MüQƏDDİMƏ

Часть II

II hissəyə dair sözlər

Слова к части II

intermediate [ıntə'mi:djət] а ara, orta (промежу­точ­ный, сред­ний)

border[b:də] п sərhəd (край; граница)

set п seriya, yığım (ряд, серия; набор)

dilute [daı'lju:t] v boşaltmaq (разбавлят, разводить)

excessive [ık'sesıv] а artıq, həddən artıq (избыточ­ный, чрезмерный)

intensify [ın 'tensıfaı] v gücləndirmək (усиливать)
Çalışmalar

Упражнения

Çalışma 1. Aşağıdakı sözləri oxuyun və tərcümə edin.

Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите сле­ду­ю­щие слова.

hypothalamus, anterior, intermediate, posterior, mic­ros­cope, fibre, secretion, circulation, neurons, neu­ro­hu­mo­ral, gigantism, acromegaly, oxitocin, to intensify
Çalışma 2. Verilmiş sıralarda mənası öndə olan söz və söz birləşmələrini tapın.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в данном ряду слово или словосочетание, значение которого дано в начале ряда.

1. nə qədər ki (поскольку) - in so far as, so far as, as fa­r­ as; 2. seriya, sıra (серия, ряд) — row, line, series, set; 3. ­yəni ki (то есть) — all that, so that, that is, that is why

Çalışma 3. Verilmiş sıralarda öndə verilmiş sözə si­no­nim söz və söz birləşmələrini tapın.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в данном ряду слово или словосочетание, синонимичное данному в начале ря­да.

1. fairly – rather, too, enough, actually, completely; 2. to break up – to believe in, to end, to divide into...; 3. adul­ts – teenagers, children, the old, grown-ups; 4. Insu­ffic­ient – enough, lacking, deficient, excessive
Text В

Hypophysis (the Pituitary)
We know the hypophysis to be a small oval body weighing about 0,5 g; it is located in the cranial cavity and is connected with the hypothalamus. The gland consists of an anterior lobe, an intermediate part and a poste­rior lobe; the borders between them can be seen only under the micro­scope. Experimental and clinical observations strongly suggest anterior lobe to be necessary for proper gro­wth to adult stature, for normal devel­opment and fu-n­c­tion of the reproductive system and for control the ac­tivi­ties of other endocrine glands. The posterior lobe remains con­nected to the brain by means of the pituitary stalk, through which nerve impulses travel from the hypothalamus. The anterior lobe, so far as is known, rece­ives no nerve fibres of any kind, and its control must then dep­end on the presence of substances in the blood. In spite of all this, there appears to be a way whereby the brain can exercise a fairly direct control over the anterior lobe. The blood vessels leading to the hypothalamus break up into capillaries; having passed through these capil­lari­es, the blood is gath­ered into small veins; these veins pass down­ward so that they open into another set of capillaries in the anterior lobe. This is called the hypotha­lamic-hy­op­hy­seal portal system. Excision of the anterior hypophysis neit­her alters the lipid content of the liver nor inhibits the ac­cumulation of large amounts of lipids in the liver.

The hypothalamus has been found to secrete special sub­stances which regulate the secretion of the hyp­op­hy­si­cal hormones. The activities of the other endocrine glands are thus subject to neurohumoral regulation through the hyp­ophysis.

Disfunction of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis is ac­companied by changes throughout the organism. For ex­am­ple, excessive secretion of the growth hormone in chil­d­hood results in gigantism. Such people may grow to a hei­ght of 2,5-2,6 m. Excessive secretion of this hormone in adults results not only in excessive growth of the bones of the face, fingers and toes, but in enlarged nose, tongue and certain other organs. This disease is called ac­rome­galy. Insufficient secretion of the growth hormone in chil­d­h­ood is ac­companied by retarded growth (dwarfism). It is a relatively rare condition iissociated with either early at­rop­hy or absence of the anterior lobe.

The posterior lobe of the hypophysis secretes oxy­to­cin and vasopressin. Physiologists consider oxytocin to int­e­n­sify the contractions of the uterine muscles and it is therefore used to boost weak labour. We know vasopressin to cause constriction of the blo­od vessels, especially those of the uterus.
Çalışma 4. Aşağıdakı mülahizələri oxuyun. B mət­nin­də bu mülahizələri daha dolğun ifadə edən cümlələri tapın və onları oxuyun.

Упражнение 4. Прочтите следующие суждения. Найдите в тексте В пред­ложения, более полно выр­а­жаю­щие мысль данных суждений, и прочти­те их.

1. The hypophysis is connected with hypothalamus. 2. There are two lobes in the gland. 3. Hypothalamic-hyp­o­p­hyseal portal system of blood vessels supplies blood to the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. 4. Hypo­physis regu­la­tes the activity of other endocrine glands. 5. Disfunction of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis is accompanied by chan­ges of differ­ent kind throughout the organism.

III Hissə

Часть III

12-ci dərsə aid ümumiləşdirici çalışmalar

Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 12

Çalışma 1. Mürəkkəb tamamlıqlı cümlələri tapın və tərcümə edin.

Упражнение 1. Найдите и переведите пред­ло­же­ния со сложным дополне­нием.

1. Thyroxine is necessary in the body to maintain a normal level of metabolism in all body cells. 2. Parathyroid hormone causesm calcium to leave bone tissue and enter the blood stream. 3. Removal of the thymus gland is found to be helpful in treatment of muscular-neurological disor­ders. 4. Cells need oxygen to carry on metabolic processes. 5. We know the pituitary gland to be also called the hypophysis. 6. Pituitary growth hormone acts on bone tissue to accelerate its growth in the body.
Çalışma 2. Tərkibi bağlayıcılar istifadə olunan cümlələri göstərin.

Упражнение 2. Укажите, в каких предложениях ис­пол­ьзованы составные союзы.

1. Insulin is necessary in the blood stream so that sugars can pass from the blood into the cells of the body. 2. In acute nephritis some glomeruli are more severely involved than others, but practically no glomerulus escape some injury. 3. Treatment of thyrotoxicosis may include either thyroidectomy or management with antitheroid drugs. 4. The ovaries are held in place on either side of the uteres by the utero-ovarian ligaments. 5. In his last report the professor spoke neither of hyperfunction nor hypofunction of endocrine glands. 6. Overproduction of glucocorticoids leads not only to obesity, moonlike fullness of the face but also to elevat­ed blood sugar, high blood pressure and weakness (fatigue).


LESSON THIRTEEN

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. 
   Cerund (Герундий)
   
2. 
   ing forması müxtəlif funksiyalarda (ing-формы в различных функциях)
   

I Hissə

Часть I

I hissəyə dair sözlər

Слова к части I
actually [æk't∫uəlı] adv həqiqətən (действитель­но, фактически)

touch [tΛt∫] v dəymək, toxunmaq (трогать, касаться)

bundle ['bΛndl] п dəstə, düyün (пучок, узел)

cerebrum ['serıbrəm] п beyin (головной мозг)

cerebellum [serı'beləm] n beyincik (мозжечок)

feel [fi:l] v hiss etmək, duymaq (чувствовать, ощущать

feeling п hiss, duyğu (чувство, ощущение)

treat [tri:t] v müalicə etmək, işləmək, müraciət etmək (лечить; обрабатывать; обращаться)

treatment ['tri:tmənt] п müalicə, terapiya, işləmə, müraciət (лечение, те­рапия; обработка; обращение)
Çalışmalar

Упражнения
Çalışma 1. Cerund işlənmiş cümlələri tərcümə edin.

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие пред­ло­же­­ния с герундием.

1. Stimulating the somatotropic hormone upon growth can be partly correlated with its acceleration of metabolism. 2. Certain researchers believe that the hypo­phy­­s­ectomized animal differs essentially from the normal in that it has lost the power of converting fateto car­bo­hyd­rates. 3 In acromegaly and gigantism X-ray pictures reveal de­ep­ening the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone.
Çalışma 2. Aşağıdakı cümlələrdə -ing formalarını tapın..

Упражнение 2. Найдите ing-формы в следующих пред­ложениях. Переведите предложения.
1. Thyrotropic hormone is of considerable impo­r­tance not only in regulating the thyroid secretion but in ac­count­ing for many metabolic effects. 2. Related injections of extracts containing ketogenic hormones cause fat infil­tra­tions of liver, reduction in fat of other tissues and keto- sis. 3. The stimulating action of the somatotropic hormone upon growth can be partly correlated with its acceleration of metabolism. 4. Injecting hormones into normal young ani­mals results in animals of large size and precocious sex­ual development. 5. Acromegaly and gigantism pro­du­ce overgrowing of bones and there may be an actual length­ening of the spinal column.
Çalışma 3. Aşağıdakı söz birləşmələrini oxuyun və tərcümə edin.

Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите сле­дую­щие йловосочетания.

1. to react upon each other, reaction power, the reac­tion of eye to the light, Wasserman reaction, reaction of sen­s­ibility; 2. to feel one’s pulse, to feel like doing smth, to fe­el tired, to feel fine, a feeling of danger; 3. to treat with penicillin, surgical treatment, treatment by exercises, to try many treatments for pneumonia, to be under treatment.
Çalışma 4. A mətnini nəzərdən keçirin və məz­mu­nu­na görə mətnin hər iki hissəsini müqayisə edin

Упражнение 4. Просмотрите текст А и сравните по содержанию обе части текста.
Text А

The Nervous System. Brain and Nerves
1. Nerves lead from the spinal cord or from the brain to each part of the body. Then they lead from each part of the body back to the brain or spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord are the centres of this system of nerves

2. All parts of your body are connected by nerves. The nerve cells with their fibres make up the nervous system. When we study one nerve cell, we see that it has a long fibre at one end and short fibres at the other. The nerve cells send impulses to each other by means of the fibres at their ends. These fibres do not actually touch but are so close to each other that an impulse can travel from one fibre to another. Physical agents become stimuli for nerve terminals by transferring energy from the external world to the nerve terminals.

3. Thus all nerve cells connect with each other. There are millions of these connecting nerve cells. Thus a stimulus from any part of the body can reach any other part of it. In the spinal cord and brain, the nerve cells connect with each other by their connecting fibres. Outside the spinal cord and brain, certain long fibres are grouped together forming nerves. Each nerve is made up of thouands of nerve fibres together in a bundle, as a cable is made up of separate wires.
The Brain Centre of the Nervous System
4. We know the nerves to carry impulses to the brain. We know that the brain sends these impulses along so that they go to the right place. The hrain is made up of three, parts_r The cerebrum sits like a cap on the cerebellum. And the medulla is that long portion connecting the brain with the spinal cord. The cerebrum has certain parts that do certain work. Studying human beings with accidential injuries of brains helped scientists to get informaltOfi about these areas. For instance they have discovered that the part for thought, memory, and feeling is found in the front of the cerebrum. The part for hearing is found at the side of the cerebrum, and the part for sight in the back of the cerebrum.

5. Many experiments have shown that the brain is the centre of feel­ing and understanding. The nerve cells in the brain can be «put to sleep» with ether or other anesthetics. Then the brain does not feel any im­pulses from the part being operated on. Sometimes the nerve cells near the part of our body being treated may be deadened by novocaine, as when the dentist pulls a tooth. What the novocaine does is preventing the impulses from getting to the brain from the nerve in the tooth.

6. The cerebellum is the centre for making your muscles work as a team. The medulla is the centre of certain of our most important acts: breathing and heartbeat, on which life itself depends. The medulla is also capable of controlling acts such as swallowing and yawning.

Çalışma 5. A mətninin 5-ci və 6-cı abzaslarını yazılı tərcümə edin.

Упражнение 5. Переведите письменно абзацы 5 и 6 текста A.
Çalışma 6. A mətnində aşağıdakı suallara cavab tapın və onları oxuyun.

Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и зачи­тайте их.

1. What do we know about the structure of the nerve cell? 2. How does a nerve react to a stimulus? 3. How many parts is the brain made up of? 4. What have scientists found out about the brain?
II Hissə- 210

Часть II

II hissəyə dair sözlər

Слова к части II
sense n hiss (чувство, ощущение)

pain [peın] n ağrı (боль)

smel [peın] n qoxu (запах; обоняние)

thirst [θə:st] n susuzluq (жажда)

scatter [skætə] v dağıtmaq, tökmək (рассеивать(ся), раз­б­расывать)

augment [':gment] v artırmaq (увеличивать(ся),
Çalışmalar

Упражнения
Çalışma 1. Aşağıdakı sözləri oxuyun və tərcümə e­din.

Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите сле­ду­ю­щие слова.

classification, to classify, equilibrium, cutaneous, to dis­tribute, cor­puscle, reflex, stimulus
Çalışma 2. Verilmiş söz sıralarında öndə olan sözə sin­o­nim tapın.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в данном ряду слово, син­о­нимичное данному в начале ряда.

1. sense – feeling, sense organs, faculty, sensation; 2. to excite – to cause, to respond, to arouse, to stimulate; 3. completely – partially, always, fully, at last, to the end; 4. to augment – to decrease, to in­crease, to stop, to stimulate
Çalışma 3. Sıranın önündə tərcüməsi olan sözü ta­pın.

Упражнение 3. Найдите слово, перевод которого дан в начале ряда.

1. 
   tanış (знакомый) – famous, known, near, clo­se, familiar; 2. hiss, qavrama (ощущение, восприятие) – sense, sensibility, sensation, sensationism; 3. Yor­ğun­luq (усталость) – hunger, thirst, fatigue, tired; 4. düşmək (спускаться) – to ascend, to come down, to go down, to des­cend
   

Text В

Classification of the Senses
Sense organs are specialized endings of the sensory division of the peripheral nerves.

We are commonly thought to possess five senses. Actually, there are many more. We may classify them as follows: 1) the cutaneous senses —touch, heat, cold and pain; 2) the deeper senses — pressure and muscle sense; 3) the internal senses, or senses from the internal organs of the body; 4) the special senses, or those in which the receptors lie in special organs — sight, hearing, equili­-brium, taste and smell; and finally 5) the general body senses – hunger, thirst, fa­ti­gue, sexual sensation, etc.

The cutaneous senses. There are said to be 500,000 touch receptors in the skin. They are unevenly distributed, being most numerous in the finger tips, lips and tongue, and least numerous on the back. Their receptors are specialized structures called Meissner’s corpuscles. The sense-organs for cold constitute 150,000 receptors; they are the end- organs of Krause. Warmth has about 16,000 receptors, the end-otgans of Ruffini; and pain has some 3,000,000 receptors. Pain receptors, how­ever, are not. specialized; they are simply the naked ends of the pain nerves, 'somewhat branched at their terminals. The Pacinian corpuscles are the receptors for pressure, and the muscle spindles for muscle sense.

Proprioception. Everyone knows what pain and touch are, but proprio­ception («muscle sense») may be less familiar. It is a very important sense since it is the sensory link of a reflex controlling muscle tone and contrac­tion; and it also gives the brain important information about the location or position of the limbs. Muscle spindles are tiny, spindle-shaped structures scattered throughout muscles, and they are most numerous around the tendons and joints. The stimulus exciting them is muscle contraction and joint movement. Since muscles are never completely at rest – one portion or another is contracting all the time – there is a constant flow of nerve impulses into the spinal cord over the muscle sense fibres. Any activity of muscles, such as walking, augments the flow. Let us analyze the fact of walking. One foot is lifted from the ground, moved forward, and, as it descends, the weight of the body is shifted to this foot. The other foot is then lifted, moved, etc. Once a child has learned to walk, he accomplishes this action not notising it; it is done reflexly, and this reflex is one in which the sensory information comes over the fibres of proprioception.

At any instant of time, the spinal cord is receiving information as to the immediate, present location of the feet and legs, and it is sending out, over motor fibres, im­pul­ses which continue the activity. At any time, a person knows, without looking, approximately where his feet are and where his legs are, since this information is also being sent to the brain.
Çalışma 4. Verilmiş mülahizələri oxuyun. Mətndə verilmiş mülahizələri daha dolğun ifadə edən cümlələri tapın.

Упражнение 4. Прочтите данные суждения. Най­ди­те в тексте предложения, более полно выражающие мы­сль данных суждений.

1.There are more senses than we are commonly thought to possess. 2. Besides touch receptors there are cold, warmth and pain receptors. 3. Proprioception is the sensory link of a reflex. 4. Muscle contraction and joint movements excite muscle spindles. 5. Walking augments the flow of impulses. 6. The spinal cord and the brain regulate motor activity.
Çalışma 5. B mətninin yazılı şəkildə əsas məz­mu­nu­nu verin.

Упражнение 5. Передайте основное содержание текста В письменно.
Çalışma 6. Ən vacib beyin mərkəzlərini söyləyin. 13-cü şəkilə baxıb özünüzü yoxlayın.

Упражнение 6. Назовите наиболее важные цент­ры головного мозга.
III Hissə