT; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

Notes : The purpose of the study was to 1. investigate the constraints to the

production, harvesting and consumption of fish at subsistence level and to

devise means to push them back; 2. harvest existing fish resources and improve

the stocks to provide the basis of a commercial fishing industry; and 3. develop

methods to increase production beyond the limits set by existing water bodies

and populations. A complete list of all water bodies in the Ciskei was drawn up

from secondary sources and information, and quantitatively evaluated according

to: a. volume and quality of water; b. existing fish populations; c. optimum

use of individual bodies of water; and d. cost estimates of achieving optimum

use. Fish consumption is entrenched in rural groups of the Xhosas. There is

eagerness among rural communities to obtain supplies of fish species tested in

the market survey, the "moggel". This was the result of lack of fresh water

fish or meat in the rural areas, which is the outcome of the poorly developed

distribution networks in the rural areas. The report also contains information

on integrated production systems of maize, lucerne, vegetables, livestock and

fish. See ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 2485

1680. Ross, F.C. Umntu Ngumntu Ngabanye Abantu: The support networks of black

families in Southern Africa. HSRC report.Anonymous HSRC. , 1995.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; CISKEI; AID; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose was to examine black family life in Southern Africa. The

study was conducted through literature review. The report focuses on the

networks of black families and is structured around pervasive notions of Ubuntu

(humanity) frequently given by informants in response to questions about support

and mutual assistance. It emphasizes the importance placed on mutual assistance

by the people whose lives are documented. Through the discussion of formal

organisations created for assistance and of ideational constraints of kinship,

friendship and neighbourhood, the report addresses the question of how support

mechanisms are activated and maintained. This report is obtainable at the

University of Port Elizabeth. See ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 1950

1681. Ross, J. What is being done and what has been achieved? Lantern 16(3):77-

82, 1967.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 341

1682. Ross, J.C. Land utilisation and soil conservation in the Union of South

Africa: a review of progress to date and developments contemplated,

Pretoria:State information office, 1947.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; LAND USE; SOIL CONSERVATION; CONSERVATION; EROSION

Notes : Recent years gave witnessed a remarkable quickening of public interest

in soil conservation. It is widely realised today that soil erosion is

everybody's problem. The soil Conservation Act, no 45 of 1946 has been placed

on the statute book and came into operation in October 1946. The Soil

Conservation Board provided by this Act has been constituted and applications

from farmers for the proclamation of Soil Conservation Districts are pouring in.

Steps have also been initiated and are well advanced, to build up a strong field

conservation service - known as the Division of Soil Conservation and Extension

- which is the first essential to the success of the whole campaign. In view of

the numerous requests that are constantly being received for enlightenment as to

what has been, is being and will be done, it seems appropriate at this stage to

issue for public information a broad review of the whole position, with

particular reference to recent developments and the contemplated programme of

action. This review deals only with the sphere of activities for which the

Deaprtment of Agriculture, and more particularly the Division of Soil

Conservation and Extension, is responsible.

Ref ID : 604

1683. Ross, J.C. Land utilization and soil conservation in the Union of South

Africa: a review of progress to date and developments contemplated,

Pretoria:Govt Printer, 1948.pp. 4-52.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; LAND USE; GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES; POPULATION; EROSION;

SOIL CONSERVATION; CONSERVATION

Notes : The author begins by providing a brief background on the physical and

human context within which the development of farming in the Union must be

visualised. It is evident that the Union cannot be regarded as richly endowed

from an agricultural point of view, but this does not detract from the fact that

farming is the direct source of livelihood for 31 per cent of the white

population and about 78% of the black population. Nor does it detract from the

vital role that farming has to play in feeding the nation and supplying raw

materials for the manufacturing industries. A brief account is then given

entitled: 'An era of land exploitation'. The 'menace of soil erosion' is then

dealt with, followed by the 'new era of soil conservation'. The author then

deals with State action to date, which he follows up with the situation as it is

today. He then suggests a plan of action. He describes the field 'conservation

service', and provides a 'home economics' section. Finally, the author deals

with soil conservation.

Ref ID : 342

1684. Ross, J.C. Soil conservation in South Africa, Pretoria:Dept A.T.S. 1962.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SOIL CONSERVATION

Ref ID : 1283

1685. Ross, J.C. Soil conservation in South Africa.Anonymous Anonymous

Pretoria:Department of Agricultural Technical Services. :1-84, 1963.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL CONSERVATION; CONSERVATION; LAND USE; POLICY

Notes : This publication is, in effect, a revised and expanded edition of the

brochure issued by the same author in 1948 entitled: "Land Utilisation and Soil

Conservation in the Union of South Africa. The first few chapters of this

publication are concerned with background material and follow much the same

general pattern as the earlier brochure (see notes provided in ID no. 604). The

later chapters are, however, additional and are devoted largely to a discussion

of the principles of sound land use and their application in farm practice.

Other matters dealt with include an assessment of the progress of the field

campaign as a whole since the promulgation of the Soil Conservation Act, a brief

outline of present and future farm policy in SA, and a concise account of inter-

African co-operation in the field of land use and soil conservation.

Ref ID : 2408

1686. Rossouw, J.G. The impact of imposed technology on a traditional rural

society in Transkei: an evaluation of the Ncora Irrigation Scheme. 1990.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : TRANSKEI; IRRIGATION; METHODOLOGIES; MODELS; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS;

PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Notes : The objective of the study was to briefly describe the physical and

institutional inputs, as well as the environmental and human factors affecting

the operation of the scheme. The reserach methodology made use of a survey

questionnaire and an interview schedule, which brought out the responses which

were related to the aims and goals of the study. It is suggested from the

research findings that a quick evaluation of the impact of an irrigation scheme

should consider three kinds of responses, namely utilisation, efficiency of

production, and the effects of human development. A model in which the more

important indicators are listed, is further proposed. This thesis is obtainable

from the Document Centre, Agriculture, UFH. See ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 2372

1687. Rossouw, J.G. and Bembridge, T.J. Human problems and the potential for

expansion of the Ncora Irrigation Scheme in Transkei.Anonymous , 1988.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : IRRIGATION; TRANSKEI; STATISTICS; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; RURAL

DEVELOPMENT; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS;

LABOUR; LAND TENURE; POLITICAL ASPECTS; FARMING SYSTEMS

Notes : There were six purposes of the study, namely: 1. to describe the

history and institutional framework of the Ncora Irrigation Scheme; 2. to

describe the physical characteristics of the study; 3. to describe the technical

aspects that have an influence on production; 4. to describe the characteristics

of the farmers of the Qumanco administrative area; 5. to report on the attitudes

and perceptions of the farmers that may affect the expansion of the irrigation

scheme; and 6. to make recommendations on the development of Qumanco and

improvement of the Ncora Irrigation Scheme. A total of 21 irrigation farmers

were randomly selected for the study. Using a structured questionnaire, data

were collected from the sampled farmers. Descriptive statistics were used to

analysis the data. It was found that the existing management agency had

experience to develop the Qumanco area. Under dryland conditions a potential

maize yield of 3.5 tons per ha is possible. As 65% of respondents were over 45

years of age and 44 (40?)% over 60 years of age, large numbers of the present

land right holders lack the physical ability to do the hard work required for

irrigated farming. About 50% of the heads of households were women and one-

third of the respondents were either single, divorced or abandoned. More than

60% of the land right holders have education level less than 6 years at school.

Only half the respondents were positive about the effectiveness of their

traditional leaders. Major farming problems include harvesting, transportation

of crops, insect control, livestock management, weed control and theft. The

authors made a total of 47 recommendations. This report is obtainable from

ARDRI, at the University of Fort Hare. See ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 2392

1688. Rossouw, J.G. and Bembridge, T.J. Perceptions of development approaches

applied at Ncora Irrigation scheme. Development Southern Africa 6(1), 1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : IRRIGATION; FORESTRY; TRANSKEI; MODELS; POLICY; POLITICAL ASPECTS;

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS; RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Notes : The purpose of this article was to explore the perceptions on

development approaches of: 1. the management agency and consultant for the

irrigation scheme; 2. the advisors to the Department of Agriculture and Forestry

in Transkei from semi-government institutions who served on various committees

affecting the scheme; and 3. the officials of the Department of Agriculture and

Forestry who have been involved in some way with the development of the scheme.

Mors' criteria were used to describe the various development approaches. A

score sheet was designed and submitted to senior staff members of the management

agents, to consultants for the scheme, to senior departmental staff, as well as

to advisors to the Department of Agriculture and Forestry from semi-government

and other institutions, who were closely associated with the development of the

scheme. A total of 31 score sheets were distributed. The study revealed that

the consultants' development plan was based on a commercialisation approach but

that, in the implementation, a top-down approach was used, possibly because of

farmer reaction and/or pressure from the consultants' employers. It was found

that policy-makers had a different perception of the rationale for developing

the scheme, the role of expatriates, the emphasis of development at the scheme

and the goals pursued. About half of the policy-makers agreed that, in future,

the farmers should have a greater say in the development of the scheme. In

short, most of the respondents recommended more of a participatory approach to

development activities. The authors recommended the development of a model that

determines farmer needs and perceptions before a development activity takes

place. This article is obtainable from the Ncora Irrigation Scheme. See ref.

I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 117

1689. Rossouw, J.G. and Bembridge, T.J. Human impact of imposed technology on

the Ncora irrigation scheme in Transkei. Development Southern Africa 10(4):535-

547, 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CULTIVATION; TRANSKEI; EASTERN CAPE; COMMUNAL AREA; AGRICULTURAL

EXTENSION; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; POLITICAL ASPECTS

Abstract : This study, which was the first attempt to evaluate the effects of

the Ncora project on participating farmers, showed that the management was top-

down with decisions and most farming operations being carried out by the

managment agency. Consequently knowledge and management standards were

considerably below optimum. Although the majority of commercial farmers were

literate, this applied to only about 40 per cent of the other participants.

Except for the commercial farmers, most of the participants were women, and

labour shortages were experienced by two in five respondents. Scheme

participants have benefited in household mobility, health, intake of proteins

and vegetables, nutrition and income derived from farming. The unit sizes were

acceptable to most participants and the majority still preferred traditional

technology. Leadership in the project was weak and there was little empowerment

of the local community or contact with sources on information. Suggestions are

made for further investments in human capital through extension training,

literacy and institutional development.

Ref ID : 627

1690. Rossouw, N.J. Mapping vegetation and erosion changes on the northern

slopes of Table Mountain using multi-temporal aerial photography and GIS, 1944-

1992. South African Geographical Journal 79(2):136-146, 1997.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; VEGETATION CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; FYNBOS;

SATELLITE IMAGERY; EROSION; MAPS

Abstract : Eight sets of sequential aerial photographs taken between 1944 and

1992 were used to assess vegetation and erosion changes on the northern slopes

of Table Mountain, Cape Town, SA. A vector-based Geographic Information System

facilitated the generation of maps and statistical analysis of spatial data.

The results show that over this 48 year period, the vegetation class shrubland

without trees increased from 36% to 73% of the total area. By contrast, closed

and open canopy plantations of alien trees decreased from 13% to 4%

respectively. The time-series of erosion maps displayed a high degree of

variability but revealed that certain areas of the mountain slopes are prone to

accelerated soil erosion. Nonparametric statistical methods were used to

ascertain whether certain erosion features have a predictive relationship with

particular vegetation cover classes.

Ref ID : 1473

1691. Roux, A. Fighting a "desert". Farmers' Weekly 124:14-17, 1973.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL

Ref ID : 2426

1692. Roux, A. and Gilmour, D. Economic conditions among Blacks in rural

Ciskei.Anonymous Rhodes University, Grahamstown:ISER. Working paper 52, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; POPULATION; LABOUR; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; LAND USE; SUSTAINABLE

AGRICULTURE

Notes : The purpose of the study was to gather data on unemployment among blacks

living in the rural parts of the former Ciskei. In the process general economic

information was also obtained. The investigation was conducted with five highly

structured questionnaires and an interview format. A team of four black Xhosa

speakers was used as interviewers. A sample of 283 households was interviewed.

A two-stage stratification method was used to select the villages. The

investigation reported on the demographic structure of the selected villages,

educational qualifications of the populations, permanent and resident migrants,

the economic structure of the populations including employment levels and

patterns, subsistence agriculture and welfare conditions. The unemployment rate

was below average but was found to be comparable to those found in urban areas.

Migrant labour was central to the Ciskei economy. 60% of the work force were

migrants. The average wage of a former Ciskeian labourer was less than the

metropolitan wage but higher than the earnings in small towns. In 50% of the

sampled villages, subsistence agriculture was irrelevant since land was not

readily available. The economy of the former rural Ciskei was therefore to a

large extent an urban economy. This paper can be found at the Cory Library,

Rhodes University, Grahamstown. See ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 610

1693. Roux, E. The cattle of Kumalo, Cape Town:African Bookman, 1943.-28.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : COMMUNAL AREA; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

Ref ID : 1031

1694. Roux, E. The veld and the future, Cape Town:Peninsula Press, 1946.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : VELD MANAGEMENT; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Notes : In file pp.52-59. The headings included are: 1) the wrong sort of

plough?; 2) mending the land; and 3) save the soil and save South Africa!

Ref ID : 1091

1695. Roux, P.W. The descending-point method of vegetation survey. A point-

sampling method for the measurement of semi-open grasslands and Karoo vegetation

in South Africa. S.Afr.J.Agric.Sci. 6:273-288, 1963.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD CONDITION; GRASSLAND

Abstract : An extension of the wheel-point method of vegetation survey, into

which principles of the point frame, for the measurement of height of plants,

have been incorporated, is described. The method is employed for estimating

basal cover, canopy cover, canopy spread, and heights of plants in semi-open

grasslands and Karoo vegetation.

Ref ID : 222

1696. Roux, P.W. Die uitwerking van seisoenre%val en beweiding op gemengde

karooveld/(The effect of seasonal rainfall and grazing on mixed Karoo veld).

Proceedings of the Grassland Society of southern Africa 1:103-110, 1966.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VEGETATION DYNAMICS; NAMA KAROO; DROUGHT; GRAZING EFFECTS; KAROO

DESERTIFICATION; VEGETATION CHANGE; CLIMATE; RAINFALL

Notes : Vegetation surveys (basal cover) carried out over the period 1949 to

1955 in experimental camps, have shown that significant increases and decreases

in the shrub and grass components of the vegetation had taken place practically

irrespective of the treatment supplied. The wheel-point method was used in the

vegetation surveys. Treatments were rotational grazing, continuous grazing,

protection from grazing and grazing during specific seasons. Merino sheep were

used in the grazing treatments. The vegetation of the camps surveyed is broadly

representative of the gradually sloping basal pediments (apron veld) and dry

flats of the Eastern Mixed Karoo. This vegetation is primarily composed of

grass and shrubs - known as karoo bushes. Of the grasses the Eragrostis,

Aristida, Cynodon and Tragus are the more abundant. Of shrubs and genera

Pentzia, Pteronia, Chrysocoma and Eriocephalus are the more abundant. The shrub

and grass components are largely differentially inflluenced by seasonal

rainfall. The grasses are primarily stimulated and favoured by rains falling

during the period September to February, whereas shrubs are invigorated by rains

falling mainly during March to August and September. The species per vegetation