Title of paper

9. References

The Missouri Group. 2003. News Reporting and Writing. 8^th ed. Bedford Books.
Baran, S. J. 1998. Introduction to Mass Communication: Media Literacy and Culture. Mcgraw Hill Book.

10. Further reading recommendations

Aronson, M. / D. Spetner / C. Ames. 2007. The Public Relations Writer’s Handbook: The Digital Age. 2^nd ed. San Francisco.
Scanlan, C. Reporting and Writing: Basics for the 21^st century. Harcourt College Publishing.

The Contributors

Peik R Bruhns is a father of three children with a degree in political sciences and a Masters in Systemic Organisation Development. His advocacy journey started during Namibia’s liberation struggle. He now operates out of Namibia as independent consultant and is particularly passionate about youth development.
David Fig is an independent environmental researcher based in Johannesburg. He has been researching, teaching and writing about the nuclear industry in South Africa since 1977, including being the author of the book, Uranium Road (Jacana, 2005) which was filmed as a 57-minute documentary. Dr Fig has been active in a number of organisations critical of uranium mining and the nuclear industry, including the African Uranium Alliance which links activities and researchers from 16 African countries. He is currently a Fellow of the Transnational Institute in Amsterdam, and is a research associate at the Universities of Cape Town and Witwatersrand. He chairs the board of Biowatch South Africa.
Unomengi Kauapirura is a lecturer in the department of Media at the Polytechnic of Namibia. Ms Kauapirura’s career spans over twenty years, working earlier on at the Namibian broadcasting corporation as a journalist, news presenter, programme producer etc. In all her positions at the public broadcaster, Kauapirura focused on promoting good practices of journalism for advancing the principles of journalism which amongst others is to help people make informed decisions that help them live their lives to the fullest. She holds a B.A. degree in Mass Communication from the College of Notre Dame of Maryland, USA, and is currently reading for her MIB degree at PoN.
Viviane Kinyaga is the Executive Director of the DRFN. She holds a Masters degree in Integrated Water Resources Management and a Bachelor’s in Botany, Zoology as major subjects and Chemistry as a minor subject. She has about ten years of experience in the environmental sector; ranging from project management, including planning, implementation and overseeing staff. She has been involved in climate change adaptation studies in the water and agriculture sectors and has contributed to Namibia’s Second Communication to the UNFCCC.
Bertchen Kohrs is a founding member of the environmental and social justice organisation Earthlife Namibia, launched in 1990 in Windhoek. She has challenged government and industry on controversial projects including the Epupa hydro-electric scheme on the Lower Kunene, the Ramatex textile factory in Otjimuise, and the current development of the uranium rush in Namibia. E-mail: [e-mail].
Detlof von Oertzen was born in Windhoek, Namibia, in 1962, and holds a PhD in high-energy nuclear physics and an MBA in Finance. Dr von Oertzen is the Director of VO Consulting, which is an independent Namibian specialist consulting firm active in the energy, environment and radiation sectors. He can be contacted at [e-mail].
Natalie A Renkhoff is a qualified lawyer and international legal consultant. She graduated in law after studies at the Universities of Marburg, Bonn (both in Germany) and Leeds (UK) and did her legal practitioner examination in Rhineland-Palatinate. She holds a Master of Laws degree (LL.M.) from Columbus School of Law, Washington D.C. (USA) and obtained a PhD in Namibian Environmental and Mining Law from the University of Bremen. Natalie is the Director of Nat-Mine cc – Nature and Mining Legal Consultants. She can be contacted at [e-mail].

Brian Riruako is an information officer at the Parliament of Namibia.
Harald Schütt has been actively involved with the Namibian cause since 1983. As an Anti-Apartheid activist, he could only come to Namibia for the first time in 1990. Since 1997, he lives in Namibia contributing in various ways to national development. Since 2002, he is running Amusha Consultancy Services working mainly with management issues and renewable energy as well as energy efficiency. He can be contacted at [e-mail].
Absalom Shigwedha is a Namibian award-winning environmental journalist and chairperson of the Media for Environment, Agriculture and Sustainable Development in Namibia (Mead-Namibia). He holds a diploma in International Environmental Law from the Geneva based United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) and attended a Special Course in Wildlife Management at the College of African Wildlife Management in Mweka, Tanzania. Shigwedha has given a number of talks on the importance of environmental journalism and facilitated and conducted media training workshops on environmental reporting for local journalists. E-mail: [e-mail]
Hilma Shindondola-Mote is Director of the Labour Resource and Research Institute (LaRRI). She is a trained Industrial Sociologist and works as a labour and development economist. She is the author of several publications relating to labour issues in Namibia and beyond. She is a member of the Marine Advisory Council of the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources as well as a Steering Committee member of the Africa Labour Researcher’s Network. She was also a member of the Namibia Domestic Workers Commission for the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfahre. Hilma holds a BA degree from the University of Namibia and a Masters degree (cum laude) from the University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
Maria Johannes, Caroline Karingombe, Felix Krause and Belinda Taljaard were participants of the training programme: Training young Namibians on the energy sector – sustainable options to meet Namibia’s rising energy demand.

1 This paper is based on previous work done by the following people/institutions: GRN. 2011. Namibia Second National Communication to the UNFCCC; DRFN/CSAG. 2008. Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment Namibia; Zeidler, J. 2008. Natse Otweya: Dealing with Climate Change. A community toolkit on adaptation. My gratitude for permission to reproduce parts in this paper goes to these institutions and the involved authors, namely E. Dirkx, C. Hager, M. Tadross, S. Bethune and B. Curtis.

2 Grootfontein, Hosea Kutako International Airport, Keetmanshoop, Lüderitz, Okaukuejo, Sitrusdal, Windhoek.

3 Refer to section 5 on greenhouse gases.

4 A sandspit is a deposition landform found off coasts; in this case forming a natural harbour for marine life (plants and animals).

5 A disease that is transmitted by an agent (insect usually), e.g malaria which is transmitted by mosquito.

6 Maria Johannes, Caroline Karingombe and Belinda Taljaard were participants of the training programme ‘Training young Namibians on the energy sector – sustainable options to meet Namibia’s rising energy demand’. Viviane Kinyaga lectured on climate change issues and supervised this article.

7 For further information see Climate Change Country Study (1998).

8 For more information view https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php.

9 An energy sources carbon footprint is measured in grams of CO₂-equivalent per kilowatt-hour of electricity generated.

10 Demand Side Management Programmes are explained in more detail in the article ‘Renewable Energy Law – the Regulatory and Legal Framework’.

11 This paper is based on the author’s prior work ‘Namibia’s Energy Future: a case for Renewables’ which was supported by the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung and its former Resident Representative in Namibia, Holger Haibach. The permission to reproduce parts of it in this paper is gratefully acknowledged by the author. For the full publication, view http://www.kas.de/namibia/en/publications/34264/.

12 This paper is based on the author’s article ‘Renewable Energy Law and Regulation in Namibia’ with which she contributed to the book Environmental Law and Policy in Namibia – Towards making Africa the tree of life. I thank the Hanns Seidel Stiftung for permission to reproduce parts in this paper.

13 Hydropower needs specific mention as a renewable source of energy. Though, normally the only contribution to greenhouse gasses by hydropower projects are from plants decaying within the dam basin, the damage done to the surrounding environment by such large-scale projects like the Ruacana hydropower plant for instance should not be underestimated.

14 Energy governance is not only on the national level a challenge, the energy issue is also an example of diffuse global governance. Only one UN agency has an exclusive focus on energy (International Atomic Energy Agency) while at least 16 others work on energy issues every day. While there is no global treaty on energy, there are more than 150 agreements between countries on energy and each of the UN agencies pushes its own agenda. At the same time, different energy agencies promote or lobby against large hydropower stations, fossil energy and/or nuclear energy creating no clear message for developing countries. Further, with the rampant promotion of liberalisation in the energy sector, national energy policy is becoming a function of the pressure put on governments by investment agencies and energy multinationals. See Gupta, 2011: 313.

15 NIRP will determine the optimal resource mix for electricity generation in the country, while REPM will allow for transparent tendering by the private sector for all power projects exceeding five megawatts.

16 NamPower invites the interested public to obtain more information regarding the DSM project at [e-mail].

17 The rural electrification programme commenced in the densely populated central northern regions of the country between 1991 and 93. In 1992/93, the western Kavango Region was electrified, followed by the eastern Kavango Region in 1993/94. Proceeding in a clockwise direction around the country, the electrification programme covered parts of the Otjozondjupa and Omaheke Regions in 1994/95, and most main centres in the Hardap and Karas Regions between 1995 and 98. The first phase of rural electrification in the Caprivi Region took place in 1995/96, with the northern regions benefiting from a second phase during 1997. Larger settlements in the Erongo and Kunene Regions were electrified in 1998/99. The programme, in its first phase, aimed to cover all main rural centres and large settlements. Typically, these main centres and settlements comprised institutional, commercial and domestic infrastructure plus formal and informal housing. Consumers located within a 500 m radius of the distribution transformers were also offered connections at no charge. For more information see Utonih/Dlamini, 2001.

18 It is remarkable, that the main difference between the Home Power Project and the Solar Revolving Fund is that one that you only get a loan under the latter. The Solar Revolving Fund also has a reduced emphasis on education and training of suitable personnel, which was part of the Home Power Project.

19 An example of an energy shop is the solar cellphone charging business in Windhoek’s informal settlement of Havanna. The cellphone charging shop consists of a solar panel, a solar cellphone charging system with ten charging sockets and two lights. The system is capable of charging roughly twenty cellphones per day and provides daily electricity for three hours for each light.

20 This paper is based on the author’s prior work ‘Namibia’s Energy Future: a case for Renewables’ which was supported by the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung and its former Resident Representative in Namibia, Holger Haibach. The permission to reproduce parts of it in this paper is gratefully acknowledged by the author. For the full publication, view http://www.kas.de/namibia/en/publications/34264/.

21 TWh – terawatt-hour, which is one million megawatt-hour (MWh), or one billion kilowatt-hour (kWh). The most common unit used to indicate domestic electricity consumption is the kWh. Many commercial and bulk users use the MWh as a unit to quantify the amount of electrical energy used.

22 There are inevitable losses in both the transmission and distribution networks. In practice, this implies that NamPower has to acquire of the order of 10% more electrical energy than can eventually be sold.

23 For 2010/2011, the total national electricity consumption amounted to 2.65 TWh, which excludes Skorpion Zinc Mine, the Orange River Projects, exports and network losses. A consumption of 1.91 TWh in distribution and supply areas leaves 2.65 – 1.91 ≈ 0.74 TWh of electrical energy that NamPower supplied directly to transmission clients, excluding associated network losses.

24 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruacana_Dam.

25 For more details view www.uxc.com/data.

26 For more details view www.bnn.ca/News/2014/2/10/Camecos-struggles-in-a-post-Fukushima-world.aspx.

27³ The document ‘Evaluation of selected aspects of the environmental assessment for the Langer Heinrich Uranium Mining Project in Namibia’ can be viewed at http:/www.oeko.de/oekodoc/266/2005-014-en.pdf.

28 See heading 7 in this paper.

29 The function of Epangelo is explained under heading 7 in this paper.

30 See www.wise-uranium.org/upna.html#ROESSINGSOUTH.

31 For more information view at http://aebofnamibia.org/.

32 For more information view at http://www.chamberofmines.org.na/index.php?id=230.

33 For more information view at http://namibiauranium.org/about-nua/.

34 For more information view at http://epangelomining.com/?page_id=290.

35 Information taken from MUN website. For more details view www.mun-na.com.

36 Information taken from wikipedia article on “Mine Workers Union of Namibia”.

37 Information taken from the website of the Rössing Foundation. For more details view http://rossingfoundation.com/asdp.htm.

38 Both the SEA and the SEMP are explained in detail in the paper ‘Environmental Impact Assessments in the permitting process to obtain a mineral licence’.

39 After decommissioning the mine site has to be rehabilitated. We have to ask the question how the desert will look like after the mines are closed and the mining companies have left Namibia. Although this is a highly crucial question, rehabilitation of mine sites after closure can not be further discussed in this paper.

40 The findings of the study were compiled in a booklet entitled: Uranium mining in Namibia: the mystery behind low level radiation.

41 Stochastic effects are effects that occur by chance. They may occur without a threshold level of dose. Different individuals show different effects, the severity is independent of the dose. In the context of radiation protection, the main stochastic effect is cancer.

42 For more details view www.mun-na.com.

43 For further reading please go to http://www.weforum.org/issues/energy.