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Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in collaboration with Earthlife Namibia Trust, Goethe-Centre, NaDS and LaRRI
1. Introduction to climate change 3
2. Common terminologies 3
2.1 Weather and climate change 3
2.2 Climate variability and climate change 3
3. Detecting climate change 4
3.1 Historical climate trends for Namibia 6
3.1.1 Temperature 6
3.1.2 Rainfall 7
3.2 Future projections for Namibia 8
3.2.1 Temperature 8
3.2.2 Rainfall 10
3.3 Limitations for climate change prediction 10
4. Global warming and climate change 10
5. Causes of climate change 11
6. Greenhouse gas inventory for Namibia 12
7. Impacts of climate change in Namibia 13
7.1. Vulnerability to climate change 13
7.2 Climate change impacts in key sectors 14
7.2.1 Water resources 14
7.2.2 Agriculture 14
7.2.3 Coastal zone and fisheries 15
7.2.4 Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM) and tourism 15
7.2.5 Economy 16
8. Climate change mitigation and adaptation 16
8.1 Mitigation 16
8.2 Adaptation 17
9. References 19
10. Further reading recommendations 19
1. What is the ozone layer? 21
2. How does ozone depletion occur? 21
3. What is being done about ozone depletion? 22
4. Will the ozone layer recover? 22
5. What can Namibians do to reduce our contribution to ozone depletion? 23
6. Make a difference 23
1. Introduction 25
2. Namibian climate change law 25
2.1 The legal hierarchy 25
2.1.1 The Constitution 26
2.1.2 Statutory law and regulations 27
2.1.3 Policies 27
3. International climate change law 27
3.1 UN-Conventions 28
3.1.1 COP & MOP 29
3.2 Climate change law in the African Union and the Southern African Development Community 30
3.3 Montreal Protocol 30
4. Application of international climate change law in Namibia 30
4.1 Challenges of developing countries in international climate negotiations 31
5. The Namibian Climate Change Committee 31
6. References 32
7. Further reading recommendations 32
1. Introduction 33
2. Steps taken to implement the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol 33
2.1 The first country study on climate change 33
2.2 Further steps taken by Namibia 33
2.2.1 National Communications 34
2.2.2 National Policy on Climate Change for Namibia 34
2.2.3 Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 35
2.2.4 Other documents 35
3. Priority areas for action taking 36
3.1 Action taking through adaptation measures 36
3.2 Action taking through awareness raising 36
4. Challenges and constraints to successful action taking 37
5. References 37
6. Further reading recommendations 37
1. Young people and climate change 39
2. Stakeholders of youth action 39
2.1 African Youth Initiative on Climate Change (AYICC) 39
2.2 Namibian Youth Coalition on Climate Change (NYCCC) 40
3. Namibia Climate Change Adaptation Youth Action Programme 40
4. Practical action through pilot projects 41
5. References 41
1. Introduction 43
2. Rio Principles 43
2.1 Common but differentiated responsibilities 43
3. The Kyoto mechanisms 44
3.1 Classification of Parties to the UNFCCC 44
3.2 Cap and trade principle 46
3.3 Clean Development Mechanism 46
3.3.1 Project process 46
3.3.2 Advantages and disadvantages 47
4. References 49
5. Further reading recommendations 49
1. Introduction 51
2. The Clean Development Mechanism 51
2.1 Geographical distribution 51
2.2 The CDM application process 52
3. CDM project activities in Namibia 53
3.1 Power generation from biogas in Windhoek 53
3.1.1 Project description 53
3.1.2 Contribution to sustainable development 53
3.2 Methane recovery and power generation at the Kupferberg Landfill in Windhoek 54
3.2.1 Project description 54
3.2.2 Contribution to sustainable development 54
3.3 Power generation from encroacher bush 55
3.3.1 Project description 55
3.3.2 Contribution to sustainable development 55
3.3.3 Environmental concerns of bush harvesting 55
3.4 Using manure of cows to generate power 56
3.4.1 Project description 56
4. Comparison and critique 56
4.1 Comparing Namibia’s CDM project activities 56
4.2 Namibia’s project activities in a global context 58
4.3 Challenges 60
4.4 Using the BMU criteria on Namibia 60
4.4.1 Investment needed per CER 60
4.4.2 Investment climate 61
4.4.3 Technical feasibility 61
5. Conclusion 61
6. References 62
1. Introduction 64
2. Carbon footprint 64
3. Life-cycle analysis 65
4. Other facts to be considered 67
5. Conclusion 69
6. References 69
7. Further reading recommendations 69
1. Namibia at a crossroads 73
2. Sources of energy 74
3. Worldwide energy consumption 74
4. Renewables vs. non-renewables 74
5. Projects and initiatives to improve the power supply situation 75
5.1 Short-term projects 76
5.2 Medium- and long-term projects 77
6. Conclusion 78
7. References 78
1. Overview 80
2. Renewable energy technologies for a sustainable future 80
2.1 Namibian invader bush 80
2.2 Solar photovoltaics 81
2.3 Solar water heaters 82
2.4 Concentrated solar power 84
2.5 Wind power 84
3. Benefits and values from renewable energy technologies 85
4. Conclusions 86
1. Introduction 88
2. Regulatory framework 89
3. Legal framework 90
3.1 Namibian statutory laws 91
3.2 Projects, plans and programmes on renewable energies 92
4. Procurement mechanisms 94
4.1 Feed-in tariffs 95
4.2 Tendering 96
4.3 Power purchase agreements 96
4.4 Quota systems and green certificates 97
4.5 Net metering 97
5. References 98
6. Further reading recommendations 98
1. Overview 99
2. Namibia’s electricity sector 99
2.1 Introduction 99
2.2 Units for electrical energy and electricity generation capacity 100
2.3 Sources of electrical energy 101
2.4 Electricity use in Namibia 103
3. Energy efficiency potentials in Namibia’s electricity sector 104
4. Conclusions 105
1. Introduction 107
2. History of Namibia’s energy sector 107
3. Supply of power 108
4. The price of power 110
4.1 People and wealth in Namibia 111
4.2 The grid 113
4.3 How to finance power in Namibia? 115
5. References 116
6. Further reading recommendations 116
1. Introduction 119
2. Background information on Namibia’s uranium 120
2.1 Why the uranium rush? 121
2.2 Process of uranium mining 122
3. The Namibian uranium mines in detail 123
3.1 Rössing 123
3.2 Langer Heinrich 124
3.3 Trekkopje 125
3.4 Uranium mines under construction or planned 126
3.4.1 Husab 126
3.4.2 Valencia 126
3.4.3 Etango 126
3.4.4 Deep Yellow 127
3.4.5 Marenica 127
3.4.6 Zhonghe 127
4. Where does Namibia’s uranium go to? 128
5. Associated industries 128
6. Institutions controlling Namibia’s nuclear industry 128
6.1 Atomic Energy Board of Namibia 128
6.2 Uranium Institute Namibia 129
6.3 Namibia Uranium Association 129
7. Nationalisation of strategic minerals 129
8. Conclusion 129
9. References 130
10. Further reading recommendations 130
1. Discovery of uranium 132
2. The situation at Rössing prior to Independence 133
3. Labour conditions 134
3.1 Mine Workers Union of Namibia 135
4. Living conditions 135
5. The Rössing Foundation 136
6. Rössing’s financial difficulties 136
7. References 136
1. Introduction 138
2. The principle of sustainable development 138
2.1 Historical development 139
2.2 Namibia’s way to sustainable development 140
3. Pillars of the sustainable development principle 140
3.1 The economic pillar 141
3.2 The environmental pillar 142
3.3 The social pillar 143
4. Sustainable mining – what does it mean? 143
5. References 144
1. Introduction 146
2. Soil and biodiversity 146
3. Radiation 146
4. Water 147
5. Groundwater 147
6. Tourism 148
7. Health risks 148
8. Socio-economic conditions 148
9. References 149
1. Introduction 150
2. Namibian mining laws and policies 150
3. Types of licences under the Minerals Act 151
4. Strategic Environmental Assessments and Environmental Impact Assessments 153
4.1 Definition 153
4.2 Strategic Environmental Assessment 154
4.2.1 Scenarios 155
4.2.2 Strategic Environmental Management Plan 157
4.3 Environmental Impact Assessment 157
4.3.1 Procedure 158
4.3.2 Weaknesses in the EIA process 158
5. References 159
6. Further reading recommendations 159
1. Uranium 161
2. Ionizing radiation 161
3. Electromagnetic spectrum 162
4. Decay chain of Uranium-238 164
5. The periodic table 164
6. Isotopes 165
7. Radiation protection 166
8. Summary 167
9. Activities, research and debates 167
1. Introduction and background 169
2. General health impacts of uranium mining 169
3. The experiences of workers at Rössing uranium mine 170
4. The health problems 170
5. The unexplained illnesses 171
6. The mystery remains 172
7. Conclusion 172
8. References 173
9. Further reading recommendations 173
1. Introduction 175
2. Dangers of radioactivity 175
3. Health activities by Rössing 176
4. MUN activities 177
5. Conclusion 177
6. References 177
1. The nuclear fuel chain 179
1.1 Mining and milling 179
1.2 Conversion 180
180
1.3 Enrichment 180
1.4 Fuel fabrication 181
1.5 The nuclear reactor 181
1.6 Radioactive waste disposal 182
1.7 Reprocessing 182
2. Links in the nuclear fuel chain 183
3. The nuclear fuel chain in Africa 183
4. Summary 184
1. Africa and the bomb 185
1.1 The Manhattan Project 185
1.2 Uranium for the US and British bomb programme 185
1.3 Weapons testing in Africa 185
1.4 The South African bomb programme 185
1.5 The Treaty of Pelindaba 186
2. Weapons of mass destruction and the Cold War 186
2.1 Assessing the destructiveness of nuclear weapons 186
2.2 Impacts of the Cold War 186
2.3 Fear of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction 186
2.4 Remaining dangers 187
3. The IAEA 187
4. Summary 188
5. Activities, research and debates 188
1. Introduction 191
2. What is policy advocacy? 191
2.1 Definition 191
2.2 Planning an advocacy initiative 193
3. A case example – advocating for renewable energy 194
3.1 The case 194
3.2 Knowledge-skills-attitude related aspects 195
4. Learning process 197
4.1 Advocacy is not a threat – activity 198
4.2 Reaching out but where, targeted advocacy – activity 198
4.3 Different media require different approaches: social media – activity 199
4.4 Participants as advocates – activity 199
4.5 Creating awareness in Namibia – activity 199
4.6 Advocacy is not a once off event 199
5. Further reading recommendations 200
1. The news media defined 202
2. Journalism defined 202
3. The raison d’etre of journalism and news media 202
4. Journalism and public relations 203
5. Types of releases 203
6. Writing news releases that get attention 204
7. Building trust with media people 204
8. The practical example 205
9. References 206
10. Further reading recommendations 207
The Contributors 208
AAP
|
Africa Adaptation Project
|
AEB
|
Atomic Energy Board of Namibia
|
ANC
|
African National Congress
|
AU
|
African Union
|
AYICC
|
African Youth Initiative on Climate Change
|
BCC
|
Benguela Current Commission
|
BMU
|
Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety, Germany
|
BTE
|
Bush-to-Electricity
|
CANUC
|
Campaign Against the Namibian Uranium Contract
|
CBD
|
Convention on Biological Diversity
|
CBDR
|
Common but differentiated responsibility
|
CBNRM
|
Community Based Natural Resources Management
|
CCF
|
Cheetah Conservation Fund
|
CDM
|
Clean Development Mechanism
|
CER
|
Certified Emission Reduction
|
CFC
|
Chlorofluorocarbon
|
CLRA
|
Communal Land Reform Act
|
CNNC
|
China National Nuclear Corporation
|
COD
|
Congress of Democrats
|
COP
|
Conference of the Parties
|
CSP
|
Concentrated Solar Power
|
DEA
|
Directorate of Environmental Affairs
|
DNA
|
Deoxyribonucleic acid
|
DNA
|
Designated National Authority
|
DR
|
Demand Reduction (campaign)
|
DRFN
|
Desert Research Foundation of Namibia
|
DSM
|
Demand Side Management
|
ECB
|
Electricity Control Board
|
EE
|
Energy Efficiency
|
EFF
|
Energy for Future
|
EIA
|
Environmental Impact Assessment
|
EIT
|
Economy in Transition
|
EMA
|
Environmental Management Act
|
EMP
|
Environmental Management Plan
|
EPL
|
Exclusive Prospecting Licence
|
ESIA
|
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
|
ESKOM
|
Electricity Supply Commission
|
EU
|
European Union
|
EWH
|
Electric Water Heater
|
FID
|
Final Investment Decision
|
FY
|
Financial Year
|
GCM
|
General Circulation Model
|
GDP
|
Gross Domestic Product
|
GHG
|
Greenhouse gas
|
GIZ
|
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit
|
GMO
|
Genetically Modified Organism
|
GS
|
Green Scheme
|
GWH
|
Gigawatt-hour
|
GWP
|
Global Warming Potential
|
HAN
|
Hospitality Organisation of Namibia
|
HCFC
|
Hydrofluorocarbon
|
HVDC
|
High-voltage direct current transmission
|
IAEA
|
International Atomic Energy Agency
|
ICAN
|
International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
|
ICDP
|
Integrated Conservation and Development Projects
|
ICRP
|
International Commission on Radiological Protection
|
ICZM
|
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
|
IDC
|
Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa
|
INC
|
Initial National Communication
|
IPP
|
Independent Power Producer
|
IPPC
|
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
|
IWRM
|
Integrated Water Resources Management
|
JI
|
Joint Implementation
|
kW
|
kilowatt
|
kWh
|
kilowatt-hour
|
LaRRI
|
Labour Resource and Research Institute
|
LDC
|
Least-developed Country
|
LED
|
Light Emitting Diode
|
LHU
|
Langer Heinrich Uranium
|
LUCF
|
Land-use Change and Forestry Sector
|
MDRL
|
Mineral Deposit Retention Licence
|
MET
|
Ministry of Environment and Tourism
|
ML
|
Mining Licence
|
MME
|
Ministry of Mines and Energy
|
MOP
|
Meeting of the Parties
|
MUN
|
Mine Workers Union of Namibia
|
MW
|
Megawatt
|
MWh
|
Megawatt-hour
|
NAMREP
|
Namibian Renewable Energy Programme
|
NCCI
|
Namibia Chamber of Commerce and Industry
|
NCCP
|
National Climate Change Programme
|
NDP
|
National Development Plan
|
NECSA
|
Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa
|
NEEP
|
Namibia Energy Efficiency Programme in Buildings
|
NEPAD
|
New Partnership for Africa’s Development
|
NEPL
|
Non-Exclusive Prospecting Licence
|
NERA
|
Namibian Energy Regulatory Authority
|
NGO
|
Non-governmental organisation
|
NIED
|
National Institute for Educational Development
|
NIRP
|
National Integrated Resource Plan
|
NPC
|
National Planning Commission
|
NPP
|
Namibia Poverty Profiles
|
NPT
|
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
|
NSA
|
Namibia Statistics Agency
|
NSHR
|
National Society for Human Rights
|
NUA
|
Namibia Uranium Association
|
NYCCC
|
Namibian Youth Coalition on Climate Change
|
ODS
|
Ozone-depleting substances
|
OECD
|
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
|
OGEMP
|
Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan
|
PARTiZans
|
People Against Rio Tinto Zinc And Subsidiaries
|
PFC
|
Power Factor Correction
|
PPA
|
Power Purchase Agreement
|
PV
|
Photovoltaic
|
PWR
|
Pressurized Water Reactor
|
RE
|
Renewable Energy
|
RED
|
Regional Electricity Distributor
|
REDMP
|
Rural Electricity Distribution Master Plan
|
REEECAP
|
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Capacity Building Programme
|
REEEI
|
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Institute
|
REPM
|
Renewable Energy Procurement Mechanism
|
RET
|
Renewable Energy Technology
|
RL
|
Reconnaissance Licence
|
RTZ
|
Rio Tinto Zinc
|
SADC
|
Southern African Development Community
|
SAPP
|
Southern African Power Pool
|
SEA
|
Strategic Environmental Assessment
|
SEMP
|
Strategic Environmental Management Plan
|
SNC
|
Second National Communication
|
SRF
|
Solar Revolving Fund
|
STCS
|
Short Term Critical Supply Project
|
SWA
|
South-West Africa
|
SWAPO
|
South West Africa People’s Organisation
|
SWAWEK
|
South West Africa Water and Electricity Corporation
|
SWH
|
Solar Water Heater
|
TB
|
Tuberculosis
|
TIPEEG
|
Targeted Intervention Programme for Employment and Economic Growth
|
TNC
|
Third National Communication
|
TWh
|
Terawatt-hour
|
UIN
|
Uranium Institute Namibia
|
UKAEA
|
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
|
UN
|
United Nations
|
UNCBD
|
United Nations Convention on Biological Biodiversity
|
UNCCD
|
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
|
UNCED
|
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
|
UNFCCC
|
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
|
USAID
|
United States Agency for International Development
|
USEPA
|
United States Environmental Protection Agency
|
UV
|
Ultraviolet
|
V&A
|
Vulnerability & Adaptation Assessment
|
VPS
|
Virtual Power Station
|