Nabokov, Nicolas [Nikolay]
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Great Britain. See British Isles. National anthems Greece.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY R. Bran Azmitia
- Guinea, Equatorial. See Equatorial Guinea. National anthems Guyana
- Hawaii. See United States of America. National anthems Honduras
- Isle of Man. See British Isles. National anthems Israel
- BIBLIOGRAPHY E. Hacohen
- Kampuchea. See Cambodia. National anthems Kazakhstan
- Khmer Republic. See Cambodia. National anthems Kiribati
- Korea, People’s Democratic Republic of
- Micronesia National anthems Moldova
- Montenegro. See Yugoslavia. National anthems Morocco
- BIBLIOGRAPHY S. Ibarra Mayorga
- BIBLIOGRAPHY O. Gurvin
- Orange Free State. See South Africa. National anthems Pakistan
- BIBLIOGRAPHY C. Raygada
- Prussia. See Germany. National anthems Puerto Rico
- BIBLIOGRAPHY M. Deliz
- Rhodesia. See Zimbabwe. National anthems Romania
- St Vincent and the Grenadines
- Serbia. See Yugoslavia. National anthems Seychelles
- Tibet. See China. National anthems Togo
- Transvaal. See South Africa. National anthems Trinidad and Tobago
- United States of America
- Upper Volta. See Burkina Faso. National anthems Uruguay
- BIBLIOGRAPHY L. Ayestaran
- Wales. See British Isles. National anthems Western Samoa
- Zaïre. See Congo, Democratic Republic of the. National anthems Zambia
Gabon
Music and words by Georges Damas (1902–82). Adopted in 1960. National anthems Gambia
Music adapted by Jeremy F. Howe (b 1929) from the traditional Mandinka song Foday kaba dumbuya. Words by Virginia Julia Howe (b 1927). Adopted in 1965. National anthems Germany
Music by Joseph Haydn. Words by August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben (1798–1874) from a poem by Walther von der Vogelweide (c1170–c1230). Adopted in 1922; present text adopted in 1950. Haydn’s music was originally written in 1797 as the national anthem of Austria, and it was used in that country until the beginning of World War II (see Austria). In 1922 it was officially adopted by Germany with Hoffmann von Fallersleben’s poem beginning ‘Deutschland, Deutschland über alles’, and from 1933 this was sung in conjunction with the Nazi party song, the Horst-Wessel-Lied. In 1950 the Federal Republic replaced the first verse of Hoffmann von Fallersleben’s poem by the third verse quoted above. Until 1922 the Germans used as their anthem the tune of God Save the King/Queen (see British Isles), which they sang to the words ‘Heil Dir im Siegerkranz’ by Heinrich Harries, with modifications by B.G. Schumacher. This had been adopted as the national anthem when the German empire was established in 1871. The situation before that date was rather confused. Heil Dir im Siegerkranz had been in use since 1796, and during the first half of the 19th century it existed alongside a number of pan-German anthems as well as several others more particularly associated with separate German states. In 1818 Spontini composed the Preussischer Volksgesang to a text by J.F.L. Duncker, ‘Wo ist das Volk, das kühn von Tat?’. This remained in use for about 20 years until it was superseded by Ich bin ein Preusse with words by Bernhard Thiersch and music by Heinrich August Neithardt. Between 1949 and 1990 the DDR used Auferstanden aus Ruinen, with music by Hanns Eisler (1898–1962) and words by Johannes R. Becher (1891–1958), as the national anthem. Haydn used the melody of his anthem for a set of variations in the String Quartet op.76 no.3. It has also been quoted as a patriotic symbol in works by Tobias Haslinger, Anton Diabelli and others.
BIBLIOGRAPHYO. Boehm: Die Volkshymnen aller Staaten des deutschen Reiches (Wismar, 1901) A. Heuss: ‘Haydns Kaiserhymne’, ZMw, i (1918–19), 5–26 U. Günther: ‘… über alles in der Welt?’: Studien zur Geschichte und Didaktik der deutschen Nationalhymne (Neuwied, 1966) U. Günther: ‘Die Nationalhymne als pädagogisches Problem’, Bildung und Erziehung, xx (1967), 130 National anthems Ghana
Music by Philip Gbeho (1905–76). Adopted in 1957; present words adopted in 1966. The original words, ‘Lift high the flag of Ghana’, by various authors including the composer, were written in 1956 together with the music. They were replaced by the present text following a change of government in 1966.
Great Britain.See British Isles. National anthems Greece.
Music by Nicolaos Mantzaros (1795–1872). Words by Dionysius Solomos (1798–1857). Adopted in 1864. Solomos’s poem was written in 1823–4; there are 158 stanzas of which only the first two are normally sung as the national anthem.
Greenland
Music by Jonathan Petersen (1881–1961). Words by Henrik Lund (1875–1948). National anthems Grenada
Music by Louis Masanto (b 1938). Text by Irva Baptiste (b 1924). Adopted in 1974 when Grenada became independent. Before that date God Save the King/Queen was used (see British Isles). National anthems Guatemala
Music by Rafael Álvarez (1860–1948). Words by José Joaquín Palma (1844–1911). Adopted in 1896. This anthem was chosen from entries in a public competition in 1887. It was adopted by governmental decrees in 1896 and 1897, and modified in 1934.
BIBLIOGRAPHYR. Bran Azmitia: Historia de nuestro himno nacional (Guatemala, 1958) National anthems Guinea
Music by Fodeba Keita (1925–70). Words (beginning ‘Peuple d’Afrique! Le passé historique!’) anonymous. National anthems Guinea-Bissau
Music and words by Amilcar Cabral (1924–73). Adopted in 1974 when the country achieved independence. The anthem is also used by Cape Verde.
Guinea, Equatorial.See Equatorial Guinea. National anthems Guyana
Music by Robert Cyril Gladstone Potter (1899–1981). Words by Archibald Leonard Luker (1917–71). Adopted in 1966. National anthems Haiti
Music by Nicolas Geffrard (1871–1930). Words by Justin Lhérisson (1873–1907). The anthem was written to celebrate the centenary of Haiti’s independence on 1 January 1904. The title refers to Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the island’s liberator and its first emperor.
Hawaii.See United States of America. National anthems Honduras
Music by Carlos Hartling (1869–1920). Words by Augusto C. Coello (1883–1941). Adopted in 1915. National anthems Hungary
Music by Ferenc Erkel (1810–93). Words by Ferenc Kölcsey (1790–1838). Adopted in 1845. The words were written in 1823. The music was chosen as the result of a public competition.
BIBLIOGRAPHYL. Somfai: ‘A himnuz ösbemutatójának szólamanyga’, Írások Erkel Ferencről és a magyar zene korábbi századairól, ed. F. Bónis (Budapest, 1968), 57–62 National anthems Iceland
Music by Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson (1847–1927). Words by Matthias Jochumsson (1835–1920). Adopted in 1874, when Iceland secured its own constitution and celebrated the 1000th anniversary of the island’s first permanent settlers. National anthems India
Music and words by Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941). Adopted in 1950. The anthem was first published in 1912 and together with another patriotic song, Vande mātaram, it was for years associated with India’s struggle towards independence. It was sung at the historic midnight session of the Constituent Assembly on 14 August 1947 and became the national anthem just over two years later.
Indonesia
Music and words by Wage Rudolph Supratman (1903–38). Adopted in 1945. Sung as the Nationalist party song since 1928. National anthems Iran
Music by Hassan Rihahi (b 1945). Words, beginning ‘Sar zad az ufuq mihr-i-hāwaran’ (‘On the horizon rises the eastern sun’), anonymous. An early Iranian anthem was Salamati Shah, a setting of anonymous words by a Frenchman, General Lemaire, composed in 1873. From 1933 to 1979 the anthem in use was Shahhanshahemaw zende baw (‘Long Live the shah’), with music by Davood Najmi Moghaddam (b ?1900) and words by S. Afsar (1880–1940). This was followed in 1980 by Shod jomhooreeye eslahme bepah (‘The Islamic Republic has been established’), with music by Mohammed Beglary and words by Abolghasem Halat. The present anthem was chosen as the result of a competition in 1990.
Iraq
Music by Walīd Georges Gholmieh (b 1938). Words, beginning ‘Watanun medde ‘alā l-ufqi janāha’ (‘A homeland that spreads its wings over the horizon’), by Shafīq ‘Abd al-Jabbār al-Kamālī (1930–84). Adopted in 1981. Previously Iraq had used a textless anthem with music by L. Zambaka, adopted in 1959.
Ireland
Music by Peadar Kearney (1883–1942) and Patrick Heaney (d 1911). Words by Peadar Kearney. The chorus (quoted above) was adopted as the national anthem in 1926. The words were written in 1907 and first published in Irish Freedom in 1912.
Isle of Man.See British Isles. National anthems Israel
Music traditional, arranged by Samuel Cohen. Words by Naftali Herz Imber (1856–1909). Adopted in 1948. The text of this anthem was probably written in 1878 and was first published in the collection Barkai (‘Morning star’) in 1886. The melody was adapted in 1888 from a Moldavian folksong arranged by G. Popovici as Carul cu boi. During the first half of the 20th century it served as the anthem of the Zionist organization.
BIBLIOGRAPHYE. Hacohen: ‘Ha-tiqvah: sipuro sel hîmnon’, Gittît, xxxvii (1968), 4–5 National anthems Italy
Music by Michele Novaro (1822–85). Words by Goffredo Mameli (1827–49). Adopted in 1946. This is Italy’s first official national anthem. It came into use with the establishment of the Italian Republic after World War II. Composed in 1847, its original title was Canto degli italiani. The anthem most widely used before 1946 was the Marcia reale d’ordinanza, composed by Giuseppe Gabetti (1796–1862) at the request of King Carlo Felice in 1831. The Inno di Garibaldi, composed in 1858 by Alessio Olivieri (1830–67) to a text by Luigi Mercantini, became popular after Garibaldi’s victory over the Bourbons in 1860. During the period of Fascist rule La giovinezza was used as a party song; the music was by G. Castaldo, the words by Marcello Manni.
Jamaica
Music by Robert Lightbourne (1909–95). Words by Hugh Sherlock (b 1905). Adopted in 1962. National anthems Japan
Music by Hiromori Hayashi (1831–96). Words selected from the seventh volume of Kokinshu (9th century). Adopted in 1893. The anthem was first performed in 1880 on the birthday of Emperor Meiji (3 November).
BIBLIOGRAPHYT. Sato, ed.: Kimigayo kankei bunken mokuroku [Bibliography of items on Kimigayo] (Tokyo, 1991, 2/1992) National anthems Jordan
Music by ‘Abd al-Qādir al-Tannīr (1901–57). Words by ‘Abd al-Mun‘im al-Rifā‘ī (1917–85). Adopted in 1946. National anthems Kampuchea.See Cambodia. National anthems Kazakhstan
Music by Latif Khamidi (b 1906), Mukhtan Tulebayevich Tulebayev (1913–60), and Yevgeny Grigor'yevich Brusilovsky (1905–81). Words, beginning ‘Azatyk zholinda zhalyndap zhanypyz’ (‘We are brave people, children of honesty’), by Muzafar Alimbayev (b 1923), Kadïr Mïrzaliyev (b 1935), Tumanbai Moldagaliyev (b 1935) and Zhadïra Daribayeva. The music was adopted in 1944, the words in 1946. Modifications were made to the text in 1978 and 1985.
Kenya
Music traditional, based on a Kenyan folksong and adapted by a five-man commission who also wrote the words. National anthems Khmer Republic.See Cambodia. National anthems Kiribati
Music and words by Urium Tamuera Ioteba (1910–88). First sung in 1979 when Kiribati became independent. National anthems Korea, People’s Democratic Republic of
Music by Kim Wǒn-Gyun (b 1917). Words by Pak Se Yông (1902–89). Adopted in 1947. National anthems Korea, Republic of
Music by Eacktay Ahn (1906–65). Words anonymous. Adopted in 1948. The words were originally sung to a different melody. National anthems Kuwait
Music by Ibrāhīm Nāsir al-Soula (b 1935). Words, beginning ‘Watanī al-Kuwayt salemta lilmajdi’ (‘Kuwait, my country, may you be safe and glorious’), by Ahmad Mushārī al-Adwānī (1923–92). Adopted in 1978. Between 1951 and 1978 the textless Amiri salute by Yusuf Adees was used as the country’s anthem.
Kyrgyzstan
Music by N. Davlesov and K. Moldobasanov. Words by J. Sadïkov and Sh. Kuluyev. Adopted in 1992. National anthems Laos
Music by Thongdy Sounthônevicit (1905–68). Words by Sisana Sisane (b 1923). Written in 1941; adopted in 1947. A new text was adopted in 1975. National anthems Latvia
Music and words by Karlis Baumanis (1834–1904). Written for a singing festival in 1873. National anthems Lebanon
Music by Wadī‘ Sabrā (1876–1952). Words by Rachid Nakhlé (1873–1939). Adopted in 1927. National anthems Lesotho
Music by Ferdinand-Samuel Laur (1791–1854). Words by François Coillard (1834–1904). Adopted in 1967. National anthems Liberia
Music by Olmstead Luca. Words by Daniel Bashiel Warner (1815–80), the third president of Liberia, 1864–8. Adopted in 1847. National anthems Libya
Music by Mahmūd al-Chareïf (1912–1990). Words, beginning ‘Allahu aklar’ (‘God is greatest’), by Shams al-Dīn ‘Abdalla (1921–77). Adopted in 1969. Between 1954 and 1969 the anthem used was Yā bilādī, with music by Muhammad ‘Abd al-Wahhāb and words by Al-Bashīr al-Arabī.
Liechtenstein
Music anonymous. Words by Jakob Joseph Jauch (1802–59). The melody is that of God Save the King/Queen (see British Isles). The text was written in 1850 and altered slightly in 1963.
Lithuania
Music and words by Vincas Kudirka (1858–99). Adopted in 1918. National anthems Luxembourg
Music by Jean Antoine Zinnen (1827–98). Words by Michel Lentz (1820–93). Adopted in 1993. This anthem was composed and first performed in 1864. In the 1890s it gradually replaced De feierwôn (‘The Fire-Wagon’), music and words by Lentz, in popularity.
Macedonia
Music by Todor Skalovski (b 1909). Words by Vlado Malevski (1919–84). Adopted in 1992. National anthems Madagascar
Music by Norbert Raharisoa (d 1964). Words by P. Rahajason (1897–1971). Adopted in 1958. National anthems Malawi
Music and words by Michael-Fred P. Sauka (b 1934). Adopted in 1964. The anthem was chosen as a result of a competition held in 1964. It replaced God Save the King/Queen which had been in use since 1891 when Malawi (then Nyasaland) became a British protectorate. The Chitumbuka version, beginning ‘Chiuta mtumbike Malawi’, is no longer used, the official languages in Malawi now being English and Chichewa.
Malaysia
Music traditional. Words compiled by a special committee. Adopted in 1957. As well as this national anthem each of the 13 princely states of Malaysia has its own state anthem. They are Johore, Kedah, Kelantan, Malacca, Negri Sembilan, Pahang, Penang, Perak, Perlis, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, Trengganu. The melody of the national anthem, Negara ku, was adapted from the former anthem of the state of Perak.
Maldives
Music by Wannakuwattawaduge Don Amaradeva (b 1927). Words by Mohamed Jameel Didi (1915–89). The music was composed and adopted in 1972. From 1946 until 1972 the words were sung to a melody based on the tune of Auld lang syne.
Mali
Music by Banzoumana Sissoko (1890–1987). Words by Seydou Badian Kouyaté (b 1928). Adopted in 1962. National anthems Malta
Music by Robert Sammut (1870–1934). Words by Dun Karm Psaila (1871–1961). Adopted in 1941. The words of this anthem were written as a school hymn in 1923. Before 1941 Tifhîra lil Mâlta, with words by Giovanni Antonio Vassallo and a traditional melody, was used as a national anthem.
Marshall Islands
Music and words by Amata Kabua (b 1928). National anthems Mauritania
Music by Tolia Nikiprowetzky (b 1916), based on traditional music. No words. Adopted in 1960. National anthems Mauritius
Music by Philippe Gentil (b 1938). Words by Jean Georges Prosper (b 1933). Adopted in 1968. National anthems Mexico
Music by Jaime Nunó (1824–1908). Words by Francisco González Bocanegra (1824–61). Adopted in 1854. Bocanegra’s poem was first sung in 1854 to music by Juan Bottesini which was coolly received. A competition organized by Mexico City led to the adoption of Nunó’s setting.
BIBLIOGRAPHYB. Beltrán: Historia del himno nacional mexicano (Mexico City, 1939) J. Cid y Mulet: México en un himno: génesis e historia del himno nacional mexicano (Mexico City, 1954, 5/1974) J.A. Peñalosa: Entraña poética del himno nacional (Mexico City, 1955) J.C. Romero: Verdadera historia del himno nacional mexicano (Mexico City, 1961) National anthems Micronesia
National anthems Moldova
Music by Alexandru Cristi. Words, beginning ‘Limba noastră-i o comoară’ (‘Our language is a treasure’), by Alexei Mateevici. Adopted in 1994. National anthems Monaco
Music by Albrecht (1817–95). Words by Théophile Bellando de Castro (1820–1903). The music is based on a folksong which, to Bellando’s words, was used as a marching song by the Garde Nationale, in which Bellando served as a captain. It was first performed as a national anthem in December 1867 to greet the arrival in the port of Monaco of Prince Albert I.
Mongolia
Music by Bilegyn Damdinsüren (1919–91). Words by Luvsanjamts Murjarj (1915–96) and Tsendyn Damdinsüren (1908–86). Music adopted in 1950, words in 1991. Between 1963 and 1991 the anthem was sung to words by Tsevegmidyn Gaitav (1929–79) and Choizilyn Chimed (b 1927).
Montenegro.See Yugoslavia. National anthems Morocco
Music by Léo Morgan (1919–84). Words by ‘Alī Squalli Husaynī (b 1932). National anthems MozambiqueMusic and words by Justino Sigaulane Chemane (b 1923). Adopted in 1975 when the country became independent. National anthems Myanmar
Music and words by Saya Tin (1914–47). Adopted in 1948. National anthems Namibia.
Music and words by Axali Doeseb (b 1954). Adopted in 1991. National anthems Nauru
Music by Laurence Henry Hicks (b 1912). Words written collectively. Adopted in 1968. National anthems Nepal
Music by Bakhatbir Budhapirthi (1857–1920). Words by Chakrapani Chalise (1884–1959). Music adopted in 1899, words in 1924. National anthems Netherlands
Music anonymous. Words by Philip Marnix van St Aldegonde (1540–98). The words date from about 1568 and are first found together with the music in Adriaen Valerius’s Neder-landtsche gedenck-clanck (Haarlem, 1626). The melody, however, is even older and exists in a number of different versions. Mozart’s piano variations on Willem van Nassau (k25) show the tune in an 18th-century guise. Occupying a position somewhat analogous to that of Rule Britannia! in Great Britain is the patriotic hymn Wien Neêrlandsch bloed door d’adren vloeit, with words by Hendrik Tollens (1780–1856) and music by Johann Wilhelm Wilms (1772–1847), which was chosen as the first national anthem in 1816 following the foundation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It was gradually replaced by the present anthem after Wilhelmina became queen in 1898. BIBLIOGRAPHYJ.W. Enschedé: ‘De melodie van het Wilhelmus’, Oud-Holland, xii (1894), 172–90, 201–32 A.D. Loman: ‘De melodie van het Wilhelmus’, TVNM, v/1 (1895), 46–73 J.W. Enschedé: ‘De Wilhelmus-melodie in de Gedenck-clanck van Valerius’, TVNM, v/2 (1896), 100–28 F. van Duyse: ‘Het Wilhelmuslied uit een muzikaal oogpunt beschouwd’, TVNM, v/3 (1897), 153–88 F. van Duyse: Het oude Nederlandsche lied, ii (The Hague, 1905) F. Kossmann: ‘De wijs van het Wilhelmus in 1574’, Tijdschrift voor nederlandsche taal- en letterkunde, xl (1921), 259–67 F. Kossmann: ‘Die Melodie des Wilhelmus van Nassouwe in den Lautenbearbeitungen des XVII. Jahrhunderts’, AMw, v (1923), 327–31 P. Leendertz: Het ‘Wilhelmus van Nassouwe’ (Zutphen, 1925) F. Noske: ‘Early Sources of the Dutch National Anthem (1574–1626)’, FAM, xiii (1966), 87–94 W. Kloppenburg: ‘Het Wilhelmus als volkslied en als kerklied’, Het orgel, lxxx (1984), 451–7 National anthems Netherlands Antilles
Music by J.B.A. Palm (1885–1963). No words. Adopted in 1964. This is used together with the national anthem of the Netherlands. Before 1964 it was used as the anthem of the island territory of Bonaire.
New Zealand.
Music by John Joseph Woods (1849–1934). Words by Thomas Bracken (1843–98). In 1977 this anthem was officially accorded equal status with God Save the King/Queen (see British Isles). There is also a Maori version by Thomas Henry Smith (1824–1907), beginning ‘A ihoa, atua, Onga iwi! Matoura’.
Nicaragua
Music by Luis Delgadillo (1887–1962). Words by Salomón Ibarra Mayorga (1890–1985). Present text adopted in 1939. The music has sometimes been attributed to Anselmo Castinove. It was originally sung to a text which began ‘La patria amada canta este día’. Another patriotic song which has enjoyed the status of a national anthem is Hermosa soberana, with music by A. Cousin and words by Blas Villatas.
BIBLIOGRAPHYS. Ibarra Mayorga: Monografía del himno nacional de Nicaragua (Managua, 1955, 2/1964) National anthems Niger
Music by Robert Jacquet (1896–1976) and Nicolas Frionnet (b 1911). Words by Maurice Thiriet (1906–69). Adopted in 1961. National anthems Nigeria
Music by Benedict Elide Odiase (b 1934). Words written collectively. Adopted in 1978. The first anthem of Nigeria was one beginning ‘Nigeria we hail thee’, with music by Frances Benda and words by Lilian Jean Williams; this was used from 1960, when the country became independent, until 1978. During a short and precarious period of independence (1967–71) the Nigerian state of Biafra used as a national anthem a theme from the tone poem Finlandia by Sibelius.
Norway
Music by Rikard Nordraak (1842–66). Words by Bjørnsterne Bjørnson (1832–1910). Adopted in 1864. The words were first published in 1859 and the anthem first performed in public on 17 May 1864 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Norwegian constitution. Sønner af Norge det aeldgamle rige (‘Sons of Norway, the time-honoured realm’), with music by Christian Blom (1787–1861) and words by Henrik Bjerregaard, has also enjoyed the status of a national anthem.
BIBLIOGRAPHYO. Gurvin: ‘“Ja, vi elsker dette landet”: et essay om utførelsen’, STMf, xliii (1961), 163–70 National anthems Oman
National anthems Orange Free State.See South Africa. National anthems Pakistan
Music by Ahmad Ghulamali Chagla (1902–53). Words by Abul Asar Hafeez Jullunduri (1900–82). Music adopted in 1953; words adopted in 1954. National anthems Palau
Music by Ymesei O. Ezekiel (1926–84). Words written collectively. Adopted in 1980. National anthems Panama
Music by Santos Jorge (1870–1941). Words by Jerónimo de la Ossa (1847–1907). Adopted in 1925. The music of this anthem was originally written to a text by Juan Agustín Torres. It was first used with the present text in 1903, when Panama became a republic. Provisionally adopted by the country’s national assembly in 1906, it became the official anthem in 1925.
Papua New Guinea
Music and text by Thomas Shacklady (b 1917). Adopted in 1975 when the country became independent. National anthems Paraguay
Music by Francés Dupuy (1813–61) or Louis Cavedagni (d 1916). Words by Francisco Esteban Acuña de Figueroa (1791–1862). Adopted in 1846. The music is sometimes attributed to Acuña de Figueroa, author of the text, who also wrote the words of the Uruguayan national anthem. The arrangement by Remberto Giménez was declared the official version in 1934.
Peru
Music by José Bernardo Alcedo (1788–1878). Words by José de la Torre Ugarte (1786–1831). Adopted in 1821. The anthem was chosen as the result of a public competition and first sung at the Teatro Segura, Lima, on 24 September 1821. It was revised in 1869 by Claudio Rebagliati and in this version declared unalterable by the Peruvian Congress in 1924.
BIBLIOGRAPHYC. Raygada: Historia crítica del himno nacional (Lima, 1954) National anthems Philippines
Music by Julian Felipe (1861–1944). Words by José Palma (1876–1903). The music was written in 1898 and performed for the first time in June that year in connection with the proclamation of Philippine independence. The text was written the following year and published in the newspaper La independencia. In the original Spanish this began ‘Tierra adorada, hija del sol de oriente’; the Tagalog translation quoted above was made by Felipe Padilla de Leon (1912–92).
Poland
Music traditional. Words by Józef Wybicki (1747–1822). Adopted in 1927. The music has sometimes been attributed to General Wybicki, who wrote the words, and to Michał Kleofas Ogiński (1765–1833). In a slightly different form it came to be associated in the 19th century with the pan-Slavonic anthem Hej slované, which was adopted as the national anthem of Yugoslavia in 1945. The words were written in 1797 when Wybicki was serving as a legionary in Reggio nell’Emilia, Italy, and the anthem was sung when General Dąbrowski, commander of the Polish legions, entered Poznań in 1806. In 1948 a new version harmonized by Kazimierz Sikorski (b 1895) was approved by the Polish Ministry of Culture and Arts.
BIBLIOGRAPHYD. Wawrzykowska-Wierciochowa: Mazurek Dąbrowskiego: dzieje polskiego hymnu narodowego [Dąbrowski’s Mazurka: a history of the Polish national anthem] (Warsaw, 1974, 3/1982) J.S. Kopczewski: O naszym hymnie narodowym [Our national anthem] (Warsaw, 1982, 2/1988) National anthems Portugal
Music by Alfredo Keil (1850–1907). Words by Henrique Lopes de Mendonça (1856–1931). Written in 1890, adopted in 1910. When Portugal became a republic this anthem replaced O patria, o rei, o povo, which had been written in 1822 by Pedro I of Brazil and which became the Portuguese national anthem when Pedro I ascended the throne of Portugal in 1826.
Prussia.See Germany. National anthems Puerto Rico
Music by F. Astol. No words. Adopted in 1952. The Star-Spangled Banner is also used (see United States of America).
BIBLIOGRAPHYM. Deliz: El himno de Puerto Rico: estudio crítico de ‘La borinqueña’ (Madrid, 1957) National anthems Qatar
No words. Adopted in 1954. National anthems Rhodesia.See Zimbabwe. National anthems Romania
Music by Anton Pann (1796–1854). Words by Andrei Mureşanu (1816–63). Adopted in 1990. The first national anthem of Romania was Trăiască regele în pace şi onor, composed in 1861 by Edward A. Hübsch (1833–94). The words, by Vasile Alexandri, were written some years later. In 1947, after the proclamation of the Romanian People’s Republic, Matei Socor (b 1908) composed a new hymn, Zarobite cătuse in urmă vămân, with words by Aurel Baranga. In 1953 this was replaced by another anthem by Socor which, until 1964, was sung to words by Eugen Frunza and Dan Desliu beginning ‘Te slăvim Românie, pămint strămoşesc’. Between 1977 and 1990 yet another anthem, with words (beginning ‘Trei culori cunose pelume’) and music by Ciprian Porumbescu (1853–83), was used.
Russia
Music by Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (1804–57). No words. Russia’s first anthem was the royalist Bozhe, tsarya khrani (‘God Save the Tsar’), composed in 1833 by Aleksey Fyodorovich L'vov (1798–1870) to words by Vasily Andreyevich Zhukovsky. Before that date the music of God Save the King/Queen (see British Isles) had been used, and its influence on L'vov’s anthem is easily recognizable. Bozhe, tsarya khrani remained in use in Russia until the Revolution of 1917 when it was replaced by the Internationale, composed by Pierre Degeyter to a text that Eugène Pottier, a Parisian transport worker, had written in 1871. A Russian translation was made by A.Y. Kots and another, in 1932, by A. Gapov. This remained the national anthem of the USSR until 1943, when a new anthem with music by Aleksandr Vasil'yevich Aleksandrov (1883–1946) and words, beginning ‘Soyuz nerushimïy respublik svobodnïkh’ (‘Unbreakable union of free-born republics’), by Sergey Mikhalkov (b 1913) and Garold Gabriyelevich El-Registan (b 1924) was adopted. The present anthem became current after the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.
Rwanda
Music based on a Rwandan folktune. Adopted in 1962. National anthems St Kitts and Nevis
Music and words by Kenrick Anderson Georges (b 1955). Adopted in 1983. National anthems St Lucia
Music by Leton Felix Thomas (b 1926). Words by Charles Jesse (1897–1985). Adopted in 1967. St Lucia became independent in 1979. National anthems St Vincent and the Grenadines
Music by Joel Bertram Miguel (b 1938). Words by Phyllis Joyce McClean Punnett (b 1917). Adopted in 1969. St Vincent and the Grenadines became independent in 1979. National anthems San Marino
Music by Federico Consolo (1841–1906). Words by Giosuè Carducci (1835–1907), not officially in use. Adopted in 1894. National anthems São Tomé e Príncipe
Music by Manuel dos Santos Barreto de Sousa e Almeida (b 1933). Words, beginning ‘Independéncia total, glorioso canto do povo’ [‘Complete independence, glorious song of the people’], by Alda Neves de Graça do Espirito Santo (b 1926). São Tomé e Príncipe became independent in 1975.
Saudi Arabia
Music by ‘Abd al-Rahmān al-Khatīb (b 1923). Words by Ibrāhīm Khafajī (b 1935). First sung in 1947, adopted in 1950. National anthems Senegal
Music by Herbert Pepper (b 1912). Words by Leopold Sédar Senghor (b 1906). Adopted in 1960. The words are adapted from the first version of an anthem previously written by the author for the former Federation of Mali. The anthem is preceded by a short flourish played on the kora.
Serbia.See Yugoslavia. National anthems Seychelles
Music and words by David François Marc André (b 1958) and George Charles Robert Payet (b 1959). Adopted in 1996. Between 1976, when the country became independent, and 1996 the anthem in use was En avant (composer and author unknown).
Sierra Leone
Music by John Joseph Akar (1927–75). Words by Clifford Nelson Fyle (b 1933). Adopted in 1961. National anthems Singapore
Music and words by Zubir Said (1907–87). First performed in 1958 and adopted in 1959. National anthems Slovakia
Music traditional. Words by Janko Matuška (1821–77). Adopted in 1919. Between 1919 and 1992 this formed part of a composite anthem for Czechoslovakia. The words were written in 1844.
Slovenia
Music by Stanko Premrl (1880–1965). Words by France Prešeren (1900–49). Adopted in 1989. The music was probably composed in 1905 and first published in 1906. The words date from 1934. In 1990 it was decreed that only the seventh stanza of Prešeren’s poem (beginning as above) should serve as the national anthem. An earlier anthem, dating from 1860, was Naprey zastava Slave, with music by Davorin Jenko (1835–1914) and words by Simón Jenko.
Solomon Islands
Music and words by Panapasa Balekana (b 1929). Adopted in 1978 on the declaration of independence. National anthems Somalia
Music by Giuseppe Blanc (1886–1969). No words. Adopted in 1960. National anthems South Africa
Music by Enoch Mankayi Sontonga (1860–1904) and Marthinus Lourens de Villiers (1885–1977). Words by Enoch Mankayi Sontonga and Cornelis Jacob Langenhoven (1873–1932). Adopted in 1995. The history of South African national anthems is closely bound up with efforts to preserve the Afrikaans language against the growing domination of English. In 1865 the Orange Free State, then an independent republic, adopted the anthem Heft, burgers, ’t lied der vryheid aan, with music by Willem Niccolaï (1829–96) and words by H.A.L. Hamelberg. At the beginning of the Eerste Taalbeweging (First-Language Movement, 1870–1900) the poem ’n leder nasie het syn land was written by members of the Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners and set to music by J.S. de Villiers. It became better known in the setting by W.J. van Gorkum. In 1875 Catherina van Rees wrote the music and words of the Transvaal national anthem, Kent gy dat volk vol heldenmoed. After the Anglo-Boer War the need was felt for a truly national anthem. At first Haydn’s Kaiserhymne was used to the words Afrikaners, landgenote, but this achieved neither official nor popular recognition. In 1928 Die huisgenoot published Langehoven’s poem, Die stem van Suid-Afrika, in a setting by F.J. Joubert. Several other composers took up the words, and ultimately the melody by M.L. de Villiers found general and, in 1936, official approval. An English version, The Call of South Africa, appeared in 1952 and was revised in 1959. In 1994 two anthems were adopted, The Call of South Africa and the pan-African Nkosi sikelel’iAfrika. In 1995 these two were shortened and merged to form a single anthem which brings together two native languages (Nguni and Sotho), Afrikaans and English.
Spain
Music anonymous. No words. Adopted in 1942. This anthem was chosen as the Royal March by Carlos III in 1770, and must therefore rank as the oldest national anthem after the British God Save the King/Queen. A popular patriotic song in the 19th century was the Himno de riego (‘Soldados, la patria nos clama’) and this was adapted as the national anthem during the period of the Spanish Republic (1931–6). In 1870 a competition for a new anthem promoted by King Amadeo I attracted over 400 contestants, but none of the entries was chosen.
Sri Lanka
Music and words by Ananda Samarakone (1911–62). Adopted in 1952. Slight alterations were made to the words in 1973 when Ceylon became the Republic of Sri Lanka. There is also a Tamil version, beginning ‘Sri Lanka thāāyé, nam Sri Lanka’.
Sudan
Music by Ahmad Murgān (1905–74). Words by Ahmad Muhammad Sālih (1896–1971). National anthems Surinam
Music by Johanne Corstianus de Puy (1835–1924). Words by Cornelis Atses Hoekstra (1852–1911). Adopted in 1954. The music was written in 1876, the words in 1893. The anthem is used together with the national anthem of the Netherlands.
Swaziland
Music by David K. Rycroft (b 1924). Words by Andrease Enoke Fanyana Simelane (b 1934). Adopted in 1968. National anthems Sweden
Music traditional. Words by Richard Dybeck (1811–77). This was first sung in 1844; its use as a national anthem dates from 1880–90. It is usually sung today in the arrangement by Edvin Kallstenius (1881–1967). Other anthems have been used from time to time, including Bevare Gud var kung to the tune of God Save the King/Queen. In the same year as Du gamla, du fria the song Ur Svenska hjärtans djup en gång (‘From deep in Sweden’s heart’) was composed, with music by Otto Jonas Lindblad (1809–64) and words by Carl Wilhelm August Strandberg (1818–77), and this also served as a royal anthem for a while. Yet another, Sverige, Sverige, fosterland, was written by Werner von Heidenstam (1859–1940) and set to music in 1905 by Wilhelm Stenhammar (1871–1927).
BIBLIOGRAPHYO. Andersson: ‘Du gamla, du fria i Finland’, Om visor och låtar: studier tillägnade Sven Salén (Stockholm, 1960), 9–28; repr. in Studier i musik och folklore, i (Helsinki, 1964), 311–25 National anthems Switzerland
Music by Alberik Zwyssig (1808–54). Words by Leonhard Widmer (1808–67). Adopted in 1961. The French version is by Charles Chatelanat (1833–1907), the Italian by Camillo Valsangiacomo (1898–1978), the Surselvisch by Alfons Tuor (1871–1904) and the Romansch by Gion Antoni Bühler (1825–97). Zwyssig, who was a monk as well as a musician, adapted this melody to Widmer’s text in 1841; it was originally contained in one of his Gradual settings. The anthem was printed for the first time in the Festheft der Zürcher Zofinger für die Aufnahme Zürichs in der Schweizerbund in May 1843, and in the same year it was heard at a singing festival in Zürich. In 1961 it was adopted for a trial period of three years as the official anthem for the army and for Swiss representations abroad. In 1965 12 of the Swiss cantons declared themselves wholeheartedly in favour of the anthem; seven cantons voted to prolong the trial period, and the other six (which included Zürich) found the anthem unsuitable. It was therefore decided to postpone a final decision and to extend the trial period indefinitely. Before 1961 there was no official national anthem, though Rufst du, mein Vaterland? was widely regarded as one. The words, written in 1811 by Johann Rudolf Wyss (1782–1830), were sung to the tune God Save the King/Queen.
Syria
Music by Ahmad Flayfel (1906–91) and Muhammad Flayfel (1899–1986). Words by Khalīl Mardam Bey (1895–1959). Adopted in 1936. National anthems Taiwan
Music by Cheng Maoyun (1900–57). Words by Sun Yatsen (1866–1925). Adopted in 1929. The music was chosen as the result of a competition for a party song organized by the Guomindang Nationalist Party in 1928. It became the national anthem when the Guomindang came into power. The words are from a speech made by Sun Yatsen at the Huangpu Military Academy. In 1912 there originated an anthem of unknown authorship beginning ‘Tsung-kuoh hiung li jüh dschou tiän’. National anthems Tajikistan
Music by Suleiman Yudakov (b 1916). Words not available. National anthems Tanzania
Music by Enoch Mankayi Sontonga (1860–1904). Words by a group of Tanzanians. Adopted in 1964. This was adopted as the national anthem of Tanganyika in 1961 and was retained when Tanganyika and Zanzibar were united to form Tanzania in 1964. The music is that of the Bantu song Nkosi sikelel’iAfrika. The words were selected from six prizewinning entries for a competition organized in 1961 by the Ministry of Education in Tanganyika. A national march for the Sultan of Zanzibar was composed by Donald Tovey (1875–1940).
Thailand
Music by Phra Chenduriyang (1883–1968). Words by Luang Saranuprapan (1896–1954). Adopted in 1939. The music was composed shortly after the country became a constitutional monarchy in 1932; words by Koon Wijitmatra, beginning ‘Phendin Siam nam prathuang wa muang thong’, were added later and officially adopted in 1934. When the country’s name was changed from Siam to Thailand in 1939 a contest to replace Wijitmatra’s words was arranged and Saranuprapan’s text chosen. A second anthem, Sanrasoen phra barami, with music by Pyotr Shurovsky (1850–1908) and words by Prince Narisaranuvadtivongs (see Grove6), was officially approved in 1934, but a decision to use only Chenduriyang’s anthem was made some time later.
Tibet.See China. National anthems Togo
Music and words by Alex Casimir-Dosseh (b 1923). Adopted in 1960. The anthem was chosen as a result of a competition held in 1960 when Togo attained independence. The Ewe translation is by H. Kwakume.
Tonga
Music by Karl Gustavus Schmitt (1834–1900). Words by Prince Uelingatoni ngu Tupoumalohi (1854–85). Composed before 1875. National anthems Transvaal.See South Africa. National anthems Trinidad and Tobago
Music and text by Patrick Stanislaus Castagne (b 1916). Adopted in 1962. National anthems Tunisia
Music by Muhammad ‘Abd al- Wahhāb (1915–91). Words by Mustafā Sādiq al-Rāfi‘i (1880–1937) and Aboul Kacem Chabbi (1909–34). Adopted in 1987. The anthem in use between 1958 and 1987 was Älä khäludî yä dimänälgläwälî, with music by Salāh al-Mahdī (b 1925) and words by Jalāl al-Dīn al-Naqqāsh (b 1912).
Turkey
Music by Osman Zeki Güngör (1880–1958). Words by Mehmet Akif Ersoy (1873–1936). Adopted in 1921. National anthems Turkmenistan
Music by Veli Mukhatov (b 1916). Words not available. National anthems Tuvalu
Words and music by Afaese Manoa (b 1942). Adopted in 1978 when the country became independent. National anthems Uganda
Music and words by George Wilberforce Kakoma (b 1923). Adopted in 1962. National anthems Ukraine
Music by Mikhail Verbitsky (1815–70). Words by Pavel Chubïnsky (1839–84). First performed in 1864 and adopted in 1918. National anthems United Arab Emirates
Music by Sa‘d ‘Abd al-Wahhāb (1915–91). This anthem replaced another, by Ishāq Sulaymān (b 1930), which was adopted in 1963 as the national anthem of Abu Dhabi.
Music by John Stafford Smith (1750–1836). Words by Francis Scott Key (1779–1843). Adopted in 1931. The words were written on 14 September 1814 on board a British frigate in Baltimore Harbour where Key had been detained after successfully petitioning for the release of a civilian friend, Beanes. He was inspired to write the poem when he saw in the morning the American flag still flying over Fort McHenry, which had withstood the British bombardment during the previous night. Key fashioned his verses to fit the melody of To Anacreon in Heaven by the English composer John Stafford Smith, which was then very popular in America both with its original words by Ralph Tomlinson and with others of a more patriotic nature. Although Puccini used The Star-Spangled Banner as a motto theme for the American Lieutenant Pinkerton in his opera Madama Butterfly (1904) it was not until 1931 that it became the official national anthem. Before then it shared the honour with My country ’tis of thee, a poem that Samuel Francis Smith (1808–95) wrote in 1831 to the tune of God Save the King/Queen. Hail Columbia, written in 1798 by Joseph Hopkinson to a tune known as The President’s March by Philip Fyls (or Phile), was also popular as a patriotic song. Before it became one of the United States in 1959 Hawaii used an anthem, Hawaii ponoi, the music and words of which are attributed to King Kalakana of Hawaii (1874–91). An earlier anthem, He mele lahui Hawaii, was written in 1868 by Queen Liliuokalani.
BIBLIOGRAPHYFuldWFM O.G.T. Sonneck: Report on ‘The Star-Spangled Banner’, ‘Hail Columbia’, ‘America’, ‘Yankee Doodle’ (Washington DC, 1909) O.G.T. Sonneck: The Star-Spangled Banner (Washington DC, 1914/R) [with full bibliography] P.W. Filby and E.G. Howard, eds.: Star-Spangled Books: Books, Sheet Music, Newspapers, Manuscripts and Persons associated with ‘The Star-Spangled Banner’ (Baltimore, 1972) [with full bibliography] W. Lichtenwanger: ‘The Music of “The Star-Spangled Banner”’, Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress, xxxiv (1977), 136–70 National anthems Upper Volta.See Burkina Faso. National anthems Uruguay
Music by Francisco José Debali (1791–1859). Words by Francisco Acuña de Figueroa (1791–1862). Adopted in 1848. Acuña de Figueroa also wrote the words for the national anthem of Paraguay.
BIBLIOGRAPHYL. Ayestaran: El himno nacional (Montevideo, 1974) National anthems Uzbekistan
Music by Matal' Burkhanov (b 1916). Words, beginning ‘Serquyāsh, hur olkam, elga bakht najāt’ (‘Stand tall, my free country, good fortune and salvation to you’), by Abdulla Aripova (b 1941). National anthems Vanuatu
Music and words by François Aissav (b 1955). Adopted in 1979. Between 1906 and 1980, when the islands of Vanuatu were administered as an Anglo-French condominium, the British and French anthems were used.
Vatican City
Music by Charles Gounod (1818–93). Words by Antonio Allegra (1905–69). Adopted in 1950. Gounod wrote the music as a Marche pontificale for the anniversary in 1869 of Pope Pius IX’s coronation. With Allegra’s words it replaced an anthem composed by Halmajr in 1857 and used until 1949.
Venezuela
Music by Juan José Landaeta (1780–1814). Words by Vicente Salias (1786–1814). Adopted in 1881. BIBLIOGRAPHYR. Fernández Heres: ‘Informe de la Academia nacional de la historia sobre la autoría del himno nacional’, Boletín de la Academia nacional de la historia, lxxi (1988), 1249 only National anthems Vietnam
Music and words by Van-Cao (1923–95). Adopted in 1946. From 1948 to July 1976 the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) used the anthem Thanh nien Hanh khuc, with music and text by Luu Huu Phuoc; slight alterations were made to the words after the partition of Vietnam and the signing of the Geneva Agreement in 1954.
Wales.See British Isles. National anthems Western Samoa
Music and words by Sauni Iiga Kuresa (1900–78). Adopted in 1962. National anthems Yemen
Music by Ayyūb Tarish (b 1943). Words, beginning ‘Raddidī ayyatuhā ’l-dunyā nashīdī’ (‘Repeat my song, O world’), by ‘Abdallah ‘Abd al-Wahhāb Nu‘mān (c1916–82). Adopted in 1990 when North and South Yemen were united. This replaced a textless anthem by Juma‘ Khān adopted in 1967 by the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) and an earlier anthem of the Yemen Arab Republic (see Grove6).
Yugoslavia
Music traditional. Words by Samuel Tomašik (1813–87). Adopted in 1945. This dates from about the middle of the 19th century, when it was used as a pan-Slavonic anthem. The music is similar to that used for the Polish national anthem. Yugoslavia’s first national anthem, adopted in 1918, was a composite piece made up from parts of the anthems of the three main national groups, the Serbs, the Croats and the Slovenes. The Serbian anthem, Bože pravde, ti, što spase, was written in 1872 with music by Davorin Jenko (1835–1914) and words by Jovan Djordjevič (1826–1900). Jenko also wrote the music for the Slovene anthem, Naprey zastava Slave (see Slovenia). Before becoming part of Yugoslavia in 1918 Montenegro had its own national anthem with words by John Soundećić and music variously attributed to Schoules, Wirner, Jenko and Špiro Ognjenović. Also used as a national hymn was Onam, onamo! za brda ona, written in 1867 by King Nicola and sung to music by Davorin Jenko.
Zaïre.See Congo, Democratic Republic of the. National anthems Zambia
Music by Enoch Markayi Sontonga (1860–1904). Adopted in 1964. The music is that of the well-known Bantu song Nkosi sikelel’iAfrika, also used for the national anthem of Tanzania. The words of the Zambian anthem were chosen from six prizewinning entries in a competition organized by the Zambian government.
Zimbabwe
Music by Fred Lecture Changundega (b 1954). Words by Solomon Mutswairo (b 1924). Adopted in 1994. Until the unilateral declaration of independence in 1965 God Save the King/Queen (see British Isles) was in use in Southern Rhodesia, as the country was then named. Between 1974 and 1980, when southern Rhodesia became fully independent as Zimbabwe, the principal theme of the last movement of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, arranged by Kenneth Macdonald, was sung as the national anthem to the words ‘Rise, O voices of Rhodesia’. National anthems BIBLIOGRAPHYsee also under individual countries H.F. Chorley: The National Music of the World, ed. H.G. Hewlett (London, 1880, 3/1911) R. Michels: ‘Elemente zu einer Soziologie des Nationalliedes’, Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, lv (1926), 317–61 H.E. Piggott: Songs that Made History (London, 1937) D.R. Wakeling and G. de Frame: ‘National Anthems’, MR, iii (1942), 203–13, 285–97 E.R. Griffith: National Anthems and How they Came to be Written (?Astoria, NY, 1950, 2/1952) P. Nettl: National Anthems (New York, 1952, enlarged 2/1967) J. Zikmund: ‘National Anthems as Political Symbols’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, xv/3 (1969), 73–80 U. Ragozat: Die Nationalhymnen der Welt: ein kulturgeschichtliches Lexikon (Freiburg, 1982) W.L. Reed and M.J. Bristow, eds.: National Anthems of the World (London, 9/1997) Yüklə 10,2 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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